African American Thought in the Late 19th Century

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African American Thought in the Late 1th Century

In the late 1th century, there were two men with different points of views on how to improve the status of African Americans. These two men were W.E.B. Du Bois and Booker T. Washington. They were two great leaders of the black community, but disagreed on strategies for black social and economic progress. With their different backgrounds and points of views, they should have worked together to improve African American status in the late 1th century. Their tactics alone could not have worked well. There would have been a problem or disagreement, because not all of the African Americans thought the same way they did. This essay will compare and contrast the different ideas of W.E.B. Du Bois and Booker T. Washington, and explain why their combined ideas would have been a better approach.

Booker T. Washington was born a slave in Virginia, but later moved to West Virginia after emancipation. He studied at the Hampton Institute and taught an upgraded school and experimented briefly with the study of law and the ministry. In 1881, he founded the Tuskegee Normal and the Industrial Institute on the Hampton model. The school taught the students in academic subjects, but focused in areas of carpentry, masonry, agriculture, cooking, and other basic skills. Washington's achievements made him an influential leader. He even dined with President Roosevelt and met with him regularly to discuss racial issues.

Washington encouraged African Americans to make friends in any manner they can with other races around them, mainly the Americans. He believed that by doing this, African Americans could be accepted as equals and earn the trust of White men. He compared this method to the casting of a bucket in the middle of the ocean. He recommended that most African Americans should learn to dignify and justify common labor, and put brains and skill into the common occupations of life. He believed that they should start at the bottom of life, and not at the top. Washington thought that African Americans should assume their political rights slowly and naturally. He did believe that they should be able to vote though. He thought that it would help them practice self-governing and influence them by those of intelligence and of character.

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Even with great ideas and plans, Washington found himself confronted by many opposing African Americans, one of which was W.E.B. Du Bois. He indeed admired Washington, but strongly disagreed with his tactics. Du Bois graduated from Fisk University and received his Ph.D. from Harvard in 185. From 187 to 110 he taught at Atlanta University, where here he devoted himself to sociological investigations of the condition of African Americans. He argued that the only appropriate way to deal with disfranchisement was to demand equality and to fight for it. In 105, he founded the Niagara Movement, which in 10 merged with the new National Association for the Advancement of Colored People.

Du Bois believed that African Americans, like all races, would be saved by men. He discovered that it would be a problem to educate them because of the Talented Tenth. It was the problem of developing the best of his race to guide everyone else away from the worst of his race and of other races. He recommended that they would be college-bred, much like a group leader who will set the ideals of the community, direct its thoughts, and heads the social movements. He compared these characteristics to those of a preacher. According to Du Bois, there was a danger in training African Americans in technical skills. He believed that they would only produce artisans, but not men.

Both Washington and Du Bois had dreams and visions, motivating them to set a higher standard for African Americans to improve their status in America. Washington's views was like a "melting pot." He wanted all races to become friends and progress slowly, not forcing anything. He wanted unity among the races, instead of living individually amongst each other. He probably received much negative critism about unifying with those of different races and color. For example, Du Bois did not want to take things slowly. He wanted progression as soon as he could get it. He wanted to train others in skills, while receiving education in manhood. He wanted to prove his race worthy to live as equals with the Americans. Many other probably disagreed with him, complaining about how it would be impossible to progress and become equals to Americans in such a short amount of time. This is why it would be best for Washington and Du Bois to work together. Their arguments alone are not sufficient. The people who oppose Washington are those who support Du Bois, and those who oppose Du Bois are those who support Washington. To avoid opposition, they should become a team to contribute both of their ideas to make an agreement of how to approve African American status in a way that will work on both sides.

