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CRUSADES
Crusade is a modern, not a medieval, word. It derives from crucesignati, which means, "those signed by the cross", a descriptive used occasionally after the twelve century to refer to crusaders. This is a very brief definition of Crusades according to the book A Concise History of the Crusades by Thomas F. Madden (Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc., 1). Crusade is defined exhaustively in The History of Medieval Europe by Lynn Thorndike (Houghton Mifflin Company, 14) as a religious war, preached in the name of the Church, stimulated by the solemn grant of ecclesiastical privileges, made by a more or less cosmopolitan army, and aiming either directly or indirectly at the recovery of holy places.
According to The Crusaders by Dr. Glynn Daniel (Praeger Publishers, 17), the reasons of the crusaders were the material acquisitions, which were the main consideration. But for the majority who took part, the only goal, which mattered during their three-year journey eastwards, was the Holy City. When you read the book Holy War the Crusaders and their impact on today's world by Karen Armstrong (Anchors books, 1) it mentions Count Bohemund of Taranto's reason for joining the crusades. The Crusades was an obvious way for Bohemund to acquire an Eastern kingdom. The Crusade was a way for Lords to gain new land, riches and most importantly power. Also it mentions that the leaders of the Crusades were men with very mixed motives and ideals. They had hopes of the Crusade and were making a journey to a new destiny. The common soldiers had very different hopes and ideals. Some saw the Crusade as a religious vendetta, others had apocalyptic hopes for a new world and some would have been attracted by the lure of the Holy City of Jerusalem. According to A Concise History of the Crusades by Thomas F. Madden (Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc., 1) the other goal of the crusades was the defense of the Christian East, and many believe that they failed most dramatically at this. Also the crusades were considered as an outlet for the excess population of the West, which was written by Jacques Le Goff from Medieval Civilization (188).
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Urban II appealed to Christians to rescue the Holy Land in the Council of Clermont on November 7, 105 according to The Crusaders Warriors of God by Georges Tate (Discoveries Harry N. Abrams, Inc., 16), which declare the start of the First Crusade. This statement was also mentioned in the book The Middle Ages by Brian Tierney (Alfred A. Knoff, 17). In A Concise History of the Crusades by Thomas F. Madden (Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc., 1) it mentioned Peter the Hermit as one of the most popular preacher who led the First Crusade, also known as the People's Crusade. It also mentioned Walter Sansavoir who led a large and ill-disciplined army of minor knights and enthusiastic peasants ahead of Peter the Hermit. But in other books such as The History of Medieval Europe by Lynn Thorndike (Houghton Mifflin Company, 14) and The Making of the Middle Ages by R. W. Southern (Yale University Press, 15) the Walter mentioned was Walter the Penniless and not Walter Sansavoir. The success of the First Crusade stirred many of previously hesitant knights and soldiers to take the cross. In The Crusaders Warriors of God by Georges Tate (Discoveries Harry N. Abrams, Inc., 16), the Second Crusade was led by the Cisterian Abbot Bernard of Clairvaux who made the appeal and it was organized by Louis VII of France and Conrad III of Germany. Unfortunately it was said in the book that the Second Crusade failed because when Raymond of Poitiers advised Louis VII to head directly for Aleppo in order to meet Nureddin in full force and recapture the places they had lost beyond the Orontes instead Loius went straight to Jerusalem and was persuaded to march on to Damascus, which he could not take. Another step in the evolution of crusading came at the beginning of the thirteenth century. A dualist heresy, whose followers were known as Cathars or Albigensians, arose in southern France. It became very widespread and proved impossible to stamp out by ordinary means such as persuasion. Eventually Innocent III declared a crusade against these heretics, making the Albigensian Crusade the first against internal enemies of Christendom instead of external ones. This is according to Paul Crawford from ORB Online Encyclopedia. In 1771, according to The History of Medieval Europe by Lynn Thorndike (Houghton Mifflin Company, 14) the rule of Fatimites in Egypt was brought to a close by a young Muslim named Saladin, who seized the throne and soon extended his power over most of the Moslem emirs to the east of the Latin states of Syria. In 1187 he took Jerusalem, which provoked the Third Crusade that was headed by Frederick Barbarossa, Philip Augustus and Richard the Lion-Hearted. Pope Innocent III according to A Concise History of the Crusades by Thomas F. Madden (Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc., 1), proclaimed the Fourth Crusade. He was determined to restore Christian control over the Holy Land. Innocent faced the same kinds of problems that Gregory VIII encountered in the Third Crusade. In all the bloodshed and