Seamous Heaney diging

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Seamus Heaney`S Digging

The Modernist theme of mechanization, brought on by the beginning of World War I and the technological revolution of the era, manifests itself powerfully and completely in the language of Seamus Heaneys first poem, Digging. From various literary devices, as well as graphic imagery the mechanization of the human spirit comes to life in the form of his father, and grandfather. The past and present become one, with the common bond the honest work of the Irish poor. In his own way, and with his own pen, Heaney develops the idea of mechanized men who, through the drudgery and repetition of their lives, create a life for them and their families, taking pride in their work, and acceptance of their fate. He develops seamlessly the idea of a man-machine, a hybrid of automation and human, married by toil and tool. Likewise, Heaney writes this as a way to tie himself to his ancestors in the British Isles, illustrating the power that they wielded with shovel and sweat, making their contribution no less enlightened than his own. In his first poem, Heaney develops the image of mechanization and automation that follows the poor of his country, through graphic imagery, sound, and literary mastery. Heaneys imagery throughout the poem echoes the automation of the workers, illustrating the type of work that they do as something that could be done by machinery. Titling the piece Digging immediately highlights for the reader the verbal connotation of the work, and puts the theme of work, and of manual labor into the limelight. As well, Heaneys use of the word gun to describe his "squat pen" in line places the emphasis on machinery allowing a comparison of the human condition to present technology. This theme continues throughout the poem, as Heaney likens his fathers act of digging to that of a machine, "as his father nestled on the lug, the shaft/Against the inside knee was levered firmly." (ll.10-11) These words take the labor out of the realm of man, by using mechanical terms to describe the marriage of shovel and man, creating an altogether different image of a type of robot tearing up sod. While he describes this straining rump, Heaney takes this man out of the realm of men, and into a realm of manufactured workers, a realm of repetition, a realm of stooping workers, their humanity set aside to finish the job at hand. However, while Heaney describes the toil of his father, he also ties it to the alike labor of a past generation, namely his grandfathers, "used to nicking and slicing neatly, heaving sods/Over his shoulder."(-) This juxtaposition of past and present illustrates the monotony of the work involved, and how things take time to change. Heaney creates the transition between his father and grandfather in a two-line stanza that highlights the pride of these men, and how their automation gave cause for praise from their descendant, Heaney. Their legacy of hard work, however mechanized, illustrates the value placed on labor in their society. While Heaney creates the idea of men-machines through visual images and parts, he also creates a very auditory world, one that echoes the act of a factory, or a piece of farm machinery. From the first stanza, with its "clean rasping sound," the readers ear can almost hear the whir of a lawn mower, or something of that nature, cutting and slicing. () The rhythm of Heaneys fathers digging highlights the monotony of the act, the incessant meter of his practiced spade. This coincides with the sounds in the prior stanza, as the authors first recollection is an auditory one. Later in the poem, "the squelch and slap/Of soggy peat", continues the idea of a machine chugging away at the turf, creating again the essence of a machine oblivious to the conditions of the work men. (5-6) Heaneys workers are extremely vivid, both physically and mentally, even after so many years, and the trials and hardships that they endure, day in and day out, add to the essence of their existence, one that lends acceptance to the fact that they are somewhat more than men, that their labor, however menial, is somewhat mechanized, somewhat heroic, and altogether driven by a pride and ethic valued among their people. While Heaney emphasizes the automation of their existence and the tediousness of their work, he still illustrates their humanity with the same type of imagery that likens them to machines. On lines 15-16, Heaney uses the phrase, "By God", something that emphasizes their humanity, for the words "old man" are also used in these lines, perhaps to create the idea of man in the image of God--something that reminds the reader of the essence of mankind, and that even though these men may become mechanized in their labor, nevertheless they retain that very core of their being that makes them men, something that no amount of work can drive out. This two line stanza that ties grandfather to father highlights the faith of this tough people, one untainted by the hard work that is the signature of their existence. Along with his reference to God, to show his awe, and disbelief at the skill of his forebears, Heaney also emphasizes their humanity, when he carried his grandfather's "milk in a bottle/Corked sloppily with paper." (1-0) This moment, where his grandfather gives in to human needs, reiterates the fact that while he may be sublimating his humanity when he is "nicking and slicing", he is nonetheless still a man, needing nourishment--though the image is equally potent as a machine, perhaps a lawn mower, refueling. This double meaning connects Heaneys idea of men-machines nicely, creating the ideal of a hybrid race, one that can drive down all but the base urges of man to get the job done, day in and day out. Seamus Heaney finally ties himself to the legacy of his father and grandfather in the final stanzas. While he cannot pick up a "spade to follow men like them", nevertheless, he is able to dig with his "squat pen." (8-0) This ties him to his relatives, though twenty years removed, and say something about the nature of work in general. In essence, Heaney is saying that any type of labor done causes man to sublimate his humanity, in such a way that each and every man has the mechanical side of a manual laborer. Poetry takes on the same idea of harvesting potatoes, the treasure of Heaneys lavish island. Thus, the tone of this work lends an almost enlightened tone to the essence of these men-machine, in the sense that through their work, they create a poetic dance of sight and sound, one that visually and audibly reflects that of a machine, working day after day in monotony. Thus, Heaney finds beauty in the commonplace, and brings it out in his Digging, creating with his "squat pen", as if it were a spade, and not a gun, as in line , as active as his imagination, not resting in the least, as in the first stanza. Seamus Heaney makes a potent statement about his heritage, and his work, in his first poem of his first book. His forebears, tough as the peat that they cut, take on the image of machines, through repetition and monotony, such that their visual image in his mind, and their sounds echoing in his ears, combine to create his hybrid of man and machine, a marriage recognized by God in its potency. Heaney juxtaposes their images to illustrate the constancy of their hard work, and ties them to him to create the cycle that his heritage lives and works in, active and proud. Through Digging, Heaney captures the essence of the Irish people, a people that works hard, tough, proud, and persistent, unable to be swayed by circumstances not under their control. Theirs is a plight of survival, of walking the fine line between man and machine to survive. Theirs is the plight of the Irish, caught eloquently by the "squat pen" of poet Seamus Heaney.