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IF INCREASING INCOME TAX IS SEEN AS POLITICALLY UNACCEPTABLE WHAT OTHER MEANS CAN BE USED TO FUND THE NHS

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IF INCREASING INCOME TAX IS SEEN AS POLITICALLY UNACCEPTABLE WHAT OTHER MEANS CAN BE USED TO FUND THE NHS

Funding has always been an issue within the NHS. It is a problem that has faced all governments. The flu epidemic of January 000 brought about strong criticism of New Labour's health record. The media highlighted the inadequacies of health spending in the UK compared to other European countries. The UK spend 6.7% of GDP whereas France spend 8.% and Germany spend 10.4%, this is a significant difference and this shows a difference in the quality of their health care compared to ours. However, raising taxes is seen as politically risky as it could be a vote loser.

However, there are other means of funding the NHS other that raising taxes. For example; hypothecated tax, by encouraging more private health insurance, the introduction of user charges, the introduction of compulsory state approved insurance, and special savings accounts.

The advantages to hypothecated tax is that taxpayers would see exactly where their money was being spent and this may have the effect of making taxpayers less resistant to paying additional taxation. For example, the revenue raised from tax on tobacco (on smokers) could be set aside for the NHS. Although, there are some disadvantages of this. The cost of administering a new tax may not be cost effective; i.e. the administration costs may out-weigh the revenue raised from a hypothecated tax. And again there is the problem that introducing a new tax can be a potential vote loser.

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Another way to fund the NHS is to encourage more private health insurance, which gives people a choice in that they can choose to pay into a private health insurance scheme for their health care. This also provides an additional source of funding for health care without increasing taxation or public spending. This can encourage the private heath sector to expand and take some of the pressure off the NHS. However this may rise to a "two-tier" health service and those on low income or considered to be a high health risk may not have access to the private sector. It can also be argued that this goes against the founding principles of the NHS. If tax relief on medical insurance premiums is offered to encourage people to take out private medical insurance this will cost the government money and may divert resources away from the NHS.

The introduction of user charges is another way to fund the NHS. It is a simple and cost effective way of raising additional money for the NHS - £5 per GP visit would raise approximately £1 billion; £10 a day for hospital accommodation could raise £00 million. It can be argued that people who can afford to pay should make a contribution towards non-medical costs such as meals and cleaning during a stay in hospital. However this may prove to be politically unpopular and goes against the founding principles of a "free" NHS. There would have to be exemptions for the very young, the elderly and people on low incomes. It would involve a costly bureaucracy to administer such a scheme.

Another way of funding the NHS is to introduce compulsory state approved insurance. The advantages to this is that a health insurance scheme where contributions are paid to the State to cover the cost of health care and not to a private insurance company. Such a scheme would provide general health cover and consumers would have a clear indication of what they were paying for. Peoples on low incomes could have their premiums subsidised by the State. However, such a scheme would represent an additional financial burden imposed on the public and could be regarded as an additional tax.

Another way to fund the NHS is a special savings account. This would encourage people to make their own provision for health care through savings in "health" accounts. People would be less dependent on the state and become more self-reliant. Also, savings would build into sizeable accounts to pay for medical care, and low interest loans could be made available to pay for immediate and expensive health care. However, such a scheme would be unlikely to meet the needs of people on low incomes. And such a scheme may widen the "health gap" and health inequalities in the UK.

Therefore there are many ways to fund the NHS, some being better than others, although some would probably work better than others people are not prepared to pay more money in tax.

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A fear That Will Last Forever

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A Fear That Will Last forever

It was late afternoon on a Saturday in March; I am at home with my dad. The sun is shining so bright, the birds are singing, such a beautiful spring day. Tomorrow is Easter and I just baked a cake to take to church for the Sunday school class that I teach. A bunny rabbit, ears, nose, eyes, whiskers, so precise, the children will love it.

As I am in the hot kitchen, working away to create my special surprise for the children in my class, my dad is in the bathroom taking a shower. I am almost finished with the details of the cake when my dad comes out of the bathroom with a horrifying look on his face and stumbles to the kitchen. He is dressed only in his towel and is body is still wet from the shower. I looked at him and I immediately noticed that his face was as red as blood, covered with sweat beads and had a terrified look that I had never seen on my dad before. Something was wrong! I walked over to him and asked him if he was okay. His reply was "no, I don't feel right, I'm dizzy and my left arm is tingling". I have always been "daddy's little girl", my dad is my hero, my dad is invincible. I knew that I had to help him and I had to do it fast. "What do I do?" Thought and fears are running through my head so fast that I think I might faint. I was so scared that all I wanted to do was sit down, put my head between my knees and cry and hope that when I looked back up, it would all be a bad dream. I knew that I had to get myself together and help my daddy, he needs me.