tragedy of the 1th century, the Childrens Crusades of 11 stand out as unique. Tens of thousands of children from France and Germany, some no older than six, gathered to form their own ill-prepared army, hoping to succeed in capturing Jerusalem where the elder armies of their kingdoms had failed. Compelled by Divine Mandate, the children boldly marched across Europe, but never made it past the Mediterranean. Hunger, disease, fear, and slave-traders picked off the children one at a time, until those that remained were too weakened and disorganized to continue any further according to Eugene Delacroix from www.artzia.com. According to The Crusaders Warriors of God by Georges Tate (Discoveries Harry N. Abrams, Inc., 16), the Fifth Crusade unfolded in Egypt. The Franks hoped to obtain Jerusalem in exchange for planned conquests in what had become the heart of the Ayyubid Empire. The Ayyubid proposed the restoration of the kingdom of Jerusalem. But the pope's legate, in charged of the expedition, rejected this proposal, aiming instead for the creation of a Frankish state in Egypt. The expedition ended disastrously. The Sixth Crusade up to the Eight Crusade was not discussed much in the books I have mentioned. The Sixth Crusade was led by Frederick II while the Seventh and the Eight crusade was led both by Louis IX.
The effects of the Crusades can be found in the book A Concise History of the Crusades by Thomas F. Madden (Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc., 1). First he stated for good or ill, the crusading movement did have long-term effects. The presence of the crusader states in the Near East for almost two centuries certainly destabilized Muslim power, and therefore hindered unification into a single Islamic state. Even the crusades that failed or did not materialize forced Muslim powers to divert resources from conquest to their own defense. The new wealth, coupled with a rise in industrial technology, allowed Europe to purchase raw materials from the Ottomans and sell back to them the finished goods at a bargain price. According to Jacques Le Goff from the book Medieval Civilization (188) the crusades helped to impoverish west, especially the knight class. Furthermore, the Crusades built a decisive barrier between the westerners and the Byzantines. The military orders, which were powerless to defend and guard the Holy Land, fell back on the West, where they took all sorts of financial military exactions. According to The Crusaders by Dr. Glynn Daniel (Praeger Publishers, 17), the rise of towns, trade and guilds happened. The Crusade fostered trade between the east and the west. Also it led to advances in military science, castle building and use of infantry. In The Making of the Middle Ages by R. W. Southern (Yale University Press, 15), the effects of the Crusades were new learning's in Math, Science, Medicine, Literature, Language, Navigation and Geography. Also this book gave us several negative effects. These are the weakening of the Byzantium Empire and the increased intolerance between Christians and Muslims, Christians and Jews, and even Christians and Christians, and Moslems and Moslems.
CRUSADES
Crusade is a modern, not a medieval, word. It derives from crucesignati, which means, "those signed by the cross", a descriptive used occasionally after the twelve century to refer to crusaders. This is a very brief definition of Crusades according to the book A Concise History of the Crusades by Thomas F. Madden (Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc., 1). Crusade is defined exhaustively in The History of Medieval Europe by Lynn Thorndike (Houghton Mifflin Company, 14) as a religious war, preached in the name of the Church, stimulated by the solemn grant of ecclesiastical privileges, made by a more or less cosmopolitan army, and aiming either directly or indirectly at the recovery of holy places.
According to The Crusaders by Dr. Glynn Daniel (Praeger Publishers, 17), the reasons of the crusaders were the material acquisitions, which were the main consideration. But for the majority who took part, the only goal, which mattered during their three-year journey eastwards, was the Holy City. When you read the book Holy War the Crusaders and their impact on today's world by Karen Armstrong (Anchors books, 1) it mentions Count Bohemund of Taranto's reason for joining the crusades. The Crusades was an obvious way for Bohemund to acquire an Eastern kingdom. The Crusade was a way for Lords to gain new land, riches and most importantly power. Also it mentions that the leaders of the Crusades were men with very mixed motives and ideals. They had hopes of the Crusade and were making a journey to a new destiny. The common soldiers had very different hopes and ideals. Some saw the Crusade as a religious vendetta, others had apocalyptic hopes for a new world and some would have been attracted by the lure of the Holy City of Jerusalem. According to A Concise History of the Crusades by Thomas F. Madden (Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc., 1) the other goal of the crusades was the defense of the Christian East, and many believe that they failed most dramatically at this. Also the crusades were considered as an outlet for the excess population of the West, which was written by Jacques Le Goff from Medieval Civilization (188).