Word Count 14

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Hamlet vs lion king

If you order your research paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on hamlet vs lion king. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality hamlet vs lion king paper right on time.

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It has been said by many intelligent and informed people that Disneys The Lion King is a childrens version of Shakespeares Hamlet. There are certainly many parallels between the two stories, and even in the actual dialogue. Both are the story of a young man who is torn apart by the early demise of his father. An uncle takes over the thrown that should rightly belong to the young prince, and both of the tragic heroes overcome their own flaws and uncertainties to take back their thrones for the benefit of their countries. The similarities between the storylines and the ways they are portrayed, especially on screen, is incredible. The three biggest parallels of the stories are the presence of death images and symbolism, the actions of the secondary characters, and the development of the tragic hero. There are many differences between the stories involving characters, and detailed plot points, but the main storylines are essentially the same.

In the very opening scene of The Lion King Mufasa, the king of the Pridelands confronts his brother Scar. Scar has just missed the presentation of Simba, Mufasas son who is to be the next king. Scar turns as if to leave and Mufasa stops him by saying Dont turn your back on me Scar. This is a warning. Scar shoots back No, perhaps you shouldnt turn your back on me! This is veiled threat on the kings life. Because the king is never introduced in Hamlet, the audience is left to wonder whether the king had any notice that his brother wanted him dead. There is a parallel to this scene found in Hamlet. Shortly after Hamlet visits his mother and kills Polonius, there is a meeting between him and Claudius. When Hamlet is told he is being sent to England, he affirms that this is a good idea, and the king replies So is it, if thou knewst our purposes.(IV, iv, 47) The king is letting it be known that he has it in for Hamlet. It can therefore be accepted that he probably let it be known to Hamlet Sr. that his murder was being pondered. Scar shows how it is in the nature of the truly evil to have their victims know they are going to die. If the victim knows(if only in the mind of the murderer)and does nothing, then that makes them all the more useless, and deserving of death. If they are warned of their death and do nothing, they are weak. Scar and Claudius believe themselves to be stronger mentally than their brothers, and so they believe they would make better kings. Death is a reoccurring theme in The Lion King. The Hyenas, who parallel Rosencrantz and Guildenstern, live in an elephant graveyard, full of skeletons and decaying animals. Scar talks of killing every character in the movie, although he is unsuccessful in killing anyone but Mufasa. Timone and Pumbaa believe Simba to be dead when they first find him. He wishes he was dead, and half-heartedly tries to kill himself. Nala tries to kill Timone and Pumbaa before she knows who they are. Last of all the death themes, when Simba comes back home after Scar has been in power, the entire Pridelands appears to be dead. There are no animals left, there is no water, the vegetation is all dead, and there is nothing but sand and rock. The appearance of the Pridelands reflects the heart of Scar. Dead. This is the same as the state of Elsinore reflecting the heart of Claudius. The partying that goes on destroys the image of Denmark. The rest of the world no longer respects the people of Denmark, and in some respects, they might as well be dead considering the consequences of a bad public image. Claudius parties to forget his sins. Claudius is dead inside.

Mufasa and Hamlet Sr. were such good people that they could never really be killed. This is proven by their ghosts. While Scar and Claudius do evil things because they are dead inside and so can only see their brothers success as a threat, Mufasa and Hamlet Sr. even come back from the dead to right the wrongs of the world. Both of the kings visit their sons and give advice that sets them into action. After seeing their sons lose their courage and strength, they take personal offense in their inactivity. Mufasa says to his son, You have forgotten me... You have forgotten yourself and so you have forgotten me. You are more than what you have become. Remember... remember... remember... This is essentially the same speech that Hamlet Sr. gives his son in the closet scene. Both of the princes seem to forget their purposes as they get further away from the pain of their fathers death. Hamlet Sr. and Mufasa have as much in common as their successors do. Scar and Claudius are the most evil of men because they want power and are willing to stomp on anyone who gets in the way of their goals. After the murder of the original king, both seem to have been affected to their core by the mentality required to kill. Neither attempts to kill on their own again. Both rely on the stupidity of others to get the job done. Scar repeatedly enlists the hyenas to murder Simba, and Claudius relies on Rosencrantz and Guildenstern to take Hamlet to the leaders of England to end his life. The hyenas and R&G are both bad choices because the princes are not killed in either circumstance. In Hamlet, Hamlet is too smart to be outwitted, in The Lion King, thehyenas are just too stupid to kill Simba.