I gathered my thoughts within a matter of seconds and helped him to a chair in the dining room. I immediately called 11 and quickly explained the situation. I was told that the ambulance would be there within a matter of minutes. "No, this can't be happening to my daddy, he is never sick, he is strong, why is this happening?"

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Once I had my dad seated in the chair, I went to the bathroom to get a cold wash cloth for him, thinking that maybe he just got too hot in the shower and hoping this would help. I washed his face with the cloth and told him that the ambulance was on the way and everything would be okay. By now he had lost feeling in the left side of his body. I kept wiping his face with the cloth and telling him that everything would be okay. After I had calmed him and myself down, I went to his bedroom for clothes so that I could help him get dressed to go to the hospital.

The ambulance has arrived now. I watched the paramedics examine my daddy and put him on a stretcher and carry him out to the ambulance. " I want to go with him" I told the paramedics, "I won't leave my daddy!"

The sirens were loud and we were going so fast, although it felt like we were barely moving. Faster, faster I kept thinking to myself. They have to help my daddy.

We arrived at the emergency room and the paramedics took my daddy inside and into a room that I was not allowed to go into. I was told that I would have to wait in the cold, dreary, empty waiting room while the doctors examined him. It seemed like an eternity went by before the doctor came out to talk with me.

When the doctor came out to speak with me, he informed me that my daddy had experienced a stroke. The doctor assured me that with proper care and medication, he would be okay. Those were the most precious words I could have heard at that moment.

My dad would now be immediately transferred upstairs to the Critical Care Unit. I had to wait in the waiting room once again while the nurses got him situated in the unit. Finally after about an hour, I was told that I could see my daddy. Visits were limited to only ten minutes every two hours due to his critical status.

I never left the hospital the whole time my daddy was there. I visited with him every opportunity. Every night I would make myself a bed on the hard, cold floor in the waiting room. I had to be there in case something happened or he needed me. I couldn't leave him.

Everyday that went by, my daddy looked better. He gradually got his strength back. It would be a long road to recovery but he would get there, I knew it.

Once my daddy was strong enough, and his condition had improved, the doctors allowed him to go home. That was a wonderful feeling. I am taking my daddy home and he will be okay.

I treasure and appreciate my daddy more than anything in this world. This experience affected my life tremendously. I am married now with my own family but I make it a point to go and visit with my dad every day. I try to take care of him the way he has always taken care of me my whole life. I don't know what I would have done if my dad had not pulled through this.

Sometimes you tend to take things or people for granted. I always thought that my dad would be here forever. That day changed my life and made me realize that life is unpredictable and that you should cherish the ones you love and enjoy all the time you have together.

Although my dad has fully recovered now, the fear of losing him will always haunt me.

English 101-06

Rhonda Hansen

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Compressioning

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MPEG-4 Natural Audio Features

Just as in MPEG-1 and MPEG-, Audio compression is the core functionality of MPEG-4. However, the range of bit rates covered by MPEG-4 Audio and the compression ratio and sound quality have been improved much over previous systems and can be considered state of the art today. Besides this MPEG-4 has a lot additional new functionalities. Fraunhofer IIS provides technology supporting the following functions

•Bit rate scalability (hierarchical coding) allows a bit stream to be parsed into bit streams of lower bit rate which still can be decoded into a meaningful signal. The bit stream parsing can occur either during transmission or in the decoder.

•Bandwidth scalability is a particular case of bit rate scalability, whereby part of a bit stream representing a part of the frequency spectrum can be discarded during transmission or decoding.

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•Encoder complexity scalability allows encoders of different complexity to generate valid and meaningful bit streams.

