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This analysis is of two separate news programs, both broadcasted on the same day on different channels. These channels are the Nine Network and the ABC.
In this analysis I shall discuss the various selection and organization processes each channel uses in their selected stories and the relative importance to each story, according to each channels news values.
I shall also choose one story that is covered by both news programs, developing two storyboards; I will use these storyboards to analyze the ways in which the stories are constructed on each channel and what semiotic meanings are conveyed. I shall also discuss the similarities and differences in their respective approach to each story.
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Selection and Organization of stories.
I shall begin by discussing the differences in the number of reports covered by each channel. The ABC broadcast covered 0 reports in all, including the weather, sport and finance reports.
The Nine Networks coverage however, only covered 18 reports including the weather, sport and finance reports. The coverage of two more reports by the ABC could be possibly justified by the fact that there are no commercial breaks to interrupt broadcasting. This could also be responsible for the differences in the time spent by the Nine Network on certain areas such as the finance report.
It is also important to note the considerable differences in the order of reports by each network. The first difference I noticed was that the Nine Networks first eight stories were all nationally based within Australia, whereas only the first three stories covered by the ABC were nationally based stories. This could suggest the different news values incorporated by each channel as significant factors in the processes and order of content choices, which are influenced by specific genres.
Alternatively this could also be the result of ownership pressures on the Nine Network to produce more locally and nationally based stories. Another important aspect of the news values employed by the Nine Network are the possible pressures of ratings value which have a direct result in the commercial investments by advertisers.
The ABC, which is funded by the Australian government, seems to have less constraints when it comes to coverage content, this point is also emphasized by the difference in international content by each channel. This difference in international content was very apparent, with the ABC covering nine international stories, compared to the Nine Network coverage of only four international stories. This comparison further emphasizes my previous point on the possible pressures on the Nine Network to produce more locally and nationally based news stories.
To back up previous arguments concerning the influences in news selection values, I shall now include into my argument, a system which was defined by Herman and Chomsky, they state as follows '…if the news media perform a societal purpose at all, it is to inculcate and defend the economic, social and political agenda of privileged groups that dominate the domestic society and the state'. ' Propaganda campaigns may be instituted either by the state itself or by one or more of the top media firms (or even in unison), but in all instances the collaboration of the mass media is a prerequisite'. (188 , excerpt in ITR Reader, Wk Allen, S)
This system developed by Herman and Chomsky 'defines its effectivity in terms of a 'multiple filter system'. These multiple filters consist of five components, each of which interact and reinforce one another', I shall include only two of these filters which I deem necessary to the argument of the Nine Networks possible influences of the organization and content of specific stories. These key aspects are as follows
1.'This filter concerns the commercial basis of the dominant news organizations…. specifically the concentration of ownership and cross-ownership patterns…. at the same time the resultant 'profit orientation of these organizations, many of which are under intense pressure from stockholders, directors and bankers to focus on the 'bottom line', is a further key aspect of this filter shaping news coverage'
.'The second filter pertains to the influence of advertising, the principal income source for commercial news organizations, on media content. With advertising the free market does not yield a neutral system in which final buyer choice decides.
The advertisers' choices influence media prosperity and survival…. there is a strong preference for content, which does not call into question their own politically conservative principles or interferes with the 'buying mood' of the audience. (Both filters taken from ITR reader, Wk Allen, S)
Theses two filters further back up my previous arguments as to the possible pressures and influences the Nine Network has on its certain choices of content and organization processes.
In relation to this argument, these pressures could also have a direct bearing on the difference in time spent on selected stories by each channel, an example of this, is the differences in the time spent by each channel on the finance report.
The Nine Networks finance report lasted for only thirty seconds, whereas the ABC devoted two minutes to this specific report.
This significant difference could suggest the contrasting news values by each channel are influenced by other significant factors.
These factors could again be pressures by owners and investors, which the ABC seems to have less of compared with the Nine Network.
There are other significant factors that could contribute to the differences each channel places on specific topics; these are largely known as the 'unspoken rules or codes of newsworthiness'.
'These include the following significant factors, conflict, relevance, timeliness, simplification, personalization, unexpectedness, continuity, composition, reference to elite nations, and reference to elite persons, cultural specificity, and negativity'.
It is important to note 'that while news values are always changing over time and are inflected differently from one news organization to the next, it is still possible to point to these and related news values as being relatively consistent criteria informing these assignments of significance'. (Excerpt in ITR Reader, Wk, Allen, S)
These unspoken rules could also have a huge influence on the inclusion and exclusion of certain genre types covered on both the Nine Network and the ABC. An example of this is in the comparison between the two networks' broadcasts, the Nine Network included a story about bottles of expensive wine being sold for substantial amounts of money, I personally think that this story did not fit into the afore mentioned rules and codes of newsworthiness. The ABC did not cover this story; in fact all of the stories covered by the ABC seemed to contain something that was listed in the rules and codes of newsworthiness, they contained in a ideological sense, issues of relevant importance to most of the addressees who watch the news to be informed, not entertained. The ABC does, in its addresser role, have to maintain its ideological duty as the station representing the people of Australia. It is also important to know that ideology in short ' is the attempt to fix meanings and world views by power.' (Barker, C, 1, p17)
Comparison of one story, on both channels
The story, which I have chosen to analyze, occurred after a shooting in the northeast suburbs of Adelaide.