Hamlet and Simba are near perfect examples of tragic heroes. Both are tested to the extent of their inner strength and faith in the triumph of good. Simba was shown high moral standards by his father. He was very upset with himself after he disobeyed his father as a cub. After Scar blames Mufasas death on him, Simba falls into a deep depression. He leaves the pride and wanders into the forest, wanting to die. Timone and Pumbaa rescue him by carrying him into the shade when he faints from the heat of the sun and his only desire is to keep going until he dies. Hamlet contemplated suicide as well, but for both the determination within them to live won out. Simba gets grows up and the audience can see that even though hes living in the jungle, he still has an aristocratic grace about him. His high morals are deep rooted. Timone and Pumbaa are raw and uncut characters. They emphasize Simbas class. Like Hamlet, Simba tends to need to be on his own a lot to reflect. He also tends to go off when he is upset or remembers his father. He tends to blame himself for all the problems that occur to everyone around him. After the visitation from his father, Simba is moved to action. He is determined to take back the Pridelands from Scar and restore them to their former beauty. He is shocked by the state he finds it in. All of these thoughts, actions and emotions are parallel to the thoughts and emotions of Hamlet throughout his play. When Simba finds out for sure that Scar killed Mufasa, he feels the final motivation required to save himself and kill Scar. Even Scars allies turn against him.

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There are many differences to be found in Hamlet and The Lion King, but they tend to be insignificant. There is no dominant presentation of the relationship between Simba and his mother, Sarabi; there are little or no sexual innuendoes in the movie; Simba is crowned king and the Pridelands return to there original greatness. Disney was able to retain all the conflict of emotion that Hamlet felt and still create a storyline and characters that would appeal to children. This extended the vast audience that Shakespeare appeals to. Every important aspect of the movie whispers of Hamlet. There is even an allusion made by Timone that points to Shakespeare. Whats in a name? Its not from Hamlet but its Shakespeare. Both Hamlet and Simba find themselves and do great things for their countries because of that. The answer in defiance the very essence of tragedy...we know what we are, but know not what we may be.

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Italy

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Vatican City, independent state, under the absolute authority of the pope of the roman catholic church. It is an enclave within Rome Italy, with an area of 44 hectares . The smallest independent country in the world, Vatican City was established in 1 under terms of the lateran treaty concluded by the Italian government and the papacy after many years of controversy. This treaty was superseded in 184 by a new concordat, which, like its predecessor, recognized the full sovereignty of the Holy See (the jurisdiction of the pope) within the state of Vatican City. For the history of the papal territories before 1.

Just in case Im ever gone, Ill leave this message to carry on. Ill ALWAYS keep you in my heart, even when were far apart. Youre my true friend, thats no lie. Ill love you until the day I die. As I lay here on my bed, these are the thoughts running through my head. I envy you and I wonder why? But then again Im reminded by your truth, beauty, inspiring mind, and how youre always so gentle and kind. This is how it will always be, just because you mean so much to me. So heres my message, its all true. I only hope I mean that much to you Just How Special You Are

Thanks for being a friend I could always count on. Thanks for leaning your shoulder out for me to cry on. Thanks for making me laugh when I was wearing a frown. Thanks for always being there when I was down. I have never had a friend that I loved as much as you. Don't look at me as crazy, I am telling the truth. times I thought my world was coming to an end,You were there for me- time and time again.You know me better than anyone.You know you've been there when I had no one else. hope my friendship is just as good as yours.I hope you know if you need me- I am here with open doors. There were things I could not have survived if you had not been here for me. There are things that only you could see. So, once again I am thanking you for all you've done for me. Thanks for being here when I needed you to be. If ever you need a friend you will have one here. I mean it, I am being sincere.

There once was a little girl who had a bad temper. Her mother gave her a bag of nails and told her that every time she lost her temper, she must hammer a nail into the back of the fence. The first day the girl had driven 7 nails into the fence. Over the next few weeks, as she learned to control her anger, the number of nails hammered daily gradually dwindled down. She discovered it was easier to hold her temper than to drive those nails into the fence. Finally the day came when the girl didnt lose her temper at all. She told her mother about it and the mother suggested that the girl now pull out one nail for each day that she was able to hold her temper. The days passed and the young girl was finally able to tell her mother that all the nails were gone. The mother took her daughter by the hand and led her to the fence. She said, You have done well, my daughter, but look at the holes in the f! ence. The fence will never be the same. When you say things in anger, they leave a scar just like this one. You can put a knife in a person and draw it out. It wont matter how many times you say Im sorry, the wound is still there. A verbal wound is as bad as a physical one. Friends are very rare jewels, indeed. They make you smile and encourage you to succeed. They lend an ear, they share words of praise and they always want to open their hearts to us.

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- LEARN CHINESE IN 5 MINUTES FUNNY, FUNNY STUFF..... Learn Chinese in 5 minutes...(You MUST read them out loud) 1) Thats not right ............................... Sum Ting Wong ) Are you harboring a fugitive?..........Hu Yu Hai Ding ) See me ASAP................................ Kum Hia Nao 4) Stupid Man ..................................... Dum Fuk 5) Small Horse ................................... Tai Ni Po Ni 6) Did you go to the beach? ..............Wai Yu So Tan 7) I bumped into a coffee table .........Ai Bang Mai Fa Kin Ni 8) I think you need a face lift ..............Chin Tu Fat ) Its very dark in here .......................Wao So Dim 10) I thought you were on a diet ........Wai Yu Mun Ching? 11) This is a tow away zone ...............No Pah King 1)! Our meeting is scheduled for next week ... Wai Yu Kum Nao? 1) Staying out of sight .......................Lei Ying Lo 14) Hes cleaning his automobile .......Wa Shing Ka 15) Your body odor is offensive .........Yu Stin Ki Pu 16) Great ..............................................Fa Kin Su Pah

If I closed my eyes

Would you remember the color?