•Decoder complexity scalability allows a given bit stream to be decoded by decoders of different levels of complexity. The audio quality, in general, is related to the complexity of the encoder and decoder used.

•Error robustness tools provide improved performance on error-prone transmission channels. These tools consist of codec specific error resilience tools and a common error protection tool.

•Low Delay Audio Coding allows for high quality coding of general audio signals with a delay of just around 0ms (important for real-time bi-directional communications).

The MPEG-4 standard is designed to play the role of a global multimedia language. Within its source coding parts, MPEG-4 embraces a multitude of natural and synthetic audio and video coding schemes and representations, providing a generic tool set for numerous applications for the transmission and storage of audiovisual signals. In addition, MPEG-4 introduces and supports completely new concepts of object-based user interactivity as well as a rich feature set to maintain a useful quality of service within error-prone channels.

Coding scheme

The basis of MPEG-4 video coding is a block-based predictive differential video coding scheme. The main techniques for compression are

•Division of the picture in 8x8-blocks or 16x16-macroblocks (MB)

•Motion compensated prediction

•Transform coding with discrete cosine transform (DCT)

•Quantization

•Run length and huffman coding for variable length codes (VLC)

There are two basic coding modes available

Intra-Mode

Both the spatial redundancy and irrelevancy are exploited with block based DCT coding, quantization, run length and huffman coding. Only information from the picture itself is used and thus every frame can be decoded independently.

Inter-Mode

Additionally, the temporal redundancy between the pictures in a video sequence is taken into account. A macroblock based motion estimation between two successive images is done allowing a motion compensated prediction of the current picture. Afterwards the predicted image is subtracted from the original image. The resulting difference picture is DCT coded, quantized and VLC coded. The motion vectors describing the motion of the blocks in the picture are necessary side information for the decoder and are also encoded with VLC.

Interframe coding usually requires much lower bit rate in comparison to intraframe coding (only about 10 to 0%) because there is less information in the difference picture than in the original picture.

MPEG-4 offers extensive systems part supporting scene descriptors, object descriptors and all related features, such as Intellectual Property Management and Protection (IPMP) provisions. This system allows for simple (old style) single source audio coding as well as complex, object oriented audio scenes. In order to make full use of all of the MPEG-4 features, a transport mechanism must support the MPEG-4 systems requirements.

In addition MPEG-4 defines the following transport formats, although other transmission systems with different application specific transport formats are possible as well

•MPEG-4 Flexmux. This is not really a transport format but rather an interface description between MPEG-4 and an arbitrary transport format. During the development of MPEG-4 it served with some additions as a simple file format.

•MPEG-4 File Format. This is the file format for MPEG-4 content. It is derived from Apples Quicktime™ media format and supports e.g. editing and streaming of MPEG-4 content.

•LOAS (Low overhead audio stream). This is an audio-only transport format for applications where an MPEG-4 audio object needs to be transmitted and additional transport overhead is an issue.

•LATM (Low overhead Audio Transport Multiplex). This is the multiplex part of the LOAS described above. Can be used if only a multiplex is needed.

•MPEG-4 over RTP (Real Time Protocol). This is protocol defined by the IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force), but there are several ways how to transmit MPEG-4 content over IP networks (e.g. the Internet) using RTP. One possibility to transmit MPEG-4 Audio is to use LATM and RTP.

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Pain

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There is much pain that is quite noiseless; and that make human agonies are often a mere whisper in the of hurrying existence. There are glances of hatred that stab and raise no cry of murder; robberies that leave man of woman for ever beggared of peace and joy, yet kept secret by the sufferer-committed to no sound except that of low moans in the night, seen in no writing except that made on the face by the slow months of suppressed anguish and early morning tears. Many an inherited sorrow that has marred a life has been breathed into no human ear. George Eliot (181-80), English novelist,editor. Felis Holt, the Radical, Introduction (1866).

