July 2020

Friday, July 31, 2020

Crusades

Posted by - Larina

If you order your cheap custom paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on crusades. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality crusades paper right on time.

Out staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in crusades, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your crusades paper at affordable prices cheap custom writing service!

CRUSADES

Crusade is a modern, not a medieval, word. It derives from crucesignati, which means, "those signed by the cross", a descriptive used occasionally after the twelve century to refer to crusaders. This is a very brief definition of Crusades according to the book A Concise History of the Crusades by Thomas F. Madden (Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc., 1). Crusade is defined exhaustively in The History of Medieval Europe by Lynn Thorndike (Houghton Mifflin Company, 14) as a religious war, preached in the name of the Church, stimulated by the solemn grant of ecclesiastical privileges, made by a more or less cosmopolitan army, and aiming either directly or indirectly at the recovery of holy places.

According to The Crusaders by Dr. Glynn Daniel (Praeger Publishers, 17), the reasons of the crusaders were the material acquisitions, which were the main consideration. But for the majority who took part, the only goal, which mattered during their three-year journey eastwards, was the Holy City. When you read the book Holy War the Crusaders and their impact on today's world by Karen Armstrong (Anchors books, 1) it mentions Count Bohemund of Taranto's reason for joining the crusades. The Crusades was an obvious way for Bohemund to acquire an Eastern kingdom. The Crusade was a way for Lords to gain new land, riches and most importantly power. Also it mentions that the leaders of the Crusades were men with very mixed motives and ideals. They had hopes of the Crusade and were making a journey to a new destiny. The common soldiers had very different hopes and ideals. Some saw the Crusade as a religious vendetta, others had apocalyptic hopes for a new world and some would have been attracted by the lure of the Holy City of Jerusalem. According to A Concise History of the Crusades by Thomas F. Madden (Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc., 1) the other goal of the crusades was the defense of the Christian East, and many believe that they failed most dramatically at this. Also the crusades were considered as an outlet for the excess population of the West, which was written by Jacques Le Goff from Medieval Civilization (188).

Order custom research paper on crusades

Urban II appealed to Christians to rescue the Holy Land in the Council of Clermont on November 7, 105 according to The Crusaders Warriors of God by Georges Tate (Discoveries Harry N. Abrams, Inc., 16), which declare the start of the First Crusade. This statement was also mentioned in the book The Middle Ages by Brian Tierney (Alfred A. Knoff, 17). In A Concise History of the Crusades by Thomas F. Madden (Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc., 1) it mentioned Peter the Hermit as one of the most popular preacher who led the First Crusade, also known as the People's Crusade. It also mentioned Walter Sansavoir who led a large and ill-disciplined army of minor knights and enthusiastic peasants ahead of Peter the Hermit. But in other books such as The History of Medieval Europe by Lynn Thorndike (Houghton Mifflin Company, 14) and The Making of the Middle Ages by R. W. Southern (Yale University Press, 15) the Walter mentioned was Walter the Penniless and not Walter Sansavoir. The success of the First Crusade stirred many of previously hesitant knights and soldiers to take the cross. In The Crusaders Warriors of God by Georges Tate (Discoveries Harry N. Abrams, Inc., 16), the Second Crusade was led by the Cisterian Abbot Bernard of Clairvaux who made the appeal and it was organized by Louis VII of France and Conrad III of Germany. Unfortunately it was said in the book that the Second Crusade failed because when Raymond of Poitiers advised Louis VII to head directly for Aleppo in order to meet Nureddin in full force and recapture the places they had lost beyond the Orontes instead Loius went straight to Jerusalem and was persuaded to march on to Damascus, which he could not take. Another step in the evolution of crusading came at the beginning of the thirteenth century. A dualist heresy, whose followers were known as Cathars or Albigensians, arose in southern France. It became very widespread and proved impossible to stamp out by ordinary means such as persuasion. Eventually Innocent III declared a crusade against these heretics, making the Albigensian Crusade the first against internal enemies of Christendom instead of external ones. This is according to Paul Crawford from ORB Online Encyclopedia. In 1771, according to The History of Medieval Europe by Lynn Thorndike (Houghton Mifflin Company, 14) the rule of Fatimites in Egypt was brought to a close by a young Muslim named Saladin, who seized the throne and soon extended his power over most of the Moslem emirs to the east of the Latin states of Syria. In 1187 he took Jerusalem, which provoked the Third Crusade that was headed by Frederick Barbarossa, Philip Augustus and Richard the Lion-Hearted. Pope Innocent III according to A Concise History of the Crusades by Thomas F. Madden (Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc., 1), proclaimed the Fourth Crusade. He was determined to restore Christian control over the Holy Land. Innocent faced the same kinds of problems that Gregory VIII encountered in the Third Crusade. In all the bloodshed and tragedy of the 1th century, the Childrens Crusades of 11 stand out as unique. Tens of thousands of children from France and Germany, some no older than six, gathered to form their own ill-prepared army, hoping to succeed in capturing Jerusalem where the elder armies of their kingdoms had failed. Compelled by Divine Mandate, the children boldly marched across Europe, but never made it past the Mediterranean. Hunger, disease, fear, and slave-traders picked off the children one at a time, until those that remained were too weakened and disorganized to continue any further according to Eugene Delacroix from www.artzia.com. According to The Crusaders Warriors of God by Georges Tate (Discoveries Harry N. Abrams, Inc., 16), the Fifth Crusade unfolded in Egypt. The Franks hoped to obtain Jerusalem in exchange for planned conquests in what had become the heart of the Ayyubid Empire. The Ayyubid proposed the restoration of the kingdom of Jerusalem. But the pope's legate, in charged of the expedition, rejected this proposal, aiming instead for the creation of a Frankish state in Egypt. The expedition ended disastrously. The Sixth Crusade up to the Eight Crusade was not discussed much in the books I have mentioned. The Sixth Crusade was led by Frederick II while the Seventh and the Eight crusade was led both by Louis IX.

The effects of the Crusades can be found in the book A Concise History of the Crusades by Thomas F. Madden (Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc., 1). First he stated for good or ill, the crusading movement did have long-term effects. The presence of the crusader states in the Near East for almost two centuries certainly destabilized Muslim power, and therefore hindered unification into a single Islamic state. Even the crusades that failed or did not materialize forced Muslim powers to divert resources from conquest to their own defense. The new wealth, coupled with a rise in industrial technology, allowed Europe to purchase raw materials from the Ottomans and sell back to them the finished goods at a bargain price. According to Jacques Le Goff from the book Medieval Civilization (188) the crusades helped to impoverish west, especially the knight class. Furthermore, the Crusades built a decisive barrier between the westerners and the Byzantines. The military orders, which were powerless to defend and guard the Holy Land, fell back on the West, where they took all sorts of financial military exactions. According to The Crusaders by Dr. Glynn Daniel (Praeger Publishers, 17), the rise of towns, trade and guilds happened. The Crusade fostered trade between the east and the west. Also it led to advances in military science, castle building and use of infantry. In The Making of the Middle Ages by R. W. Southern (Yale University Press, 15), the effects of the Crusades were new learning's in Math, Science, Medicine, Literature, Language, Navigation and Geography. Also this book gave us several negative effects. These are the weakening of the Byzantium Empire and the increased intolerance between Christians and Muslims, Christians and Jews, and even Christians and Christians, and Moslems and Moslems.

CRUSADES

Please note that this sample paper on crusades is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on crusades, we are here to assist you. Your cheap college papers on crusades will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

Order your authentic assignment cheap custom writing service and you will be amazed at how easy it is to complete a quality custom paper within the shortest time possible!

at 6:42 AM

Organisational structure

Posted by - Larina

If you order your cheap essays from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on organisational structure. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality organisational structure paper right on time.

Out staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in organisational structure, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your organisational structure paper at affordable prices!