And if I cut my hair

Would you remember the length?

If I changed my voice

Would you remember the first?

And if I disappeared

Would you remember everything?

If I started crying

Would you remember my smile?

And if I stopped loving you

Would you remember my style?

ʏ

If you closed your eyes

Id remember theyre blue

And if you cut your hair

Id remember the curls.

And if you changed your voice

Id remember the sweet sound.

And if you disappeared

Id remember everything.

If you started crying

Id remember your smile.

And if you stopped loving me

Id lose everything.

You know you are a True Italian when.................

1. You have a nonna....

. You eat Sunday lunch at .00

. You know what a riceball really is

4. Your car has a green, red and white bow with a horn attached on

the mirror !

5. Christmas eve.....only fish....

6. Favourite slow song......Ti Amo

7. You have a gold chain, cross and horn

8. You have a stupid nickname

. fuhggetaboutit

10. John Gotti is your role model

11. You love nutella.....anytime......

1. Your nonnas meat balls are the best

1. Rete Italia is the only radio station you know

14. You eat zeepolis whenever you go to the festas

15. You are always dressed to impress

16. You always gotta be with the boys....or girls....

17. You always gotta have a new clean pair of filas

18. You love versace, gucci, prada, armani, just cause they are all

Italian

1. your favourite movies are the Godfather, Goodfellas,

Bronxtale,the

Last Don and you live by them

0. Guys gotta respect their women.....or else.....

1. You have been hit with a wooden spoon or had a shoe thrown at

you by either your mother or your nonna

. For all you guys......mummy is numero uno

. Pasta, pasta, pasta every day...

4. You recycle beer bottles to store the next years worth of salsa.

5. Your dads vegie patch contains every known vegetable that

exists

6. Your nonno or father owned a Valiant sometime in their

lifetime

7. Toto Cutugno rules

8. You attend at least 5 weddings, 5 engagements, 5 baptisms, 5

communions and 5 confirmations per year

. You eat gelato when its five degrees

0. The kids at school used to tease you of your smelly salami and

mortadella sandwiches

1. The kitchen cupboards are full of orange bessemer pots

. The family car has been booted out of the garage to make room

for the family sunday lunches where at least 0 people attend

. Panettone goes down hard every easter and christmas

4. Sambuca is the equivalence of water

5. There are at least two or three fridges in the house

6. Soccer is the only sport you follow

7. Your house is full of bombineri and sugar almonds

8. You live for your fathers sausages

. There is at least a prosciutto and/or salamis hanging in the

garage

40. There is a picture of La Madonna and/or Gesu Cristo hanging in

every room of the house and that includes the garage

41. You always eat at home first before you go out and eat

4. There is at least a barattolo in the house of either olives,

funghi, pepperoni, or melanzani drowned in oil

4. You own at least one Italian soccer jersey

44. Ferrari is your dream car

45. RAI International is the only channel on your TV

46. Your father owns 0 properties

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LONG LOST WORLD

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Sometimes, even from the most unsuspecting people wonderful and profound messages can originate. This is the story of one such incident when much could be learned from a person like that. On the way to school one day, this kid named Peter went around telling everyone that he had some beer in his lunch box. Now in the th grade, this topic of conversation is new and exciting. He was the center of attention, and was enjoying it immensely. We all knew he didn't have any in there, but it was still fun to talk like he did. In all the commotion we failed to realize that the bus had come to a stop on the side of the road. We finally realized what was happening, and as the bus driver made her way through the aisle, you could see kids shoving paper balls in their bags, and sitting on batteries and rocks, which they were throwing out the window. The bus was unusually silent as the bus driver, Sue we called her, waded her way through the narrow seats. Kids visibly squished as close as possible to the windows, some in an attempt to hide something, others just out of fear that they may inadvertently come into contact with the beast coming through. Sue was 7 feet tall, and appeared to be one of those ex-weight lifters, that had been on steroids for most of their adult life. Her neck was bigger than that of football players, and her arms resembled those of the body builders sometimes on WWF.

Her gut brought thoughts of the worlds strongest man competition to mind. She was big, and no one, not even Superman, or Batman could get away with messing with her. To us she might as well have been dressed in some military uniform, carrying a leather riding-crop. The fear kept us in line most of the time. She strode right up to Peter, and halted just short of him. Not a word was exchanged for a full minute, the two just looked at each other, a battle of wits. Peter was the first to speak. Waddaya want? he said with a sneer. What's in the box Peter? she thundered, as if the voice of God. None of your business! He retorted. He was dead, what was going wrong in his head, she had at least two feet on him, and her arms could crush him like a worm. Time stood still. Why I will never understand. I wasn't the one about to be brutally beaten in front of my peers. Peter was a rock, immovable. His face never flinched, his voice never faltered. It was the perfect match, and one that we all knew was going to be a sad outcome for Peter. Sue just stood there though, she glared piercingly into his eyes; she was not going to lose this battle to him. She reached down and took the box by force, and in a futile effort Peter grabbed the box, and nearly had his arms ripped right out of his sockets. She opened the box, and we knew from the look on her face he was a dead man. It wasn't beer, but even worse, he had been dumb enough to bluff around hard liquor. What was he thinking? Sue reached down and grabbed him by his collar and literally threw him 15 seats forward to the front of the bus, he crashed with a blood-curdling scream into the windshield. At this point, you know that half the bus must have wet their pants, and the other half was in bewilderment as to what had just happened. Sue though was un-phased she reached down, and with a vicious jerk lifted Peter from the ground, and tossed him in the seat.