What is pain? In the American Heritage Dictionary, pain is referred to as an unpleasant sensation occurring in varying degrees of severity as a consequence of injury, disease, or emotional disorder. The word is rooted in Middle English, from an Old French piene, from Latin poena, meaning penalty or pain, and from Greek pointe, meaning penalty.

Pain is a very realistic problem that many individuals face daily. People can wear pain on the outside like a mask, hiding them from the world, but it also can hide deep within them waiting to be freed by some emotional circumstance. Oddly enough, pain is one on the most feared apprehensions in the mind of humans, yet in some situations, is the most rejoiced. In this paper I will take a close look at pain, from its true meaning to real life occurrences in which pain is a reality.

We all know what pain feels like, for everyone has experienced it at one time in their lives. There are two dimensions of pain; the physical and the emotional pain. Physical pain is a sensation of pure discomfort. For example, when you are walking through your house and stump your toe on a table leg, you dont just stand there and say, That hurt. You yell loudly to the world (either nice or naughty) that you stumped your toe. The physical aspects of pain can vary greatly from a sharp prick with a shot to the excruciating pain of childbirth.

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Emotional pain has to be the most horrid, in my opinion, of all types of pain. It feels as if your insides are being wrenched out. When my girlfriend and I broke up, I felt as if she had ripped my heart out and I was standing there watching while she stomped on it. Where as physical pain will eventually go away, emotional hurt will always be lurking under the surface. When people are suffering emotional pain they resort to drastic measures, such as taking their own lives. Pain is a very difficult feeling to deal with.

I have had many painful experiences that I could share with you . Some of these changing my life eternally. One experience would be when I was in the army, and going through the hell referred to as basic training. It was a very trying experience, both mentally and physically. It challenged me with new things that, until that moment, I never knew life could possess. Im not saying that I enjoyed that drill sergeant spitting in my face or having my muscles so sore that I could barely walk, but damning as it may have been, it taught me one thing; discipline of the mind and of the body. If I had not gone to the army, I would not live by the standards that I do now.

There are also less painful experiences that only hurt at the time that they occur. Like the time that I busted my nose playing baseball while covering second base. This guy hit a ground ball that hit a bump, jumped up and popped me between the eyes. At the time it hurt something awful, but by the next day it was practically forgotten. It was forgotten so quickly, because is part of your daily regimen.

Pain has many positive effects and negative effects. You probably think I have gone off the deep end, but pain can be very beneficial. Such as a chiropractor who pops that spot in your back that has been bothering you for months. It can hurt at the time, but in the long run you will be thankful that you had it done. Another example would be childbirth. At the time of the actual birth, I assume, it is very painful. But, when that precious bundle of joy comes out and those motherly instincts kick in, you forget there was any pain at all. You see, without the pain, your child would not have been born into this beautiful world we live in. Even though many would disagree, pain can be a good thing.

Then, there is the needless pain around us. An example would be a terminally ill patient that has to suffer everyday through the agony of their disease. Watching their own bodies wither away into nothingness, while they can do nothing to prevent it. Or a little girl who was brutally raped because her tormentor enjoyed her pain. The little victim would not only suffer physical injuries, but also emotional pain that will scar her for life. These individuals did not wish this form of pain upon themselves; it just happened. In summary, there is no escaping pain. Pain is one of the realities of life, whether it be physical or emotional. It is one of those feeling that everyone in there life will eventually experience. There is no hiding from it because, like death, where ever you go, it will follow. Of all the different types of pain, no matter who you are, it will eventually change your life in some way. Life without pain would be like man without woman.

Please note that this sample paper on Pain is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Pain, we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on Pain will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Provisions of Peace

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The Vietnam Conflict is a dark shadow in America's glorious history. By the end of the conflict 57,605 Americans had been killed, over 00,000 thousand U.S. military officials had been wounded, and America had spent approximately $165 billion ("Vietnam War" 4). The majority of Americans sought after peace indispensably. " Washington's struggle to bring the fighting to a close inevitably shifted the U.S. role in the conflict from ally and combatant to mediator between Hanoi and Saigon" ("The Shape of Peace" 15). The struggle would payoff on "…January 7, 17; various representatives signed the Paris Accords. America's war in Vietnam was over" (Detzer 17). The Paris Accords encompassed

… Four main points to the pact withdrawal of all U.S.forces from South Vietnam; release of all prisoners of war; an international 1,160-man peace keeping force; and recognition of the right of the South Vietnamese people to determine their own future (" Vietnam War" 4).