Introduction

This paper attempts to define the structure of a contemporary organisation. Due to the 'technology revolution', the traditional mechanistic paradigm is shifting to a more dynamic and organic form. This shift affects organisational structure as firms are focusing on organic principles such as renewal, agility and vitality as opposed to mechanistic philosophies of efficiency, uniformity, control, predictability and economies of scale. Some mechanistic structures still exist in extremely stable and certain markets; however, increasingly more organisations are employing the organic structures that complement the changing economy.

Contingencies such as environment, strategy and goals, size, technology and culture will greatly influence organisational structure. When defining an organisational structure the impact of these contingencies must be taken into account. As these dynamic variables change from organisation to organisation, it is impossible to define one single contemporary structure.

It must be noted however, that there is a general trend toward organic structures, the matrix, network and virtual structures are examples of structures that have resulted as a consequence of this shift in paradigm.

Cheap Custom Essays on organisational structure

A Shift in Paradigm Moving from Mechanistic to Organic Organizations

The beginning of the twentieth century showed a quantum shift from an agrarian to an industrial economy (Youngblood 000). Mass production and traditional management techniques were created to operate in the new economy. Traditional management, which is based on the philosophy of Newtonian-Cartesian science, treats organizations like machines for producing profit, and employees are seen as the cogs of the machinery (Youngblood 000). It places emphasis on mechanistic principles of efficiency, uniformity, control, predictability and economies of scale. These mechanistic fundamentals have been ingrained in organizational structure and are locked into the values and assumptions of organizational culture. They have become the standard for organizations throughout the twentieth century (Youngblood 000).

The world economy is moving from a stable mechanistic paradigm to a more dynamic organic paradigm, which consequentially calls for a different set of organizational rules (Black and Edwards 000). This new economy is influenced primarily by technology. Today's business environment rewards agility, innovation and vitality. Organizations must attain these characteristics if they are to survive and thrive in the twenty-first century (Youngblood 000). Specifically, Youngblood believes that organizations must

•Increase speed in every thing that they do

•Develop new business models to compete in multiple markets

•Radically improve competitive innovation and new value creation

•Rapidly leverage the internet and other new technologies

•Create and distribute knowledge and;

•Attract, develop and retain talented people.

Black and Edward believe that this shift to an organic paradigm calls for

1.Organizational forms that have neither too little or too much structure; and

.Organizations that have an adaptive culture,

Youngblood points out that traditional management was developed to create stability and predictability, not to generate change. As Black and Edwards asserts, a general change in culture and a transmutation to an organic model is needed for companies which hope to achieve Youngblood's capabilities, but who are still rooted in the mechanical paradigm.

Most all long-lived and highly successful companies attribute the source of its prosperity to its culture . Culture involves every aspect of the organization, how it is designed, how people relate to one another, what is considered to be true, what is deemed to be important, the criteria to use for decisions, how to treat customers, and a multitude of other factors (Youngblood 000). Mechanistic cultures inhibit organizations in today's competitive environment. They cannot deliver the speed, creativity and responsiveness required to compete effectively, nor are they attractive to talented people that companies need (Youngblood 000).

The organic model views the organization as a natural system that has the intrinsic ability to change, grow and renew itself (Youngblood 000). It promotes a culture of renewal, agility and vitality. All which are essential in this changing and dynamic environment.

Renewal

In today's fast changing environment, innovation and renewal are life saving attributes (Youngblood 000). Organizations must continually invent new business concepts in order to renew their business models. Factors that inhibit renewal may be

•A narrow vision

•A lack of strategic leadership

•Hierarchical and rule-based management control systems and;

•Barriers to the flow of information, diversity of thinking and collaboration

(Youngblood 000)

The culture in organic structures allows and attracts leaders that create an environment that can renew itself in order to achieve the strategic vision. Youngblood describes these leaders as being gardeners who are cultivating the organization's innate creative capabilities. He suggests that leaders use leverage disruptions, such as the growth of the Internet, merger or acquisition, to aid in the instillation of deep-seated changes.

Agility

Organic organizations achieve agility through creating alignment around a clear vision, strategy and goals. They then generate adaptability by providing people with the freedom and resources they need to act quickly and responsively. A high level of cooperation is among people and groups, both within the company and with other companies is also needed. Clear boundaries are specified to give the organization shape and direction, but within those boundaries employees are given the freedom to act in the organization's best interest. What results is employees have the ability and autonomy to make decisions at the local level that cumulatively articulated at the organizational level with out management directing the decisions and actions (Youngblood 000).

This degree of freedom requires a culture of trust (Youngblood 000). This is often hard for leaders to allow as this gift of freedom is generally seen as a renouncement of power. Middle managers especially feel that their positions may be threatened by the increased autonomy of employees.

Vitality

According to The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language Vitality is Physical or intellectual vigor; energy. Youngblood states that in organic structures, employees are the living cells of the organization. If employees are cynical, demoralized, overworked, or uninspired, the company will perform poorly. He states that it is for this reason that vitality is essential to competitiveness, as it affects everything that the company does.

In short an organization needs to display a high level of vitality to attract and retain the talent needed to compete effectively. In organic models people are seen as capable, creative, trustworthy, and committed to doing great work. Employees must be seen as being the company not merely as an asset (Youngblood 000). Youngblood suggests several ways to increase an organization's vitality these include

•Providing a meaningful and inspiring vision

•Giving employees the freedom to show initiative and creativity

•Ensure that jobs are challenging and rewarding

•Help employees achieve a satisfactory work-life balance

•Cultivate a sense of community and belonging

Contingencies

In addition to the changing paradigm there are several contingencies that influence the structure of an organization (Daft 001). For organisations there must be 'goodness of fit' between their structure and the contingencies threat influence them (Daft 001). These are environment, strategy and goals, size, technology, and as already mentioned culture.

Environment

Environment has an immense impact on the structure of an organization; therefore changes in the external environment will have major implications. Organizations are open social systems, which come into contact with hundreds of external elements daily. Key elements include the industry, government, customers, suppliers and the financial community (Daft 001, pg. 18). Most organizational decisions, activities, and outcomes can be traced to stimuli in the external environment (Daft 001, pg. 155).

An organization's internal structure must match the external environment (Daft 001, pg. 156). Burns and Stalkers' studies have identified that mechanistic structures are designed for stable environments while organic structures are better suited for changing and innovative environments (Reigle 001). Daft provides a framework for organizations to determine the level of environmental uncertainty that they face. He uses the dimensions of simple-complex and stable-unstable. In a simple, stable environment, uncertainty is low. In this environment, the few external elements that the organization is exposed to are relatively stable. The complex, stable environment has a greater uncertainty. This environment brings a large number of dissimilar external elements that remain the same or change slowly. A higher degree of uncertainty is found in a simple, stable environment. Elements that influence organizations in this environment are few and similar; however they change frequently and unpredictably. Finally, the most uncertain environment is the complex, unstable environment. This has a large number of dissimilar elements, which change frequently and unpredictably. Today's world of increased global competition, rapid technological breakthroughs and shifting markets, will increase the environmental complexity and change for organizations in all markets (Daft 001).

Strategies and Goals

An organization's strategies and goals define the purpose and competitive techniques that set it apart from other organizations (Daft 001 pg. 0). Structuring an organization to fit strategies and other contingencies will lead to organizational effectiveness (Daft 001). Daft gives two models for formulating strategies Porter's model of competitive strategies and Miles and Snow's strategy typology. Choice of strategy affects internal organizational characteristics. These characteristics need to support the organization's competitive approach.

Size

Size is the number of people within the organization. It is a contextual variable that influences organizational structure and can be measured for the organization as a whole or for specific components (Daft 001). There are vast differences between the functioning of large and small organizations. Large organizations focus on economies of scale, global research and have a stable market. They typically have a vertical hierarchy and are mechanistic in nature. Bureaucracy is a logical form of organizing that allows large firms to use resources efficiently (Daft 001). Bureaucracy however, has come under attack in recent times as it is often associated with traditional mechanistic structures and is thought to reduce agility and vitality. Attempts have been made in many bureaucratic organizations to decentralize authority, flatten organizational structure, reduce rules, and written records (Daft 001 pg. 0). This is done in an attempt to create a small company mind-set.