Urban II appealed to Christians to rescue the Holy Land in the Council of Clermont on November 7, 105 according to The Crusaders Warriors of God by Georges Tate (Discoveries Harry N. Abrams, Inc., 16), which declare the start of the First Crusade. This statement was also mentioned in the book The Middle Ages by Brian Tierney (Alfred A. Knoff, 17). In A Concise History of the Crusades by Thomas F. Madden (Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc., 1) it mentioned Peter the Hermit as one of the most popular preacher who led the First Crusade, also known as the People's Crusade. It also mentioned Walter Sansavoir who led a large and ill-disciplined army of minor knights and enthusiastic peasants ahead of Peter the Hermit. But in other books such as The History of Medieval Europe by Lynn Thorndike (Houghton Mifflin Company, 14) and The Making of the Middle Ages by R. W. Southern (Yale University Press, 15) the Walter mentioned was Walter the Penniless and not Walter Sansavoir. The success of the First Crusade stirred many of previously hesitant knights and soldiers to take the cross. In The Crusaders Warriors of God by Georges Tate (Discoveries Harry N. Abrams, Inc., 16), the Second Crusade was led by the Cisterian Abbot Bernard of Clairvaux who made the appeal and it was organized by Louis VII of France and Conrad III of Germany. Unfortunately it was said in the book that the Second Crusade failed because when Raymond of Poitiers advised Louis VII to head directly for Aleppo in order to meet Nureddin in full force and recapture the places they had lost beyond the Orontes instead Loius went straight to Jerusalem and was persuaded to march on to Damascus, which he could not take. Another step in the evolution of crusading came at the beginning of the thirteenth century. A dualist heresy, whose followers were known as Cathars or Albigensians, arose in southern France. It became very widespread and proved impossible to stamp out by ordinary means such as persuasion. Eventually Innocent III declared a crusade against these heretics, making the Albigensian Crusade the first against internal enemies of Christendom instead of external ones. This is according to Paul Crawford from ORB Online Encyclopedia. In 1771, according to The History of Medieval Europe by Lynn Thorndike (Houghton Mifflin Company, 14) the rule of Fatimites in Egypt was brought to a close by a young Muslim named Saladin, who seized the throne and soon extended his power over most of the Moslem emirs to the east of the Latin states of Syria. In 1187 he took Jerusalem, which provoked the Third Crusade that was headed by Frederick Barbarossa, Philip Augustus and Richard the Lion-Hearted. Pope Innocent III according to A Concise History of the Crusades by Thomas F. Madden (Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc., 1), proclaimed the Fourth Crusade. He was determined to restore Christian control over the Holy Land. Innocent faced the same kinds of problems that Gregory VIII encountered in the Third Crusade. In all the bloodshed and tragedy of the 1th century, the Childrens Crusades of 11 stand out as unique. Tens of thousands of children from France and Germany, some no older than six, gathered to form their own ill-prepared army, hoping to succeed in capturing Jerusalem where the elder armies of their kingdoms had failed. Compelled by Divine Mandate, the children boldly marched across Europe, but never made it past the Mediterranean. Hunger, disease, fear, and slave-traders picked off the children one at a time, until those that remained were too weakened and disorganized to continue any further according to Eugene Delacroix from www.artzia.com. According to The Crusaders Warriors of God by Georges Tate (Discoveries Harry N. Abrams, Inc., 16), the Fifth Crusade unfolded in Egypt. The Franks hoped to obtain Jerusalem in exchange for planned conquests in what had become the heart of the Ayyubid Empire. The Ayyubid proposed the restoration of the kingdom of Jerusalem. But the pope's legate, in charged of the expedition, rejected this proposal, aiming instead for the creation of a Frankish state in Egypt. The expedition ended disastrously. The Sixth Crusade up to the Eight Crusade was not discussed much in the books I have mentioned. The Sixth Crusade was led by Frederick II while the Seventh and the Eight crusade was led both by Louis IX.