Then she did the unthinkable. She opened the bottle and downed half of it in one gulp. The thought of death crossed my mind, not because I had done something wrong, but because old Sue couldn't drive to begin with, and now she was going to be drunk. Peter was sprawled out still unconscious, as we started moving again. Sue kept drinking the bottle, and pretty soon it was gone and so was her mind. She got on the freeway headed away from school, when sirens started up behind us. She was all over the road, and the cops weren't happy about it. As if things couldn't get any worse, Sue had to pull out a gun, and turn around and empty a load into the front of a squad car. Now I knew I was a dead man. Who knows how fast we were going, but when the bus began to shudder I knew it was too fast. The cops were still behind us when we got off the freeway. We didn't bother to stop at the light, just flew on through it. Some poor old lady in a Ford Explorer had the misfortune of hitting us. The bus flipped over with the impact, and slid a few hundred feet down the street. We all clambered out of the bus miraculously unharmed, everyone but poor Sue. She was caught, in a cocoon where the Explorer had hit, metal surrounded her, and she screamed this blood-spitting cry of pain. The police went first to the Explorer, where the old lady was in very bad shape. I wandered over there to see what was going on, when out of nowhere Peter appeared. I had completely forgotten about him in the midst of the excitement. I was waiting for some wise crack, or some tough guy comment. He was changed though, something wasn't right. He was no longer the macho man, with a quick temper, and a bully attitude. He made his way deliberately to the woman in the Explorer, where the paramedics kept repeating, It doesn't look good. He reached out his hand, and with the tip of his finger like something out of the movie he touched her wounds. One by one they began to heal. He placed his hand on her face, and her eyes opened and she sat up. It was the most amazing thing I have and will ever see. He was an angel sent from God to guard over someone. I thought at first it was the woman that we had hit, but a few minutes later I was of a different opinion. Peter turned on his heals, after saying nothing but smiling to the woman, and gesturing with his hand his acknowledgment of her many praises and thanks. He broke out into a full sprint for the bus. He crawled on top of it, and with a gigantic thrust ripped the front panel of the driver's side. Tossing it aside as if it where nothing, he bent over and gently pulled Sue from the wreckage. With the same touch as before he mended her wounds and then whispered something into her ear. She nodded, and slid back into the little cocoon. I was in full awe. What had he just done? Who was he? Why was he here? Why did he help Sue? What had he whispered to her? The paramedics rushed away with the woman to have x-rays. The police called each child's mother one by one, and Peter came to me and put his hand on my shoulder. I couldn't say a word, but somehow he knew what was in my mind. I am an angel. He said. I was sent here to show the light of God on this woman, and Sue. I purposely made this image for myself, the message I bring is that much more powerful now. With that he was gone. Into thin air. I was sure I was smoking something at that time. I had to be. I went to the bus, and looked in, but Sue was gone too. A horn honked in the distance and as I looked to it I saw them both in a car. Sue was driving, and Peter was talking. My parents didn't believe a word I said, they only insisted I tell them where I had been all day and why I wasn't at school. As I got on the bus the next day, there sat Sue sober now, and visibly changed. She had her hair done up, she was in casual clothes, and she had an expression I had never seen on her face before. She was smiling. From that day forward, I never doubted the changes that can be made in a person. She had this jolly demeanor now, and for some reason didn't seem like the beast that I had seen before. I never saw Peter again, but sometimes when I would glance into a passing car, I could see his face as a reflection in the window smiling this pleasant, and compassionate kind of smile. I think he came more for me than for anyone else, it may sound selfish, but I now had a completely different view of the world, and of people in general.

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Examination of Music History

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A verbal art like poetry is reflective; it stops to think. Music is immediate, it goes on to become. - W.H. Auden. This quote best explains the complex art of music. Music is an elaborate art form that will always remain ever changing. Music developed drastically from its beginning in the Prehistoric era to the 14th Century.

The exact origin of music is unknown. It is known that music was used in prehistoric times in magical or spiritual rituals but no other use is known. This knowledge is borne out of the fact that music still forms a vital part of most religious ceremonies today.

The history of Greek music is problematic. Although there are frequent references to musical performance in Greek manuscripts, there are less than twelve fragments of actual Greek music, including both vocal and instrumental music, that have survived. It is impossible to fully understand the notation to make an authentic performance.

For the Greeks, music was of divine origin. According to Greek mythology, the gods themselves invented music and its instruments. Many of the early myths told of the powerful effects of music. Music played an important part in both the public and private lives of the Greeks. They believed it could deeply affect human behavior. Greek music was built up of a series of distinct modes, each with its own name. According to the doctrine of ethos, each mode was so powerful that it gave music the ability to influence human actions in a precise way. The Phrygian mode expressed passionate and intimate emotions, where as the Dorian mode produced forceful, rigid feelings.

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In later Greek history the doctrine of ethos was widely argued by the most philosophical of men. Plato and Aristotle both had broadly different views on the power and importance of music. The persocratic philosopher Pythagoras was even interested enough in music to develop the numerical octave system that we still use today. The Classical Greeks used music in much of their drama and by the time Greece was made a Roman province, music dominated dramatic performances and social activities.