Small companies are able to respond quickly and be flexible in fast changing markets. They have a regional reach, flat structure and are characteristically organic in structure (Daft 001). Small organizations are able to fill niches and serve targeted markets .

Technology

The information revolution has had a tremendous impact on organizations in all industries (Daft 001 pg. 66). It has played an essential role in aiding organizations in achieving competitive advantage through low-cost leadership or differentiation . Technology can increase operational efficiency, coordination, and the speed of re-supply, can lock into customers, improve customer service and enhance product development (Daft 001, pg. 67).

Information technology has been the main acceleration behind the recent trend toward knowledge management . Mechanisms such as data warehousing, data mining, knowledge mapping and electronic libraries are useful for the leverage and management of explicit knowledge . For explicit knowledge, organizations can use mechanisms such as dialogue, learning histories and story telling, and communities of practice. Intranets are important to the sharing of both explicit an implicit knowledge. An organizational change in culture to encourage employees to share knowledge as opposed to hoarding it; this is vital in the leverage of knowledge (Daft 001).

Culture

Daft explains that organizational cultures serve two critically important functions

1)To integrate members so that they know how to relate to one another and;

)To help the organization adapt to the external environment.

(Daft 001, pg. 7)

Organizational culture should reinforce the strategy and structure that the organization needs to be successful in its environment (Daft 001, pg. 7). Culture can be shaped to fit both. Reigle believes that a lack of insight into culture leaves managers venerable to forces of evolution and change which they may not understand and which they may have difficulty in controlling. Culture is observed and interpreted through rites, ceremonies stories, heroes, symbols and language. Daft outlines four types of culture adaptability/entrepreneurial culture, clan culture, mission culture and bureaucratic culture .

An accommodating culture is vital to the successful implementation of a new organizational structure. The terms organic and mechanistic describe culture as well as structure (Reigle 001). In this understanding it would be near impossible to implement an organic structure on a mechanical culture and vice versa.

As exemplified, the above contingencies significantly influence the appropriate structure for organizations. These contingencies will also vary from organization to organization. Although mechanistic structures do still exist in some stable environments, there is a general tend toward structures that are more organic in nature. This is due to the influence of increased global competition, rapid technological breakthroughs and shifting markets (Daft 001). Organizations must analyze the impact of their contingencies and choose a structure of best fit.

Contingencies affect each organisation in a different manner and shape a firm's structure. As a result organisations should evaluate the effect of each contingency. This array of dynamic variables will vary from organization to organization and it is for this reason it is impossible to define a single contemporary structure (Black and Edwards 000). There are countless organisational structures; the best strategy for an organisation is one that complements its contingencies.

Structures

Due to the current organizational trend toward structures that are organic in composition, the focal point for the remainder of this paper will be on structures that exemplify the organic paradigm. Examples of these are matrix, network and virtual organizational structures.

Matrix Structure

Pioneered by the American aerospace industry in the 170s, the matrix structure was developed to combine the stability of functional structure with the flexibility of the divisional structure (Hunge and Wheelan). The matrix structure is effective when the external environment is uncertain. Hunge and Wheelan propose that matrix structures are generally employed when

1.Ideas need to be cross-fertilized across projects.

.Resources are scarce.

.Abilities to process information and to make decisions need to be improved.

In matrix structures, functional and product forms are combined simultaneously at the same level of the organization (Hunge and Wheelan). Although matrix structures are flat, with few hierarchical levels, it is based on a dual chain of command (Martinsons et. al. 14). As a result employees inside the matrix have two bosses a functional boss and a project boss (Hill and Jones 001). This structure however requires only the minimum of hierarchical control by supervisors. Team members control their own behavior, monitor other team members and learn from each other (Hill and Jones 001).

Other advantages of matrix systems include

•The provision of autonomy to motivate employees, leaving top management to concentrate on strategic issues (Hunge and Wheelan).

•The availability of specialized knowledge to all programs on an equal basis, knowledge and experience can be transferred form one project to another (Cleland and King 18).

•Increased speed in responsiveness to project needs and customer desires because the lines of communication are established and decision points are centralized (Cleland and King 18).

Of course there are some disadvantages to the matrix system. The balance if power between the functional and project divisions must be watched so that neither one erodes the other. The balance between time, cost and performance must also be continually monitored so that neither group favors cost or time over performance (Cleland and King 18). The bureaucratic costs of operating the structure are very high, in addition, because employees tend to be highly skilled, both salaries and overheads are high . The two-boss employee's role of balancing between the two divisions is difficult to manage as loyalty is required to more than one supervisor (Hubbard 000) and conflicts must be avoided over resources (Hill and Jones 001).

Network Structure

A newer and somewhat more radical design is the network structure. Hunge and Wheelan term networks a 'non-structure' with its near elimination of in-house business functions . A network organization electronically connected to a series of independent firms or business units that are linked together by computers in an information system which designs, produces, and markets a product or service . When an organization's environment uncertain and is expected to remain so, innovation and quick responses are needed it is in this context that networks are most effective (Hunge and Wheelan).

The advantages of networks are they provide organizations with increased flexibility and adaptability to cope with rapid technological change and shifting patterns of international trade and competition. It allows a company to concentrate on distinctive capabilities while gathering efficiencies from other firms (Hunge and Wheelan). Network organizations are also credited with requiring less capital as overheads are reduced (Daboub 00).

Disadvantages may be seen as being the availability of numerous potential partners can be a source of trouble. Contracting out functions to separate supplier/distributors may keep the organization from discovering any synergies by combining activities (Hunge and Wheelan 001, pg. 17). There is also less commitment between two independent parties than an internally linked organization (Hubbard 000). There may also be differing commitments and loyalties between the organization and its contractors.

Virtual Structure

The ability of managers to develop a network structure to produce or provide the goods and services their customers want has lead to the idea of virtual structures. Virtual organizations are composed of people who are linked by computers, faxes, computer-aided design systems and video conferencing and who may rarely if ever see one another face to face (Hill and Jones 001, pg. 477). In a manner very similar to matrix structures, people come and go as and when their services are needed. It is for this reason that knowledge plays a large role in virtual structures. To aid in the dissemination of tacit and explicit knowledge an internal database and company intranet are essential (Hill and Jones 001).

Many theorists believe that virtual organization is the ultimate form of business organization (Morgen 00). This is due to the fact that its structure requires few or no tangible assets. It exists in a 'virtual space' created using the Internet and other communication networks. As they have very low running costs, they are able to meet changing strategic needs through the structure's immense flexibility (Morgen 00).

By their nature, are diffuse and formless and therefore harder to control. The implementation of virtual structures, management is required to develop new skills such as network management, communications management and the ability to manage across organizational boundaries (Morgen 00). Many of the dotcoms incorrectly called themselves virtual organizations . The quick decline of the dotcom industry shows what happens when theory is applied with out attention to reality (Morgen 00).

Conclusion

The world economy is currently transforming from a paradigm, which is mechanistic in nature toward a more organic model. This requires a whole new set of organizational rules as a consequence (Black and Edwards 000). Instead of focusing on principles of efficiency, uniformity, control, predictability and economies of scale, organizations are turning their attention and energy to renewal, agility and vitality in order to survive (Youngblood 000).

Contingencies such as environment, strategies and goals, size, technology and culture will affect an organization's strategy. This array of dynamic variables will vary from organization to organization and it is for this reason it is impossible to define a single contemporary structure. Indeed, contingencies make it difficult for an organization to find and maintain their own ideal organizational structure (Black and Edwards 000). Consequently, organizations implement structures that satisfy their current needs and which provide a reasonable degree of flexibility for its future (Black and Edwards 000).

Word Count 876

References

Black J A, Edwards S, 000, 'Emergence of virtual or network organizations; Fad or Feature', Journal of Organizational Change, [Online], vol. 1, iss. 6, pg. 567, Available from Proquest [08/0/00].