The first provision of the Paris Accord delineated a swift halt to the slaughtering in Vietnam, it read

A cease-fire will take effect in South Vietnam 4 hours after the signing of the agreement, and the U.S. will stop the bombing and mining of the north. U.S. and allied force will withdraw from the south within 60 days. There will be no introduction of foreign troops or arms for eihter side in the south, although each may replace damaged equipment. The U.S. will not intervene in South Vietnam's internal affairs ( "Peace is at Hand" 4).

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In addition the U.S. was allowed to provide economic help to Saigon and to replenish its military equipment.

America had felt the loss of its' sons and daughters through the outcry by citizens. The second provision enabled the prisoners of war to return home safely. The second provision stated

All captured military and foreign civilian personnel-including the U.S. POW's-will be released within 60 days. The Viet Cong and Saigon will negotiate the release of South Vietnamese civilians detained in the south, among them thousands of Communist officials (" Peace is at Hand" 4).

The third provision gave power back to the Vietnamese people to decide how and whom they wanted to be ruled by. The provision setup a complex plan to help the Vietnamese people have total freedom to chose their way of life, without foreign pressures. Accordingly, the provision narrates

The Vietnamese people will decide their political future based in free and internationally supervised elections. The U.S. is not committed to any personality or political tendency. The Viet Cong and Saigon will negotiate the nature of the elections and a three-part National Council of National Reconciliation and Concord, operating on the basis of unanimity, will be established to organize them. The Viet Cong and Saigon will also negotiate the future disposition of their military forces and will try to reach agreement on all internal matters within three months(" Peace is at Hand" 4).

A provision would also be needed to settle military disagreements, hence the fourth provision read

Two military commissions will be formed- a four party commission of the U.S., Hanoi, Saigon and the Viet Cong, and a two-party commission of Saigon and the VC- to deal with disagreements over military affairs. An international supervisory commission will also be formed, and an international conference convened within 0 days (" Peace is at Hand" 4).

U.S. wanted a provision, which would keep the conflict from away from Cambodia and Laos. The fourth provision stated that the four parties would respect the neutral state of Cambodia and Laos, and would not use the Cambodia or Laos's land to approach the sovereignty of other countries. All foreign nations would also be forced to retrieve their forces from Cambodia and Laos, leaving them to solve their internal matters on their own (" Peace is at Hand" 4).

The Provisions of the Paris Accord were instilled to bring about peace to a war torn country serenely. The provisions gave all sides an equal meeting ground where they were content with, and where they could voice their concerns peacefully. Vietnam with the help of the peace provisions would be able to rebuild its torn interior and bring Vietnamese people together.

At long last the U.S. could really count on the end of the conflict. That prospect makes it appropriate for the U.S. once again to assess the terrible cost of its longest, psychically most debilitating war-the cost not only in lost lives and disabled bodies but in the country's troubled conscience, its shaken self-image and its uncertainty over its world role (" The Shape of Peace" 14).

Work Cited

"After a Cease-Fire…Stumbling Blocks to Vietnam Peace." U.S. News & World Report

6 Nov. 17 14-16.

Detzer, David. An Asian Tragedy America and Vietnam. Brookfield, Connecticut

Millbrook, 1.

Osborne, John. "Vietnam Scorecard." The New Republic 1 Feb. 17 10-1.

"Peace is at Hand." Newsweek 6 Nov. 17 -5.

"The Shape of Peace." Time 6 Nov. 17 14-17.

"Vietnam War." Encyclopedia Americana Online. Grolier, Inc., 1.

http.//ea.grolier.com ( July 1, 000).