There is not a great deal of original Roman music. Most of the music that did come out of the Roman era was derived from the Greeks. Despite this, there was definite musical activity in the later Roman Empire. An ample amount of evidence survived for instruments and a good deal of theory also. But by in large Greek music remained the most popular in the Roman Empire.

Early Christian music drew off of Jewish sources. The custom of singing sacred verses at services was an ancient Jewish tradition that goes back to Mesopotamian sources. As the Church grew the music fell more into the care of professionals and it became greatly complex. Soon the church officials became fearful that the music was overpowering the worship and music was regulated in worship services.

The beginnings of Byzantine music was mainly based on Syraic and Hebrew music. Most music of this time was written for religious purposes and was strictly regulated by church officials. By 86 AD Saint Ambrose of Milian began the use of vernacular hymns in the church worship services.

The development of the music of the Early Middle Ages was intertwined with the grow the of the Christian church. Chanting of scriptures and prayers was practiced earlier. By the sixth century AD modalchant, known as plainchant, had increased so greatly that Pope Gregory I had it collected and organized, and it came to be called Gregorian chant. The chant did not have a regular rhythm but was fitted to the natural accents of the Latin words. Like all previous music, each chant consisted of a single melody, and all the singers sang the same notes. This type of music is called monophonic, or one-voiced.

Nonreligious, or secular, music was composed by wandering poets who sang of chivalry and courtly love in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries. In France they were either jongleurs, itinerant minstrels who made a living from their songs, or troubadour and troueres, aristocrats who sang for the love of music. In Germany the poet-musicians were called minnesingers. Some two thousand minnstrel melodies are preserved in old manuscripts.

The discovery that two voices could sing two separate melodies at the same time and still produce a pleasing sound occurred sometime around the ninth century. This discovery was called Polyphony. The genesis of polyphony occurred in France, first in very basic notation lacking precise pitch. By the twelfth century, polyphony was developed into elaborate forms in two centers Paris and St. Martial de Limoges, the latter preceding the former. By this time, precise pitch notation is given, and so the footing is fairly firm.

The first experiments in polyphony were called organum. A secong voice or voices sang the chant melody at perhaps an interval of a fourth or fifth above the original, or tenor. Sometimes the two moved in opposite directions. Above the tenor a more elaborate part might be sung. As the two parts become more independent, often two distinct melodies proceeded at the same time. When the third and fourth parts were added, the music became truly polyphonic.

Sometime after the mid-twelfth century, a new Notre Dame Cathedral was being built in Paris, and with it grew a school of composers. Two names have been preserved from that school- Leonin and Perotin. They stretched the organum to unheard-of lengths and embellished it with flourishes of long melismas, or many notes sung to one syllable. New rhythmic patterns developed, as did repetitions of motifs, sequential patterns, and imitation.

Out of this developed the motet, originally in Latin on a sacred text. Unlike the organum, the text was sung in the upper voices as well as the tenor. Bilingual motets (French-Latin, English-Latin) arose, and secular texts or combinations of sacred and secular texts were used. Tenors were sometimes chosen from French popular songs instead of from plainchant. Instruments played lower parts, making the motet an accompanied solo song.

The period culminated in the works of Guillaume de Machaut. He left motets, more than 100 secular songs, and a mass. They are characterized by excellent craftsmanship with colorful melodic and harmonic inflections and constantly shifting rhythms.

The later fourteenth century was a period during which the French style dominated secular composition throughout Europe. It modified to reflect local tastes in Italy and England, but remained largely French in inspiration for some decades. However, Italian composers continued to develop a more native idiom, combining French Ars Nova ideas with indigenous genres.

Music as a whole progressed slowly through the many years its been around, taking its time to perfect itself. It can be seen that in just the last few hundred years,100- 1500AD, that the styles in music took a dramatic leap towards the future. It will be interesting to see how swiftly music will accustom itself to the next thousand years.

Works Cited

Cunningham, Lawrence S., Reich, John J. Culture and Values; A Survey of Western Humanties. New York Harcourt Brace College Publishers, 14.

McComb, Todd Michel. http//www.music.indiana.edu The Origin of Polyphony 16

McComb, Todd M. http//www.music.indiana.edu A Selection of Medieval Music 16

McComb, Todd M. http//www.music.indiana.edu Early Music 16

Music,Classical. Comptoms Interactive Encyclopedia, Inc. 15.

Stinson, John music14.html @ http//www.lib.latrobe.edu.au The Music of the 14th century 17

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Sunshine coast, queensland

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Just north of Brisbane lies a stretch of coastline known as the Sunshine Coast. From Caloundra in the south to Fraser Island in the north and out to the scenic Blackall Ranges in the west, this beautiful part of Australia provides a great family holiday destination.

There are hundreds of kilometres of magnificent beaches, Fraser Island, the worlds largest sand island and the beautiful hinterland including the Blackall Ranges.

There is plenty of family friendly accommodation available, from reasonably priced quality lodgings to world class resorts.

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Some of the attractions available on the Sunshine Coast include Australia Zoo, Underwater World, The Big Pineapple and Aussie World.

The Sunshine Coast is about 1- hours drive north from Brisbane on the Bruce Hwy.

This page contains facts about the Sunshine Coast, tips for families, and some places to visit. The accommodation page lists the family friendly accommodation available with details of family facilities available, basic room prices and a link to each resorts web site.

Sunshine Coast Facts

Getting There

The Sunshine Coast is a one to two hour drive (depending where youre staying) from Brisbane along the Bruce highway.