Camuffo A, Romano P, Vinelli A, 001, 'Back to the future Benneton transforms its global network,' MIT Sloan Management Review, [Online] vol. 4 iss. 1 pg. 46, Available from Proquest [08/0/00]

Cleland D, King W. 18, Systems Analysis and Project Management, McGraw-Hill, U.S.A.

Daboub, 00, 'Strategic alliances, network organisations, and ethical responsibility,' S.A.M. Advanced Management Journal, [Online] vol. 67, iss.4, pg. 40 Available from Proquest [08/0/00].

Daft R L, 001, Organization Theory and Design, South-Western, U.S.A.

Hill C W, Jones G R, 001, Strategic Management Theory, Means Business Inc., U.S.A.

Hubbard G, 000, Strategic Management Thinking, Analyzing and Action, Pretence Hall, N.S.W.

Hunge J D, Wheelan T L, (no date provided), Strategic Management and Business Policy, Addison-Wesley (no place of publication given).

Martinsons, Aelita G B, Martinsons, Maris G. 14, 'In search of structural excellence', Leadership and Organization Development Journal, [Online], vol. 15, iss. , pg. 4, Available from Proquest [08/0/00].

Morgen W, 00, 'Lack of tangibles can be and asset MANAGEMENT A-Z VIRTUAL ORGANIZATION[London edition]', Financial Times, [Online] vol., Iss. , pg. 8, Available from Proquest [04/0/00]

Reigle R F, 001, 'Measuring organic and mechanistic cultures', Engineering Management Journal, [Online], vol. 1, iss. 4, pg. , Available from Proquest [10/0/00].

Youngblood M D, 000, 'Winning cultures for the new economy', Strategy and Leadership, [Online], vol. 8, iss. 6 pg. 4, Available from Proquest [10/0/00].

Please note that this sample paper on organisational structure is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on organisational structure, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom research papers on organisational structure will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

Order your authentic assignment and you will be amazed at how easy it is to complete a quality custom paper within the shortest time possible!

at 10:18 AM

Thursday, July 30, 2020

This report describes hot to purchase a computer for each different customer to meet different requirements.

Posted by - Larina

If you order your cheap term paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on This report describes hot to purchase a computer for each different customer to meet different requirements.. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality This report describes hot to purchase a computer for each different customer to meet different requirements. paper right on time.

Out staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in This report describes hot to purchase a computer for each different customer to meet different requirements., therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your This report describes hot to purchase a computer for each different customer to meet different requirements. paper at affordable prices!

1.Introduction

This report describes hot to purchase a computer for each different customer to meet different requirements.

It will describe how to purchase a computer step by step from the original plan. This report will discuss three different customers option their owner computers.

Computer hardware components based on the software packages, in order to get high function suited to personal requirements while using their budget.

Cheap Custom Essays on This report describes hot to purchase a computer for each different customer to meet different requirements.

Customers 1Lorissa

.1 Identify all software packages

Because Lorrisa wants a new PC, her requirements are to produce basic text-based documents, run an accounting package, and access the internet, so in my opinion and my recommendation if for the all software packages with in the operating system

Windows XP (Home Edition)

Microsoft Money 00 standard

Microsoft Word 00

. List all software packages are require for system

Basic software requirements. It¡¯s the requirement for the how to choose the hardware components properly.

First software package is Microsoft Windows XP (Home Edition), this require hardware

ɨPC with 00 megahertz (MHz) or higher processor clock speed recommended; -MHz minimum required; Intel Pentium/Celeron family, AMD K6/Athlon/Duron family, or compatible processor recommended

ɨ18 megabytes (MB) of RAM or higher recommended (64 MB minimum supported; may limit performance and some features)

ɨ1.5 gigabyte (GB) of available hard disk space.

ɨSuper VGA (800 ¡Á 600) or higher resolution video adapter and monitor

ɨCD-ROM or DVD drive

ɨKeyboard and Microsoft Mouse or compatible pointing device (Microsoft Corporation,00

http//www.microsoft.com/windowsxp/home/howtobuy/upgrading/sysreqs.asp)

Second software package is Microsoft Money 00, which requires the following hardware

ɨComputer/ProcessorMultimedia PC with Pentium 166 or

higher processor required; Pentium

II 00 recommended

ɨMemory MB of RAM required; 64 MB

recommended

ɨHard Disk75 MB free hard disk space, plus

50 MB for Internet

Explorer 6.0 or later (included on

the CD) if not

already installed, plus an additional

68 MB if running

instructional videos and audio help

from hard drive

ɨDrive X or faster CD-ROM drive

ɨDisplay SVGA Color Monitor with minimum

56 colors, capable of displaying

800 X 600 resolution, 16-bit color

recommended

ɨOperating System Windows 8, Windows 000,

WindowsME, or Windows xp

ɨPeripherals Microsoft Mouse or compatible

pointing device

ɨMiscellaneous 8.8 Kbps or higher-baud modem

required for

Internet connectivity and online

banking

Audio Board with headphones or

speakers required for audio

Some features require Microsoft

Passport

Internet functionality requires an

internet service

provider (ISP); Local and long

distance telephone toll

charges may apply

(Microsoft Corporation, 00 http//www.microsoft.com/catalog/display.asp?site=115&subid=&pg=)

Computer/Processor

The recommended system is Windows 000 Professional

on Pentium 1 MHz ora computer with a Pentium III

processor and 18MB of RAM. higher processor required.

Memory

RAM requirements for Microsoft Word depend upon the

operating system used, plus an additional 8 MB of RAM

for each Office application running simultaneously for

Windows 8 and Windows 8 Second Edition, 4 MB of

RAM for the operating system; for Windows Me, Windows

NT Workstation or Server 4.0, MB of RAM for the

operating system; for Windows 000 Professional, 64 MB

of RAM for the operating system.

Hard Disk

Hard-disk space requirements will vary depending on

configuration. 150 MB of available hard-disk space is

required for the default configuration of Microsoft Word

with 115 MB on the hard disk where the operating system

is installed. Customers without Windows 000, Windows

Me or Office 000 SR1 will require an extra 50 MB of

hard-disk space for the System Files Update Custom i

nstallation choices may require more or less hard-disk space.

Drive

CD-ROM Drive

Display

Super VGA (800x600) or higher-resolution monitor

with 56 colors.

Operating System

Microsoft Windows 8, Windows 8 Second Edition,

Windows Me, Windows NT 4.0 with Service Pack 6 or

greater, or Windows 000 or greater. On systems running

Windows NT 4.0, the version of Internet Explorer must be

upgraded to at least 4.01 with Service Pack 1.

Peripherals

Microsoft Mouse, Microsoft IntelliMouse®, or compatible

pointing device.

Miscellaneous

Multimedia Multimedia computer required for sound and

other multimedia effects. A hardware accelerated video card

or MMX processor will provide improved graphical rendering

performance. Pentium II 400MHz or higher processor, 18

or more MB of RAM, close-talk microphone and audio output

device required for speech recognition.E-mail & Internet

Microsoft Exchange, Internet SMTP/POP, IMAP4, or

MAPI-compliant messaging software for e-mail; Microsoft

Exchange Server required for certain advanced collaboration

functionality in Microsoft Outlook; some Internet functionality

may require Internet access via a 14.4kbs or greater modem

or a high speed connection, and payment of a separate fee to a

service provider; local charges may apply.Handwriting Graphics

tablet recommended for handwriting input features.