This story appeared to be constructed on both the Nine Network and ABC, channels very similarly, although on closer analysis, I found them to be constructed considerably different in their respective approaches to the story.
Firstly it has to be noted first that the framing of each story was very similar, although one of differences, was how close the ABC shots were to the action. With six close up shots by the ABC, comparing this to the four close up shots broadcasted by the Nine Network there seems to be little difference until the number of long shots is compared. The biggest difference in the framing was the Nine Networks choice of twenty long shots in its two-minute story, there is a significant difference compared to the ABC's decision to go with only eleven long shots.
What this comparison could signify is the Nine Networks choice to remain at a 'normal camera distance is because it establishes an intimate, comfortable relationship with on-screen characters'. (Excerpt from ITR reader, Wk , Ward, I.) '
This could also signify to the addressees, that the ABC, as the addresser, are inviting the viewers to have a closer look at what's going on, to give them a front row seat as the action unfolds. These could also signify the differences in ideological approaches taken by each channel; the Nine Networks choice to look over the shoulders of the police from a safe distance and calls on us to make our own conclusions, this signifies the expressive function of address that we the viewers are on the side of " law and order" and keep viewers at a distance to signify that we are part of the 'thin blue line'. This also indicates the above signs are the constructions of the 'phatic functions that exist in the relationship between the addresser and addressee'. (Thwaites et al, 00, p.18)
These phatically produced relationships between addresser and addressee are present on both channels' respective broadcasts, the conative functions, which are present throughout the numerous signs used, are constructing the addressees to be upstanding members of the community. This could also be linked to the relations of who is interviewed in each report; both networks chose to interview two people in their reports, the ABC chose to interview a police officer present at the scene and a local worried parent, the Nine Network however, chose to interview the same officer and a journalist who witnessed the high speed chase. The difference in these approaches again indicate ideological differences in their choices, the ABC's interview with the local female has possible signifier/signified relations to the other interview with the officer, there are also relationships with the cameraman's choice of shots, the anchors commentary and final statement. Firstly, the cameras shot of local parents with their children signifies their expression of concern for their children. This shot is also directly connected to the interview of the woman; she also signifies the worried parents concerns. The police officer interviewed on both networks signifies 'law and order' in society and also signifies to worried viewers that the situation is under control, he is also a metonym of the police force itself, in this sense he represents the police who are working at the scene. The worried parents in both the interview and the shot are metonyms of the general public, they are in a sense taking on both paradigmatic roles as addresser and addressee, they speak and syntagmatically show theirs and the viewers concerns on camera, it is also important to notice that neither interviewee gazes directly at the camera, they are both looking away from us at an angle, this is emphasizing that it is not the persons who are addressing us, but the role in which the person is placed in the situation, the addressee is 'one has who already been interpellated'. The woman ideologically interpellates the worried community; the police officer ideologically interpellates the tax paying citizens.
It is also interesting to note that the Nine Network chose to link this story with another siege, which subsequently happened only streets away from the major incident, the ABC however had no mention of this story in their broadcast. What this again suggests are the different news values incorporated into both networks are significant factors when choosing their stories, this comparison further emphasizes the Nine Networks commitments or pressures in producing local and national news.
In closing this analysis, I shall state what semiotic meanings are conveyed by the final comments made by each anchorperson in their respective reports.
The final comment, by Nine Network reporter Gerda Jezuchowski on the afore mentioned story states "a search of the house later, uncovered stolen property, possibly linked to a car chop shop" she then goes on to link this particular story to a similar incident which happened soon after. This final statement compared to ABC reporter Sharon Smiths final statement is somewhat different in their respective angles. Sharon Smith states "police believe the other alleged offender escaped in the Ute and have described him as dangerous". This final comment has ideological implication attached to it, she is warning the viewer, subsequently producing an assumed ideological view, that the viewer will of course agree with her, that this escaped offender is considered dangerous, still out there loose in our peaceful ideological society.
References
Allen, Stuart, (1), 'making news Truth, Ideology, and News Work', Ch.
News Culture, Buckingham, Open University, pp 48-8. ( Excerpt in ITR reader, Wk )
Barker, Chris, "Global television and global culture' Ch. from Television, Globalisation and Cultural Identities, Buckingham, Open University Press, pp-5
Thwaites, Tony Davis, Lloyd Mules, Warwick, (00) Introducing Cultural and Media Studies, A Semiotic Approach, Palgrave.
Ward, Ian 15, 'TV News' excerpt, Politics of the Media, South Melbourne, Macmillan, pp77-88
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