The effects of the Crusades can be found in the book A Concise History of the Crusades by Thomas F. Madden (Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc., 1). First he stated for good or ill, the crusading movement did have long-term effects. The presence of the crusader states in the Near East for almost two centuries certainly destabilized Muslim power, and therefore hindered unification into a single Islamic state. Even the crusades that failed or did not materialize forced Muslim powers to divert resources from conquest to their own defense. The new wealth, coupled with a rise in industrial technology, allowed Europe to purchase raw materials from the Ottomans and sell back to them the finished goods at a bargain price. According to Jacques Le Goff from the book Medieval Civilization (188) the crusades helped to impoverish west, especially the knight class. Furthermore, the Crusades built a decisive barrier between the westerners and the Byzantines. The military orders, which were powerless to defend and guard the Holy Land, fell back on the West, where they took all sorts of financial military exactions. According to The Crusaders by Dr. Glynn Daniel (Praeger Publishers, 17), the rise of towns, trade and guilds happened. The Crusade fostered trade between the east and the west. Also it led to advances in military science, castle building and use of infantry. In The Making of the Middle Ages by R. W. Southern (Yale University Press, 15), the effects of the Crusades were new learning's in Math, Science, Medicine, Literature, Language, Navigation and Geography. Also this book gave us several negative effects. These are the weakening of the Byzantium Empire and the increased intolerance between Christians and Muslims, Christians and Jews, and even Christians and Christians, and Moslems and Moslems.
CRUSADES
Crusade is a modern, not a medieval, word. It derives from crucesignati, which means, "those signed by the cross", a descriptive used occasionally after the twelve century to refer to crusaders. This is a very brief definition of Crusades according to the book A Concise History of the Crusades by Thomas F. Madden (Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc., 1). Crusade is defined exhaustively in The History of Medieval Europe by Lynn Thorndike (Houghton Mifflin Company, 14) as a religious war, preached in the name of the Church, stimulated by the solemn grant of ecclesiastical privileges, made by a more or less cosmopolitan army, and aiming either directly or indirectly at the recovery of holy places.
According to The Crusaders by Dr. Glynn Daniel (Praeger Publishers, 17), the reasons of the crusaders were the material acquisitions, which were the main consideration. But for the majority who took part, the only goal, which mattered during their three-year journey eastwards, was the Holy City. When you read the book Holy War the Crusaders and their impact on today's world by Karen Armstrong (Anchors books, 1) it mentions Count Bohemund of Taranto's reason for joining the crusades. The Crusades was an obvious way for Bohemund to acquire an Eastern kingdom. The Crusade was a way for Lords to gain new land, riches and most importantly power. Also it mentions that the leaders of the Crusades were men with very mixed motives and ideals. They had hopes of the Crusade and were making a journey to a new destiny. The common soldiers had very different hopes and ideals. Some saw the Crusade as a religious vendetta, others had apocalyptic hopes for a new world and some would have been attracted by the lure of the Holy City of Jerusalem. According to A Concise History of the Crusades by Thomas F. Madden (Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc., 1) the other goal of the crusades was the defense of the Christian East, and many believe that they failed most dramatically at this. Also the crusades were considered as an outlet for the excess population of the West, which was written by Jacques Le Goff from Medieval Civilization (188).