The last software package to install into computer is Microsoft Word 00. The required hardware is

(Microsoft Corporation, 00 http//www.microsoft.com/catalog/display.asp?site=1087&subid=&pg=)

. Based on the all software packages required for the hardware, all the

hardware components are defined

Albarton KM66 PRO, Socket 46 Motherboard

Duron AMD K7 1.GHz,00MHz,Socket 46 CPU

Legend 18MB, SDRAM PC1 Memory

Seagate 0 GB U-Series, ATA 100, 5400RPM Hard disk

Mitsubishi diamond 5x, IDE CD-ROM Drive

Dynalink Internal 56K PCI Modem

Case with PUS is R System Esprit, mid tower,00w, ATX PSU

ViewSonic 17¡± E70 digital Monitor

Microsoft Internet Keyboard

Microsoft optical wheel Mouse

(Ascent Technology Ltd, 00

http//www.ascent.co.nz

Advantage® Computers Ltd

http//www.mallnz.co.nz/sites/advantage/)

.4 Suppliers to obtain the lowest price are from the internet

Suppliers

Hardware

ComponentsPricespyAscent technology

Motherboard$15.66$15.66

CPU$81.00$7.

Memory$77.48$77.47

Hard disk$11.8$10.5

CD-ROM$44.16$46.80

Modem$55.00$57.60

Case with PSU$5.00$6.

Monitor$1.$0.5

Keyboard$48.8$5.4

Mouse$40.00$6.4

Suppliers

Software

packagesPricespyAscent technology

Windows XP

(Home Edition)$488.75$45.

Money 00$44.56$4.4

Word 00$47.11$44.0

Total price$1.8$184.85

.5 I suggest Lorissa to buy software from the sellers of Pricespy the web

site, and some hardware components as CD-ROM, Modem, Case with

PSU , Monitor, Keyboard and Mouse are purchase from the Pricespy

web site, others hardware components are purchase from Ascent

technology Ltd, that choice can save money.

.6 For Lorissa, because of cost, Lorissa¡¯s new computer is limited by money,

some older version computer components will be purchased. Because of the high cost of the software package and Lorissa is the first time to purchased a computer,

Customer Colin

Colin is a design engineer and works from home, and his current computer is old, he wants to replace it to because a high performance PC, he uses the PC for design, so it is a high requirement for the PC¡¯s hardware components.

4.1 Identify all software packages

Colin is use PC for design, and he has the two design software are Solidworks 00 and CorelDRAW Graphics Suite11, as following is each software requires the PC¡¯s hardware

First is the Solidworks 00 require the hardware

CPU Intel Pentium ® or AMD Athlon͐ (5) - based computers

Supported Operating Systems (6)(7)SolidWorks 00 (7) SolidWorks 004 (7)First version of SolidWorks after 004(7)

Windows XP Professional (1) Windows XP Professional (1)Windows XP Professional (1)

Windows 000 Professional (1)Windows 000 Professional (1) Windows 000 Professional (1)

Windows NT 4.0 ()Windows NT 4.0 ()(8)

Windows ME ()Windows ME () (8)

Windows 8 SE ()(4)(8)(8)

RAM V Small parts and assemblies (1000 components and 00 feature) - minimum 18MB, 56MB or more recommended.

V Assemblies¡¯ greater than 1000 components and parts greater than 00 features, 51MB or more recommended.

V Assemblies¡¯ greater than 500 components and parts greater than 1000 features, 1GB or more recommended.

Video A tested OpenGL workstation graphics card and driver combination. To view the current list of tested adapters and drivers.

Other Req.V If you are using Design Tables or Bills of Materials, you must have the following; Microsoft Office XP, Microsoft Office 000, or Microsoft Office 7 Service Release (SR-).

V If you are using the SolidWorks online help, or opening SolidWorks files from Internet Explorer, you must be using Internet Explorer version 4.0 or later. Internet Explorer version 5.5 or higher is recommended.

1)Recommended operating system.

()SolidWorks will not install unless Windows NT 4.0 Service Pack 6 or higher is installed.

()Not recommended for production use.

(4)Windows 8 SE (Second Edition) is the only version of Windows 8 that is supported.

(5)For systems running the AMD Athlon processor, you must be running Windows XP, Windows 000 or Windows NT.

(6)Includes SolidWorks, SolidWorks Office, SolidWorks Office Professional, COSMOSWorks, SolidWorks Viewer, and the SolidWorks Explorer.

(7)eDrawings and eDrawings Professional support the following operating systems; Windows XP Professional (1), Windows 000 Professional (1), Windows NT 4.0, Windows 8 SE, and Windows ME.

(8)Not supported in this release

(SolidWorks Corporation 00

http//www.solidworks.com/pages/services/SystemRequirements.html)

The other Software is CorelDRAW Graphics Suit 11, that require the hardware as following lists

Windows

Pentium II 00Mhz or faster processor

Microsoft Windows 8, NT 4.0, 000, Me, or XP

18 MB RAM

Mouse or tablet

CD-ROM drive

104x768 screen resolution

00MB hard disk space

(Amazon.com. Inc. or its affiliates, 16-00

http//www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/B00006LH7/10-401-601466?v=glance&s=software&vi=tech-data&me=ATVPDKIKX0DER)

In my opinion, I recommended Colin to purchase another design software is Adobe Photoshop 7.0, this software is a better design tool can modify and process complex image, so I suggest Colin to buy it. This software requires the hardware components are

Intel® Pentium® III or 4 processor

Microsoft® Windows® 8, Windows 8 Special Edition, Windows Millennium Edition, Windows NT with Service Pack 6a, Windows 000 with Service Pack , or Windows XP

18 MB of RAM (1 MB recommended)

80 MB of available hard-disk space

800 x 600 color monitor with 16-bit color or greater video card

(Adobe Systems Incorporated, 00

http//www.pacific.adobe.com/products/photoshop/systemreqs.html)

Based on the three software above, the operating system absolutely choose Microsoft Windows XP (Professional)

4. Think about which type of hardware should be purchased

As this computer is used by design engineer, so it is should use high performance CPU, as use for design, it requires high quality video card and monitor, and the memory should be 56MB or higher, hard disk should be 10GB or higher. For storage mass information, should purchase a CD-R/RW/DVD combo drive.

4. The following hardwares will be purchased to replace the old

Philips 10P40 1 monitor, .5dp, 180x104, Real Flat

Asus P4C800-E Deluxe motherboard, Socket 478, 800MHz FSB, 4xDIMM, DDR, 8XAGP, 5xPCI, 4xUSB , Firewire, Audio, SATA-150, LAN, ATX, ATA1

Kingmax 51MB, DDR-SDRAM, DIMM, PC400, Memory

Intel Pentium 4, .0 GHz CPU, 800 Mhz, FSB, Northwood Socket 478, Retail pack with fan

Asus GeForce FX V560 TD video card, 18MB DDR, GeForce FX 5600, 8XAGP, TV OUT, DVI

Maxtor DiamondMax Plus , 10 GB, 7,00rpm, 81K cache, ATA-1, IDE, Fluid Bearing Hard Disk Drive

Dlink DSL-500 ADSL, External, Ethernet Router

Samsung SM-5B CD-Writer, 5R/5W/4RW/16DVD, Internal, IDE

4.4 Following information is the price of all the above hardwares and software from the two New Zealand suppliers on the internet

Suppliers

Hardware

ComponentsAscent TechnologyPricespy

Monitor$658.$658.

Motherboard$500.64$500.64

Memory$0.40$0.40

CPU$8.$8.4

Video card$88.64$88.64

Hard Disk Drive$.$.4

Ethernet Router$81.1$81.1

Combo drive$167.58$167.07

Suppliers

SoftwareAscent TechnologyPricespy

Office XP$81.4$6.5

Photoshop 7.0$4.6$60.75

Total$400.85$41.55

4.5 Compare with two computer suppliers, that¡¯s the benefit to choose to buy at Ascent Technology Ltd, because in there the price is lower than another supplier.

Colin plan $400 to purchase hardware to replace his computer, now he nearly has $00 left, and I suggest him to purchase a scanner and a inkjet printer, because he is a design engineer, and some time he will use scanner to scan the photo or any other images, and the printer can print the better quality picture after modified.