The Sunshine Coast has its own airport just north of Maroochydore and is about 1 hour 0 minutes from Sydney by air and just over hours from Melbourne. The airport is serviced by Qantas and Sunstate Airways and (until recently) Ansett. Bus services run frequently from Brisbane Airport to locations along the Sunshine Coast. The region is also serviced by Queensland Rail with the Tilt Train from Brisbane or Rockhampton.

Climate

The Sunshine Coast enjoys a fantastic climate year round with one of the highest sunshine readings in the world (average from 6-8 hours sunshine each day). Summer temperatures range from a low of 0 degrees Celsius to a high of 0 degrees Celsius. It can get warmer away from the coast. Spring and autumn temperatures range from 14 to 6 degrees Celsius. Winter has a low of 10 and a high of 0 degrees Celsius.

Beaches

The Sunshine Coast offers a variety of beaches, from world famous surfing beaches to safe family beaches with gentle surf. Most of the main beaches are patrolled and netted.

Some of the better beaches include Coolum, Mooloolaba, Sunshine, Maroochydore, and Noosas main beach (north for surf, south for the kids). Bulcock Beach and Golden Beach (near Caloundra) are ideal for young children. At some of the beaches, you are able to hire equipment like umbrellas, boogie boards etc.

Always swim between the red and yellow flags (half red/half yellow) and a safe eye on the kids. A plain red flag means no swimming and a plain yellow flag means caution.

Clothing

Casual light clothing for most of the year with something warmer for the winter nights. The sunshine coast is a casual place so theres no need to dress up, however smart casual dress may be required in restaurants, clubs and hotels at night.

Because of the high sunshine reading you will need to bring clothing that will protect you and your children from the sun.

The hinterland areas can be a lot cooler than the coastal areas so you may need to wear something warm.

Attractions

http//www.australiazoo.com.au/http//www.australiazoo.com.au/

There is plenty to see and do around the Sunshine Coast. These are some of the attractions on offer

Australia Zoo (Beerwah)

Home of the Crocodile Hunter this private zoo features crocodiles and other Australian native animals.

Aussie World and the Ettamogah Pub (Palmview)

Have a beer or meal in the pub then visit Aussie World with plenty of rides and attractions for the kids. Free entry.

The Big Pineapple (Nambour)

Find out everything you need to know about pineapples. The kids can visit the animal nursery or feed the kangaroos. A train ride takes you through the pineapple plantation. Free entry.

Underwater World (Mooloolaba)

Excellent oceanarium well worth a visit. Plenty of marine life to see including face to face meetings with sharks in the underground tunnels. A simulated underwater rollercoaster ride (for kids 7+) is included.

Superbee Honey Factory (Tanawha)

Sample the different types of honey or stroll around the grounds and visit Snow White, the house that Jack built or the Three Bears Cottage. Free entry.

Nostalgia Town (Pacific Paradise)

Take a ride on the Enchanted Rail or Alberts Incredible Time Machine. Other attractions include putt putt golf and car rides. Free entry.

Bli Bli Castle (Bli Bli)

A medieval castle featuring a torture chamber and a doll museum with over 00 dolls. Climb to the top of the tower (4 metres up).

Ginger Factory (Nambour)

Tour the worlds biggest ginger factory. Taste the ginger in the Ginger Shop or visit the Ginger Factory to find out how the ginger products are made. Take a ride on the Historic Cane Train. Free entry.

Forest Glen Sanctuary (Forest Glen)

Drive through the animal sanctuary and hand feed the deer from you car window. Plenty of kangaroos and wallabies to feed and pat and koalas to cuddle.

Eumundi Markets

Open every Saturday and Wednesday these markets offer a large variety of stalls from pottery to paintings, clothing etc, etc. Plenty of food stalls available and rides for the kids.

Noosa Harbour Markets

Open each Sunday morning these markets are much smaller than Eumundi. Much easier to walk around and plenty of stalls to pick from.

Fraser Island

The worlds largest sand island with beautiful beaches, rainforests and freshwater lakes. Day tours of Fraser can be arranged from anywhere along the Sunshine Coast with pick up and drop off from your resort.

Blackall Ranges

Located just behind the Sunshine Coast with dense rainforests and majestic ranges. The mountain villages of Montville, Flaxton Mapleton and Maleny are famous for their local art and craft galleries, restaurants and beautiful scenery.

Check out the Sunshine Coast Attractions review page to learn more about some of these attractions.

Tips For Families Visiting the Sunshine Coast

The Sunshine Coast is not as centralised as the Gold Coast so you will probably need a car if you want to see all the region has to offer. Car hire can be arranged through the major hire companies and can be collected from Brisbane Airport on arrival. Bus transfers can be arranged from Brisbane Airport but are reasonably expensive (probably a couple of days car hire to get to your destination and back). If you can arrange a flight to the airport at Maroochydore you will save on bus transfers. Qantas fly to Maroochydore but VirginBlue only fly to Brisbane, however you are more likely to pick up cheaper air fares flying into Brisbane rather than Maroochydore.

Expect to pay between $45 to $60 per day for car hire. We used Budget and had no problems. (tip check out the Budget rates on their .com.au site then compare this to the rates on their .com site)

Some of the attractions offer free entry but once you get inside they can charge you plenty. Check out the Sunshine Coast Attractions review page for prices at some of these places.