Urban II appealed to Christians to rescue the Holy Land in the Council of Clermont on November 7, 105 according to The Crusaders Warriors of God by Georges Tate (Discoveries Harry N. Abrams, Inc., 16), which declare the start of the First Crusade. This statement was also mentioned in the book The Middle Ages by Brian Tierney (Alfred A. Knoff, 17). In A Concise History of the Crusades by Thomas F. Madden (Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc., 1) it mentioned Peter the Hermit as one of the most popular preacher who led the First Crusade, also known as the People's Crusade. It also mentioned Walter Sansavoir who led a large and ill-disciplined army of minor knights and enthusiastic peasants ahead of Peter the Hermit. But in other books such as The History of Medieval Europe by Lynn Thorndike (Houghton Mifflin Company, 14) and The Making of the Middle Ages by R. W. Southern (Yale University Press, 15) the Walter mentioned was Walter the Penniless and not Walter Sansavoir. The success of the First Crusade stirred many of previously hesitant knights and soldiers to take the cross. In The Crusaders Warriors of God by Georges Tate (Discoveries Harry N. Abrams, Inc., 16), the Second Crusade was led by the Cisterian Abbot Bernard of Clairvaux who made the appeal and it was organized by Louis VII of France and Conrad III of Germany. Unfortunately it was said in the book that the Second Crusade failed because when Raymond of Poitiers advised Louis VII to head directly for Aleppo in order to meet Nureddin in full force and recapture the places they had lost beyond the Orontes instead Loius went straight to Jerusalem and was persuaded to march on to Damascus, which he could not take. Another step in the evolution of crusading came at the beginning of the thirteenth century. A dualist heresy, whose followers were known as Cathars or Albigensians, arose in southern France. It became very widespread and proved impossible to stamp out by ordinary means such as persuasion. Eventually Innocent III declared a crusade against these heretics, making the Albigensian Crusade the first against internal enemies of Christendom instead of external ones. This is according to Paul Crawford from ORB Online Encyclopedia. In 1771, according to The History of Medieval Europe by Lynn Thorndike (Houghton Mifflin Company, 14) the rule of Fatimites in Egypt was brought to a close by a young Muslim named Saladin, who seized the throne and soon extended his power over most of the Moslem emirs to the east of the Latin states of Syria. In 1187 he took Jerusalem, which provoked the Third Crusade that was headed by Frederick Barbarossa, Philip Augustus and Richard the Lion-Hearted. Pope Innocent III according to A Concise History of the Crusades by Thomas F. Madden (Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc., 1), proclaimed the Fourth Crusade. He was determined to restore Christian control over the Holy Land. Innocent faced the same kinds of problems that Gregory VIII encountered in the Third Crusade. In all the bloodshed and tragedy of the 1th century, the Childrens Crusades of 11 stand out as unique. Tens of thousands of children from France and Germany, some no older than six, gathered to form their own ill-prepared army, hoping to succeed in capturing Jerusalem where the elder armies of their kingdoms had failed. Compelled by Divine Mandate, the children boldly marched across Europe, but never made it past the Mediterranean. Hunger, disease, fear, and slave-traders picked off the children one at a time, until those that remained were too weakened and disorganized to continue any further according to Eugene Delacroix from www.artzia.com. According to The Crusaders Warriors of God by Georges Tate (Discoveries Harry N. Abrams, Inc., 16), the Fifth Crusade unfolded in Egypt. The Franks hoped to obtain Jerusalem in exchange for planned conquests in what had become the heart of the Ayyubid Empire. The Ayyubid proposed the restoration of the kingdom of Jerusalem. But the pope's legate, in charged of the expedition, rejected this proposal, aiming instead for the creation of a Frankish state in Egypt. The expedition ended disastrously. The Sixth Crusade up to the Eight Crusade was not discussed much in the books I have mentioned. The Sixth Crusade was led by Frederick II while the Seventh and the Eight crusade was led both by Louis IX.
The effects of the Crusades can be found in the book A Concise History of the Crusades by Thomas F. Madden (Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc., 1). First he stated for good or ill, the crusading movement did have long-term effects. The presence of the crusader states in the Near East for almost two centuries certainly destabilized Muslim power, and therefore hindered unification into a single Islamic state. Even the crusades that failed or did not materialize forced Muslim powers to divert resources from conquest to their own defense. The new wealth, coupled with a rise in industrial technology, allowed Europe to purchase raw materials from the Ottomans and sell back to them the finished goods at a bargain price. According to Jacques Le Goff from the book Medieval Civilization (188) the crusades helped to impoverish west, especially the knight class. Furthermore, the Crusades built a decisive barrier between the westerners and the Byzantines. The military orders, which were powerless to defend and guard the Holy Land, fell back on the West, where they took all sorts of financial military exactions. According to The Crusaders by Dr. Glynn Daniel (Praeger Publishers, 17), the rise of towns, trade and guilds happened. The Crusade fostered trade between the east and the west. Also it led to advances in military science, castle building and use of infantry. In The Making of the Middle Ages by R. W. Southern (Yale University Press, 15), the effects of the Crusades were new learning's in Math, Science, Medicine, Literature, Language, Navigation and Geography. Also this book gave us several negative effects. These are the weakening of the Byzantium Empire and the increased intolerance between Christians and Muslims, Christians and Jews, and even Christians and Christians, and Moslems and Moslems.
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