4.6 A short report for Colin¡¯s new PC

Because the PC is use to design, and the design softwares are the system should has high performance, so chose the Philips 10P40 1 5dp, 180x104, Real Flat monitor, it¡¯s the large screen make Colin watch comfortable, the high resolution achieved the software ¡°CorelDRAW Graphics Suit 11¡±requirements.

High CPU speed and large memory are offer better operating performance, high quality of the Video card make the screen easier and more smooth. And the DVI port is easy for later to upgrade the CRT monitor to the LCD. Large capacity of the hard disk is able to save more information.

Customer Myself

I am a oversea student to study at New Zealand, so I only use my computer to do some word documents, write E-Mail, go to the internet, so I decide to spend $000 -- $500 (ex GST)to purchase a new computer.

5.1 Identify the software package

Only for go to the Internet, type the E-Mail and do some word documents, I will use the Microsoft Office XP, and the operating system I would like to use Microsoft Windows XP(Home Edition), and I found these two softwares had system requirements, as following

Microsoft Windows XP(Home Edition) requires the system is

PC with 00 megahertz (MHz) or higher processor clock speed recommended; -MHz minimum required; Intel Pentium/Celeron family, AMD K6/Athlon/Duron family, or compatible processor recommended

18 megabytes (MB) of RAM or higher recommended (64 MB minimum supported; may limit performance and some features)

1.5 gigabyte (GB) of available hard disk space.

Super VGA (800 ¡Á 600) or higher resolution video adapter and monitor

CD-ROM or DVD drive

Keyboard and Microsoft Mouse or compatible pointing device

(Microsoft Corporation,00

http//www.microsoft.com/windowsxp/home/howtobuy/upgrading/sysreqs.asp)

Microsoft Office XP requires the system is

Computer/ProcessorComputer with Pentium 1 megahertz (MHz) or higher processor; Pentium III recommended

MemoryFor all Office XP suites

RAM requirements depend on the operating system used

Windows 8, or Windows 8 Second Edition

4 MB of RAM plus an additional 8 MB of RAM for each Office program (such as Microsoft Word) running simultaneously

Windows Me, or Microsoft Windows NT®

MB of RAM plus an additional 8 MB of RAM for each Office application (such as Microsoft Word) running simultaneously

Windows 000 Professional

64 MB of RAM plus an additional 8 MB of RAM for each Office application (such as Microsoft Word) running simultaneously

Windows XP Professional, or Windows XP Home Edition

18 MB of RAM plus an additional 8 MB of RAM for each Office application (such as Microsoft Word) running simultaneously

For information on memory requirements for Office XP Developer, see our Office XP Developer system requirements page.

Hard DiskHard disk space requirements will vary depending on configuration; custom installation choices may require more or less. Listed below are the minimum hard disk requirements for Office XP suites

Office XP Standard

10 MB of available hard disk space

Office XP Professional and Professional Special Edition⊃

45 MB of available hard disk space

An additional 115 MB is required on the hard disk where the operating system is installed. Users without Windows XP, Windows 000, Windows Me, or Office 000 Service Release 1 (SR-1) require an extra 50 MB of hard disk space for System Files Update.

For information on hard disk requirements for Office XP Developer, see our Office XP Developer system requirements page.

Operating SystemWindows 8, Windows 8 Second Edition, Windows Millennium Edition (Windows Me), Windows NT 4.0 with Service Pack 6 (SP6) or later,⊃ Windows 000, or Windows XP or later.

For information on operating system requirements for Office XP Developer, see our Office XP Developer system requirements page.

DriveCD-ROM drive

DisplaySuper VGA (800 x 600) or higher-resolution monitor with 56 colors

PeripheralsMicrosoft Mouse, Microsoft IntelliMouse®, or compatible pointing device

(Microsoft Corporation, 00

http//www.microsoft.com/office/evaluation/sysreqs.asp)

5. choose the correct computer hardware

R System Audi XP, Mid Tower, 00W, ATX PSU, Side Window, Silver

Asus CRW-54A CD Writer, 5R/5W/4RW, Internal, IDE

Intel Celeron II .6 GHz CPU, 400 MHz, FSB, Socket 478, Retail pack with fan

Maxtor DiamondMax Plus 8, 40 GB, 7,00rpm, 048K cache, ATA-1, IDE, Fluid Bearing Hard Disk Drive

Legend 56MB, DDR-SDRAM, DIMM, PC400

Dlink DFM-560I+, 56K, Internal, PCI Modem

Asus P4C800 motherboard, Socket 478, 800MHz FSB, 4xDIMM, DDR, 8XAGP, 4xUSB , Audio, SATA-150, LAN, ATX

Asus GeForce 4 V180SE video card, 64MB DDR, GeForce 440MX, 8XAGP, TV Out

Philips 107S56 17 monitor, .5dp, 180x104, CRT, Black

Microsoft Internet Keyboard, 10 Hot Keys, PS/

Microsoft Basic Optical Mouse, PS/USB

5. Obtain the hardware and software price from the two New Zealand suppliers

Supply

HardwareAscent Technology Ltdpricespy

Case with PSU$14.50$140.00

CD-R/W$5.7$4.18

CPU with fan$14.70$1.

Hard Disk Drive$11.4$11.4

Memory$110.0$110.0

Modem$77.6$80.00

Motherboard$45.68$45.68

Video card$111.84$114.67

Monitor$61.0$61.0

Keyboard$5.4$70.

Mouse$6.4$.00

Supply

SoftwareAscent Technology Ltdpricespy

Microsoft Windows XP(Home)$45.$488.75

Microsoft Office XP$81.4$6.5

$75.5$540.4

5.4 Suggest myself

Compare with two hardware suppliers, I will buy Case with PSU, CD-RW, CPU with fan from pricespy sellers, the other hardware I will purchase at Ascent Technology Ltd.

5.5 A short report for my computer and what about my thinking

I only use PC to process word documents and type E-Mail, so I will not get a high performance for my computer. I choose the motherboard is do good because I think about if I want to upgrade my PC in the future, I can still use this motherboard and will not change, I use the CD-RW to replace the Floppy disk drive to store information, a good modem can supply a stable environment to go to internet.

Conclusion

To conclude, the Operating Systems Purchasing Assignment reveals the following

Understand each customer¡¯s requirements, and how much they can offer, what area heshe use the computer

Based on the requirements, identify which software the customer should use,

Each software has a requirement for the system, gather all the requirements then determine every hardware should be selected

Get and check the price from market, obtain the lowest price for each hardware components

Assemble and install to computer, hand to the customer

(Microsoft Corporation,00) Windows XP Home Edition System Requirements Retrieved August 15, 00, from http//www.microsoft.com/windowsxp/home/howtobuy/upgrading/sysreqs.asp

(Microsoft Corporation, 00) Microsoft® Money 00 Standard Requirements. Retrieved August 15, 00, from

http//www.microsoft.com/catalog/display.asp?site=115&subid=&pg=

(Microsoft Corporation, 00) Microsoft® Word version 00 Requirements Retrieved August 15, 00, from

http//www.microsoft.com/catalog/display.asp?site=1087&subid=&pg=

(SolidWorks Corporation 00) Support - System Requirements. Requirements Retrieved August 15, 00, from

http//www.solidworks.com/pages/services/SystemRequirements.html

(Amazon.com. Inc. or its affiliates, 16-00) System requirements. Retrieved August 15, 00, from

http//www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/B00006LH7/10-07448-7441?v=glance&s=software&vi=tech-data&me=ATVPDKIKX0DER

(Adobe Systems Incorporated, 00) System requirements. Retrieved August 15, 00, from

http//www.pacific.adobe.com/products/photoshop/systemreqs.html

(Microsoft Corporation, 00) System Requirements. Retrieved August 15, 00, from

http//www.microsoft.com/office/evaluation/sysreqs.asp

Please note that this sample paper on This report describes hot to purchase a computer for each different customer to meet different requirements. is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on This report describes hot to purchase a computer for each different customer to meet different requirements., we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college papers on This report describes hot to purchase a computer for each different customer to meet different requirements. will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

Order your authentic assignment and you will be amazed at how easy it is to complete a quality custom paper within the shortest time possible!

at 4:48 AM

SLAVERY AND REVOLUTION: FREEDOM TO THE OPRESSED?