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The Lottery

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Shirley Jackson's "The Lottery", raises many questions in the back of a reader's mind towards the destructive yet blind rituals of mankind. "The Lottery" clearly expresses Jackson's feelings concerning mankind's evil nature hiding behind traditions and rituals. She shows how coldness and lack of compassion in people can exhibit in situations regarding tradition and values. Jackson presents the theme of the short story with the use of symbols and setting. The setting of "The Lottery" supports the theme. Settings are constructed to help build the mood and foreshadow things to come. In the lottery though, the setting foreshadows exactly the opposite of what is to come. The story begins with a description of a seemingly cheerful environment. Jackson creates a comfortable atmosphere by describing the activities of the residents of the town. She describes children breaking into "boisterous play and their talk still of the classroom" (10). Men and women are gathered in the center of the town talking about farming and taxes or into gossip.

The date of the story is June twenty-seventh, which Helen E. Nebeker states in American Literature, has "symbolic overtones which alerts us to the season of the summer solstice with all its overtones of ancient ritual," (10). Jackson's description of the setting supports the theme of the story by showing how mankind is capable of cruel acts regardless of their environment. Symbolism in the story also supports the theme of "The Lottery". The very names of the characters in the story are laden with meaning. The names of Summers, Graves, Warner, Delacroix and Hutchinson hint at the true nature of the characters. Mrs. Delacroix's name means of the cross in Latin; therefore hinting at Tessie's sacrificial killing. Even tough Mrs. Delacroix seems to be a friend to Mrs. Hutchinson it is she who is shown to pick up the largest rock and promotes other people to stone Tessie. Mr. Summers' name symbolizes life but in reality it is he who is in charge of the lottery, which instead of giving life to its winner it gives death. Graves is the man who carries in the black box and the three-legged stool. His name hints to what will happen to Tessie Hutchinson. It is also from Mr. Graves whom the citizens get the papers from, therefore it is almost like he is the one who has the most influence over whose grave it will be next. Old Man Warner, as his name indicates, warns the villagers of the unknown danger of stopping the yearly ritual. The irony here is that even though the old are know for being wise, Old Man Warner seems to be a very ignorant and superstitious being that blindly follows tradition. The names of all the prominent characters in "The Lottery" support the idea that everybody hides their evil nature by way of hypocrisy.

Tessie Hutchinson's character also provides considerable information on the theme of the story. Her name reminds one of the historical Anne Hutchinson not only because of the name but also because of the small town setting. Anne Hutchinson was a willing martyr who died for her religion and was exiled from her town. Tessie Hutchinson though may at first of the story appear to be a very good-natured and good human being by the way she comes in to the story. She comes in jokingly kidding with a friend of hers about how she almost forgot about the lottery but as soon as she remembered came running. Tessie seems to be a willing participant at the start but when her family's mane is drawn she shows her true nature. Instead of trying to protect her children she instead demands that her married daughter take part in the drawing just to improve her own chances of survival. Mrs. Hutchinson is a perfect example of how evil exists in everyone and when pushed it can take a mother to risk her own child's safety. The symbolism found in the black box is a key point in understanding the importance of tradition in the theme of "The Lottery". The introduction of the black box into the story changes the mood and atmosphere of the crowd of people. The reason being that the box is what holds the key between life and death for each and every one of them. The black box embodies all the evil acts executed in the past and the ones to come. Even the color of the box is a symbol for evil. The box is painted in black, which has always been a universal symbol for evil and death. The box is also described to have been made "with some pieces of the box that had preceded it, the one that had been constructed when the first people settled down to make a village" (11). The villagers refused Mr. Summers' request of making a new box but they were so stuck in the tradition that they did not want anything to upset it. Helen E. Nebeker states that in the "box symbol, Jackson certainly suggests the body of tradition …which the dead hand of the past codified in religion, mores, government, and the rest of culture, and passed from generation to generation, letting it grow ever more cumbersome, and indefensible" (104). By showing the reader that the lottery has become a meaningless cat that people ignorantly follow driven by his or her own evilness, Jackson has proven the theme found in the story

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