The Great Stock Market Crash in 1929

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The Great Stock Market Crash in 1

It might be accurate to say that the New York stock market crash in 1 is one of the most memorable affairs in American economic history. During the period from after the First World War to the stock market crash in 1, about one decade, the US had experienced an unprecedented economic boom because it came out of the war with less damage than European countries (Harris, 188). What is more, mass production and innovation helped make many things such as cars and electrical appliances generally available and affordable. The higher the economy soared, the more the price of stocks went up. Therefore, it was widely believed at that time that people could get money by simply investing in stocks. As proof, a person who had General Motors stock worth $10,000 in 10 could have received no less than $ 1,500,000 by 1 (Blumenthal, 00). The selling and buying of stocks was nearly unrestrained in the United States. Although several people anticipated that a crash was just around the corner, a good many of the Americans never thought that the American economy could plunged into a profound recession. At last, the bubble economy collapsed on October in 1. At the Wall Street exchange alone, 16,8,700 sales were recorded on October , 1; the number of sales stood for a loss of about $10 billion in stock value, which was double the sum of money in circulation in the US in those days (Thomas & Morgan-Witts, 17). Thus, the Wall Street stock market crash of 1 was a devastating loss, and was a symptom of a deep-rooted recession that required immediate and effective solutions.

The New York stock market crash in 1 created many serious consequences. The Great Depression, which affected on not only America but also almost the majority of countries in the world, had begun. It was a more obstinate and harsher adversity than even World War II for a number of Americans in those days (Harris, 188). J.K. Galbraith (154), a historian of the NY stock market crash and also the author of The Great Crash stated that the number of stockholders was approximately 1.5 million, a very small percentage of the population. Therefore, most of the laborers, agriculturists, and tradesmen did not consider the breakdown of Wall Street as a serious problem for them (as cited in Harris, 188). However, in the aftermath of the crash, American people started to be worried about their bank accounts. During the 10s, since business had been consistently improving, banks had easily accommodated many enterprises demanding a great deal of money to expand their businesses. Not only that, many people who needed money to buy shares could get a bank loan far easier than before, even though they had not had collateral to secure the loan. For this reason, after the price of stocks slumped, most of the borrowers could not pay back their debts. This forced the banks to face hardship. Indeed, 46 American banks closed their doors in 1. Furthermore, because of the weak structure of the banks, one bankruptcy caused other bankruptcies (Galbraith, 154). In 1, over 5,000 banks failed (Aaseng, 001). Because of bank failures, a great many ordinary Americans gradually had to encounter sufferings, the worst of which was mass unemployment.

This was the beginning of an economic gdomino effecth. Since the unemployed could not afford to pay for what they had already bought on credit, and also to purchase what they needed in their daily lives, many goods and services were in much less demand than before. As a result, industries needed to be conservative about production, and wanted fewer laborers, so many workers were fired. By 1, the number of unemployed reached 1,000,000 (The Wall Street, n.d.).

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The United States was not the only country affected. The aftermath of the crash had serious consequences for Europe for two main reasons. First of all, many European countries had borrowed a great amount of money from the US in order to restore their economies, ravaged by World War I. When the US started to call in the debts, these countries plunged into a relentless recession. For example, Germany was the country the most affected by the Great Depression, having borrowed over billion dollars from 14 to 18 (Aaseng, 001). Moreover, by 1 practically two out of five healthy Germans were unemployed. Another reason for the spread of the Great Depression was that the US government imposed a severe tariff on import goods to protect the domestic market. For instance, Britain was severely affected, especially in certain areas such as coal, steel, and shipbuilding (The Wall Street, n.d.). Jarrow, known as the center of these industries, unemployment rose by 80% (The Wall Street, n.d.). Clearly, the Wall Street crash had had a very significant impact on the American economy, leading to the Great Depression, which was a time of great suffering not only in America but also throughout most of the world.

Before 1, a majority of people believed that, gcthe government that governed least, governed besth(Aaseng, 001, p. 4) However, the devastating circumstances of the Great Depression made them ask for government assistance after 1 (Aaseng, 001). Franklin D. Roosevelt, elected as the US president in 1, was a person who actively carried out government intervention in the American economy (Encyclopedia of Marxism, n.d.). The New Deal policy, which Roosevelt applied in order to restore civilian confidence and rehabilitate American economy, was passed. This policy gave the Roosevelt administration power to establish an array of government agencies. The Works Progress Administration and the Civilian Conservation Corps were programs in which the federal government allocated immediate and temporary assistance, and also provided work for the unemployed (Encyclopedia of Marxism, n.d.). The Tennessee Valley Authority was a program in which the government provided a immense public works project building dams in order to distribute inexpensive electric power and keep floods from happening (Encyclopedia of Marxism, n.d.). Thus, the New Deal was designed to focus on reducing unemployment, the chief cause of the Great Depression. As a result, unemployment gradually fell from 1,000,000 to 8,000,000 between 1 and 140 (The Wall Street, n.d.). Although it took a long time to reorganize the American economy, it could be said that the New Deal policy worked out.