Posted by - Larina

If you order your essay from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on SLAVERY AND REVOLUTION: FREEDOM TO THE OPRESSED?. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality SLAVERY AND REVOLUTION: FREEDOM TO THE OPRESSED? paper right on time.

Out staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in SLAVERY AND REVOLUTION: FREEDOM TO THE OPRESSED?, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your SLAVERY AND REVOLUTION: FREEDOM TO THE OPRESSED? paper at affordable prices!

The Haitian revolution, which was completed in 1804, saw the end of slavery and French rule in the Caribbean island of Saint Domingue. This was, undoubtedly, freedom to the oppressed. The end of forced and savage working conditions. The end of being ruled by some far off country. The freedom of former slaves to govern their own state and thus fend for themselves in the world. This freedom was not granted by the French revolution. It was only achieved by emancipation from revolutionary France which had been itself, forged on the very principals on Liberty, Equality and Fraternity. So why did the French Revolution not extend to the freedom of slaves? And what was the 'freedom' that the slaves achieved and where did it come from? One of the most important factors, which must not be overlooked in discussing the revolutionary predicament of the colonies, was their financial importance to the French economy. The support of the wealthy seaports appeared crucial to the future of the revolution . This creates a paradox, of which there are many associated with the topic of slavery and revolution, if France was to hold up the principals of the revolution in ending slavery it risked a serious financial undermining of the revolution at home. The French perception of the slaves themselves also went a long way in preventing the abolition of slavery.

A stark difference can be drawn between the social tensions present within France at the time of revolution and those of the French colonies at a similar time. In France the peasantry wanted to end the old regime, thus leaving behind feudal obligations. In Saint Domingue there were no peasants or nobles but only slaves and planters. Planters were generally thought of as part of the third estate though some had a slightly higher opinion of their own social status. This is understandable as in the isolated society of saint Domingue white planters occupied an important social position. A position far superior to slaves which they intended to keep. In France revolutionaries were striving for egalitarianism, to remove privileges and provide equality before the law. The most vocal and powerful activists in the colonies demanded a relaxation of government controls but certainly not equality. Not even within the colonial free society let alone the slaves . This shows the difficulties of analysing the revolution of Saint Domingue when most accounts of the time were written from a European and in particular, French perspective. Events, trends and feelings were moulded to fit in with the ones current in France.

Elizabeth Colwill draws an interesting comparison between the place of women and the place of Negroes in revolutionary thinking. Women, by nature, have been given qualities such as the 'tender care owing to infancy, the details of the household, [and] the sweet anxieties of maternity'. Men, on the other hand, are endowed with a flair for 'hunting, farming, [and] political concerns' . With these descriptions republicans such as Pierre Gaspard Chaumette, representative of the Paris Commune, were able to draw an undeniable natural definition between the male and the female species. This enables a multifaceted concept of freedom where everyone could obtain it, through the revolution, provided they keep within their own naturally ordained sphere. With men's political/public bending and woman's domestic/apolitical bending there was no need to have women represented in the National Assembly. This same idea was used to justify the continuation of slavery. That fact that "Nègre" were 'peculiarly suited for enslavement' was seen by some as a natural truth much like of women and their peculiar child birth qualities. Thus, with African people being naturally slaves, they could have freedom within their natural sphere without the abolition of slavery. This idea can be taken a step further to suggest that the abolition of slavery would actually deny the Negroes freedom as it could only be achieved within their natural role as slaves. This is pushing the argument to a rather absurd extreme but it does, however, illustrate how far the revolutionary government was prepared to go to both maintain, or appear to maintain, the principals of the revolution and simultaneously retain colonial revenue.

In investigating the perception of Negroes in the French psyche the original encyclopaedia is a very telling piece. The entry under "Negre" describes blacks in visual animalistic terms. It appears that, like with animals, the main things that define them are their appearance, and habitats. By defining Negroes in terms of black skin, 'large and flat noses, thick lips, and wool instead of hair' as well as some geographical information on where they might be found and regional differences, Negroes are placed squarely in the animal category. As it was featured in the encyclopaedia this was, in theory, an enlightened view. It is easy to see here how French could have felt justified in owning and controlling slaves, just as they were justified in owning and controlling horses or livestock.

Order College Papers on SLAVERY AND REVOLUTION: FREEDOM TO THE OPRESSED?

C.L.R. James, a West Indian Marxist writer, offers some extremely graphic descriptions of slave abuses in his account of the Saint Domingue revolution. 'Slaves were trapped like animals, transported in pens, worked along side an ass or horse and beaten with the same stick, they were stabled and starved but they remained, despite their black skin and curly hair; human beings; with the intelligence and resentments of human beings' . It was not that planters forgot that the slaves were human, but more naturally that they believed they were some kind of subhuman form. As confirmed by the encyclopaedia, at the time of the France revolution it was a fundamental truth that blacks and humans were different. The fact that half of all Africans stepped onto French colonial soil in chains would die within eight years from overwork, malnutrition, and disease, shows how poorly the slaves were treated . James goes on to describe more graphically the abuses slaves were allegedly subjected to. 'Their masters poured burning wax on their arms and hands and shoulders, emptied the boiling cane sugar over their heads, burned them alive, roasted them on slow fires, filled them with gun powder and blew them up with a match, buried them up to the neck and smeared their heads with sugar that the flies might devour them' . He claims that these kind of practices were common place in slave society but this may be seen as an exaggeration, characteristic of such a passionate writing style as James. It is more likely these practices were seldom seen but often talked about especially amongst those antislavery advocates in France. It was possible that accounts such as this acted as propaganda in the growing opposition to slavery. The idea that even animals should not be treated like this enabled one to both subscribe to an animalistic view of Negroes and act for the abolition of slavery at the same time.

Michel-Rolph Trouillot writes, in a very opinionated way of the unthinkability of the Haitian revolution. He draws the important distinction between the standards of people in the past and the modern standard of the mid 10s when his book, Silencing the Past, was published. He places conceptions of slavery and equality into a late 18th century framework where our own modern views on the concepts would have been unthinkable. Trouillot defines the unthinkable as an inconceivable possibility. For contemporaries of the Haitian revolutionary period, to imagine the possibility of the relative equality which the world enjoys today was an intellectual impossibility. The unthinkability of the Hiatian revolution is panted in rather black and white terms by Trouillot. He states that the Haitian revolution 'entered history with the peculiar characteristic of being unthinkable' . As early as 170, however, left wing newspapers had begun to attack slavery and the popular conceptions of Negroes. An article in the influential newspaper Revolutions de Paris stated that is not true that Negroes are narrow minded. Experience has proven that they have succeeded in the sciences...As for what people say of their wickedness, it will never equal the cruelty of their masters' . This shows that not all French men found the Haitian revolution to be an unthinkability. Rather then unthinkable, the freedom of the slaves may be more appropriately seen as a many faceted difficulty. Geographical Isolation, racial prejudice, economic concerns and the very concept of freedom itself made it difficult for anyone, French, Mulatto, slave, or otherwise to define what freedom for the slaves might actually consist of.

Throughout historical writings on the emancipation of the slaves of the Caribbean colonies there is much reference to the ideas of freedom and equality. These are often implied to be both the essence of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen. They are also suggested to be the revolutionary ideas that the slaves of Saint Domingue picked up on in fighting for their liberation. When looked at closely the Declaration shows inconsistencies, which can be interpreted both for and against the abolition of slavery.

Men are born and remain free and equal in rights. Social distinctions may be founded only on the general good [Article I]

The word 'men' in itself can be interpreted to exclude all women and Negroes. On the other hand it could be seen as referring to all human beings in general which would include women and probably blacks as well. Although many citizens of revolutionary France saw them as subhuman, most would have conceded that the African species did fit in the wider category of human being. The second part of this article is very contentious when looked at in the context of slavery. The 'general good' must be defined to make any sense of it. Is the general good what is good for everyone including slaves? Or is it what is generally good for the writers of this document? The economic prosperity of France would surely have been the 'general good', in which case a vast social distinction may be drawn between the citizen and the slave, as continued slavery was important for French prosperity.