There are plenty of restaurants around the Noosa area but most arent suitable for young children. Two that stood out were the Harbour Master restaurant at Noosa Harbour, Tewantin which offered $ meals for the kids, colouring books and pencils and great food and Fattys pizza and pasta restaurant in Thomas Street, Noosaville which provided the kids with paper and crayons, friendly staff (and pizzas). The Mooloolaba Surf Club is also worth a visit.

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Chosen Topic: How effective have legal and non-legal measures been in overcoming the disadvantages faced by migrants?

If you order your cheap term paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on Chosen Topic: How effective have legal and non-legal measures been in overcoming the disadvantages faced by migrants?. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality Chosen Topic: How effective have legal and non-legal measures been in overcoming the disadvantages faced by migrants? paper right on time.

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Since the beginning of European settlement in 1788, the Australian community has had to deal with the issue of having migrants in society. Though there are many long-term benefits of this situation, both socially and economically, they are often cancelled out by the disadvantages faced by the migrants themselves in Australia. Three such disadvantages are difficulties concerning social services, the law itself and housing. These often prove very difficult for migrants, particularly those with few English skills, and those that had recently arrived in the country. Although assistance is available from governments as well as community groups to assist with these problems, many migrants continue to experience difficulties in these areas.

When migrants arrive in Australia, the problem they immediately face is that of housing. Low-income earners have difficulty renting accommodation for a number of reasons often they are unemployed or on low incomes, they have poor English skills, and discrimination can occur in tenancy matters. Borrowing and saving is often difficult for migrants, and public housing waiting lists can be very long.

However, there are several mechanisms available to migrants in addressing the housing problem. Charitable organisations, such as St Vincent de Paul and the Salvation Army provide shelter, clothing and emergency food. Migrant Resource Centres are run by community groups, though sponsored by the government, and offer information and support to newly arrived migrants.

The Refugee Resettlement Advisory Council was established in 17 to advise the government on migrant settlement issues, and the National Integrated Settlement Strategy is a planning framework with the objective of improving and coordinating settlement services to both refugees and migrants throughout Australia.

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The Community Refugee Scheme community organisations meet refugees upon their arrival to Australia, arrange accommodation that is close to essential services and transport, encourage English language tuition, and provide information about all relevant services available for migrants. While these mechanisms certainly do have their place, access to satisfactory housing continues to be a major obstacle faced by recently arrived migrants.

The government in Australia have made social security and other relevant welfare benefits available to most migrants upon their arrival so they could survive until they became established and independent of them. In the past, the provision of these benefits has been an effective mechanism for achieving justice for newly arrived migrants. Presently, however, changes made to the laws regarding social security payments have severely reduced the effectiveness of this mechanism.

One of these changes is the introduction of the Waiting Period. In 16, the Federal Government, under Howard, announced that social security payments would not be given to migrants within the first two years of their Australian residency, unless they are refugees or are placed in the humanitarian category. This waiting period applies to all migrants who arrived in Australia after the 4th of March 17. Some payments, such as the age pension, are not available to migrants until they have resided in the country for 10 years.

This action has caused enormous community uproar, however, with clear evidence of migrants returning to their home country after their inability to survive in Australia. As a result of this, the Special Benefit was established. It is a payment given to migrants who are suffering financial hardship. This Benefit can be given without the two-year waiting period, however it is necessary for them to show a substantial and unforeseen change in circumstances beyond their control, as well as financial hardship.

People seeking asylum in Australia may obtain financial assistance under the Asylum Seekers Assistance Scheme. This is funded by the federal government, though administered by the Red Cross.

While there are processes to obtaining social security benefits, they are often confusing and sometimes frustrating for non-English speaking migrants. The process of appealing decisions about their social security payments is extremely difficult for Australian-born, English-speaking residents, let alone migrants.

Accessing the legal system can sometimes be complicated for migrants to access. Apart from the obvious language barriers, there are many factors contributing to this; in particular, unfamiliarity. Many migrants come from civil law countries where the inquisitorial system operates. This is quite different to that of Australia, where the adversary system runs.

Many migrants, especially those who have been persecuted in their home country fear the police and are reluctant to report crimes, even in cases where they have been the victim. Migrants' previous experiences of those in authority may make them fearful or sceptical or authority figures in the legal process.

Ignorance of the law is no excuse for breaking it. In cases where migrants are unaware of a particular law and are prevented by cultural barriers to finding it out, it can seem like a harsh rule. Criminal law in Australia does not recognise the different ways in which people of diverse cultural heritage have of responding to difficult situations. The difficulty with taking into account cultural differences is that the law may be applied differently to the wrong people.

In order to overcome these barriers several measures have been put in place. The Australian Law Reform Commission (ALRC) in 1 released a report entitled "Multiculturalism and the Law". The report made recommendations concerning various issues, including access to independent police complaint programs; the channelling of funds for education and support services through existing community organisations; the necessity for the provision of interpreters; and wider judicial and police discretion to consider culture in prosecution, recording an offence, and sentencing.

While the implementation of these recommendations would certainly give migrants more assistance when dealing with the law, it is still necessary for the legal system to recognise and acknowledge the cultural diversity of Australia.

Overall, it can be seen that significant changes have been made to the legal system and social workings, however more action is needed. Reforms that could be introduced to assist migrants in Australia could be providing better information and interpreting services, which includes increased funding; increasing funding to language programs; and promoting public education about the migrant community.

Excel Preliminary Legal Studies Book.

www.abs.gov.au

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