Though slavery is never actually referred to there are other points in the declaration which are contradictory and confusing when put in the context of slavery.

Law can only prohibit such actions as are hurtful to society. Nothing may be prevented which is not forbidden by law, and no one may be forced to do anything not provided for by law. [Article V]

This again comes down to economic concerns. Colonial revenue is definitely not hurtful to society so therefore slavery is not hurtful to society as this is the source of the revenue. If brutal oppression of slaves is just an ordinary part of slavery then this cannot be outlawed either. In applying this to the isolated society of Saint Domingue, with an overwhelming majority of slaves, brutal repression can quite easily be seen as hurtful to society, so under this article should be outlawed. This shows that the concepts of freedom and equality in the declaration are, in the mindset they were first written, not the definition of freedom that the slaves were striving for.

If the freedom of the slaves was not that of the French revolution, what freedom was it? C. E. Fick argues that the repressed slaves, with no education, were in fact the primary architects both of their own freedom and of the victorious movement which gained for them national independence. The main instinctive aim of the slaves in their uprising was to break the shackles of slavery and in this, obtain personal liberty. Even amongst the slaves themselves there were different points of view on what their own freedom would actually resemble. Fick puts forward some distinct possibilities for what they may have been. Some slaves had only a short-term aim in mind, that is, freedom from slavery. For these slaves rebellion was directed against their masters but not the colonial system as a whole. Some took a more backward looking approach, aiming at a withdrawal from slavery and a return to social organisations roughly based on African modes of life. The most enlightened of slaves strived for a destruction of slavery, which would subsequently transform society into something new and wonderful . Some may argue along the more cynical line that the slaves in their ill education and bitterness were uprising for the sole purpose of massacring there masters as revenge for years of abuse, without any underling idealistic concept of 'freedom'. Rather then assigning one of these aims of revolt to all the slaves it would be more accurate to assume they all existed within the Saint Domingue society. But, due to the illiteracy of most slaves so therefore the lack of memoirs, it would be impossible to speculate on the proportion of slaves who held a certain view.

There was one philosophy that historians have agreed played an important role within Haitian revolutionary masses. Voodoo, the religion of the African slaves, offered a source of psychological freedom. Through voodoo slaves were able to express and define their own self-existence and see themselves as independent beings. This constituted the destruction of slavery within ones own mind Though Christianity was the only religion allowed in Saint Domingue and the slaves were all required to be Christened, voodoo still managed to exist and thrive amongst the slaves. By the incorporation of some quasi-catholic ceremonial characteristics voodoo beliefs and practices were able too flourish under the façade of Christianity . Most plantation owners turned a blind eye to voodoo practices amongst their slaves, with their only concern that the work gets done. Some, on the other hand, were suspicious of the religion, a Saint Domingue slave owner, LeCap, wrote in 180, 'They are dancing the Vaudou- an obscure dance to encourage murder- in two spots in town. We have just hung one of the principal actors... this dance is a sinister prelude' . The signal to the slaves of Saint Domingue to rise in revolt in 171 was reportedly given by Boukman Dutty, a high priest of Voodoo and coach driver, during a nighttime voodoo ceremony . This shows the power of voodoo amongst the slaves. It was through a combination of the philosophies of the French revolution and those of the voodoo religion that a template for freedom and emancipation in Saint Domingue was forged.

There were two major concessions that were granted to the blacks the Caribbean by the National Assembly prior to the creation of Haiti. These were the granting of full political rights to all free blacks and mulattos who were born or free mothers and fathers in may 171 and the abolition of slavery with the granting of full rights to all black men in the colonies in February 174 . Neither of these was based on an unselfish love of freedom and equality. Granting rights to free blacks and mulattos was a way to appease the Society of the Friends of the Blacks, who were applying increasing pressure. The civil rights of tax-paying, property-owning, non-whites seemed a much safer issue to the National assembly then that of slavery, as colonial income would not be effected. The abolishment of slavery in 174 was little more then a means of beating foreign enemies . France could only drive the British out of the Caribbean with the help of the ex-slave Francois-Dominique Toussaint L'Ouvertture, who was a general in charge of a large and powerful rebel force. He was fighting with the Spanish and would only join the French with the abolition of slavery. The fact that Napoleon Bonaparte attempted to restore slavery in 180 shows that the original granting of freedom was no more then a step in Frances selfish, anti-British agenda. The average slave, who did not enjoy the relative comfort of the military, continued labouring in plantations in slave like conditions, despite their change in status . It would take more then a declaration of freedom to the slaves on paper to actually achieve liberty.

The fact that enlightened ideas of freedom and equality could not exist in a vacuum is what led, inevitably, to the Haitian revolution . The factors of colour and colonial status, economic interest and power politics, both national and international, went a long way in clouding the thinking about the ideals evoked so much in the revolutionary decade. Freedom to the slaves was achieved not granted. Though inspired to some degree by the French revolution, the freedom of the slaves was their own. It was conceived by them and for them, in a long struggle to forge a nation of their own, separate from France or any other colonial master. The slaves gained, in the colonial revolutionary period, an opportunity to build their own nation on the principals they believe in and to leave behind the brutal oppression that they were brought from Africa to endure. At the same time France lost both its richest colony and it claim to be the motherland of liberty for the whole of mankind.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Curtin, Philip D. The rise and Fall of the Plantation Complexes essays in Atlantic history, Cambridge, 18

Eze, Emanuel Chukwundi. Race and the enlightenment a reader, Cambridge, mass., 17

Fick, Coroline. The Making of Haiti The Saint-Domingue Revolution from Below, Knoxville, TN, 10

Forster, Robert. 'The French Revolution, People of colour, and slavery' in Joseph Lkaits and Michael H. Haltzel, eds., The Globel Ramifications of the French Revolution, Cambridge, 14

Garrigus, John D. 'White Jacobins/ Black Jacobins Bringing the Haitian and French Revolutions togther in the Classroom', French historical studies (000)

Gasper, David. and Geggus, David. eds., A Turbulent Time The French Revolution and the Greater Caribbean, Bloomington, 17

Geggus, David. 'Racial Equality, Slavery and Colonial succession during the Constituent Assembly', American Historical Review 4 (18)

Hunt, Lynn. and Censer, Jack. 'The Revolution in the Colonies, in Liberty, Equality, Fraternity Exploring the French Revolution, University Park, PA, 001

James, C.L.R.. The Black Jacobins Toussaint L'Ouverture and the San Domingo revolution, London, 180

Melzer and Norberg, eds., From the Royal to the Republican Body, Berkeley, 18

Trouillot, Michel-Rolph. 'An unthinkable History The Haitian Revolution as a Non-Event' in his Silencing the past Power and the Production of History, Boston, 15

PRIMARY SOURCES

Declaration of the Rights of man and of the Citizen, Signed by the representatives of the National Assembly in Paris on the 6th of August 178

Please note that this sample paper on SLAVERY AND REVOLUTION: FREEDOM TO THE OPRESSED? is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on SLAVERY AND REVOLUTION: FREEDOM TO THE OPRESSED?, we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on SLAVERY AND REVOLUTION: FREEDOM TO THE OPRESSED? will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

Order your authentic assignment and you will be amazed at how easy it is to complete a quality custom paper within the shortest time possible!

Persuasive Topics for Paper

Pages

Friday, July 31, 2020

Crusades

Organisational structure

Thursday, July 30, 2020

This report describes hot to purchase a computer for each different customer to meet different requirements.

SLAVERY AND REVOLUTION: FREEDOM TO THE OPRESSED?

Custom writing

Labels

Followers

Blog Archive

Tags

Lorem

Ipsum

Dolor