In conclusion, it was obvious the Wall Street crash had a devastating effect on the American economy. The staggering bankruptcies of the nationfs banks had produced mass unemployment, which had reduced civilian purchasing power, causing many industries to manufacture less and lay off their laborers. As the number of the unemployed rose, the economy became worse and worse. The Great Depression must have been a difficult problem to solve. Although war is terrible for everyone involved, World War II proved to be a pivotal period in U.S. history. Munitions had to be produced and numerous workers hired. Today, even though stock prices rise and fall, government legislation provides stability to the U.S. economy. Hopefully, the Great Depression will never happen again.

References

Aaseng, N. (001). The crash of 1. San Diego Lucent Books.

Blumenthal, K. (00). Six days in October. New York Atheneum Books For Young Readers.

Galbraith, J. K. (145). The great crash 1 (nd ed.). Boston Houghton Mifflin Company.

Harris, N. (188). The great depression. London B.T. Batsford.

New deal. Encyclopedia online. Retrieved February 6, 00, from

http//www.marxists.org/glossary/events/n/e.htm

Thomas, G., & Morgan-Witts, M. (17). The day the bubble burst. New York Doubleday.

The Wall Street crash. (n.d.). Retrieved February 6, 00, from

http//www.bbc.co.uk/education/modern/crash/crashhtm.htm

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Angela's ashes

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Angela's Ashes The Setting effects the actions of the Characters

The autobiography Angela's Ashes by Frank McCourt tells the life of the McCourt family while living in poverty in Limmerick, Ireland during the 0's and 40's. Frank McCourt relates his difficult childhood to the reader up to the time he leaves for America at age nineteen. The book has many prevailing themes, but one of the most notable is the settings relationship to the family. The setting of the book ultimately influences the choices and lifestyle of the McCourt family in many ways.

Living in poverty and not being able to meet basic needs leads the characters to result to desperate measures such as stopping Frank McCourt's education and taking a job to support the family. Frank is forced to take the job mostly because his father is an alcoholic and uses all the dole money and his wages to buy beer instead of feeding his family. Frank describes this pattern of drinking away the money by saying When Dad comes home with the drink smell there is no money and Mam screams at him till the Twins cry.(4) This situation lasts until Mr.McCourt leaves to work in England and is never heard from again which forces Frank to take a job at fourteen years old. Frank takes on the role of the head of the family proudly and comments Its hard to sleep when you know you know the next day you're fourteen and starting your first job as a man. (p.0) Frank's ability to provide financial stability leads to greater comfort and living conditions for the family.

The members of the McCourt family are also forced to beg and steal in order to help the family's well being. Mrs.McCourt begs charities especially the St. Vincent de Paul Society for help with basic necessities for the family such as food, clothing, and furniture. Mrs.McCourt is even forced to beg for the family's Christmas dinner. The butcher who she begs to tells her What you can have now missus, Is black pudding and tripe or a sheep's head or a pig's head.(7) Mrs.McCourt reluctantly accept the pig's head and is ridiculed walking home it. Also, the children are forced to pick up scraps of coal for the fire from a road on Christmas Day. Frank describes the children's humiliation by saying, Even the poorest of the poor don't go out Christmas Day picking coal off the road. ()

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Unlike their mother the McCourt children would rather steal than beg for what they need. The children are subjected to constant humiliation for begging and receiving goods from charity. Frank and his brothers steal food and money when situations become desperate and their parents provide no support. Frank steals bananas from a store for his hungry baby brothers and describes the situation by saying I make sure no one is looking, grab a bunch of bananas …and we feast on them in a dark corner (p.). Also, Frank and his brothers steal lemonade for their sick mother who begs them for lemonade after a miscarriage. Frank is motivated by his mother's desperation for the lemonade, I try to find the music in my own head but all I hear is my mother moaning for lemonade.(6) Stealing for Frank and his brothers was not their first choice of providing necessities but a last resort.

Living in poor housing also influences the thoughts and actions of the McCourt family in various ways. Most of the houses the family lives in throughout the book are shabby and unsanitary and promote the family's unhealthiness. One of the houses the McCourt family lives in is characterized by the comment dad tells them the lavatory could kill us with every class of disease, that the kitchen floods in the winter and we have to stay upstairs to keep dry (p.104) . Because the lavatory smells so bad and the first floor floods in the winter, the McCourt family moves up to the second floor which they refer to as Italy because it is warm and clean. The charity societies visit the Mc.Courts and realize how desperate the situation is for the family. One charity worker exclaims, That's not Italy upstairs, that's Calcutta. This realization allows for more charity and personal humiliation to be received by the McCourts.

Houses the McCourts live in are also cold, damp and lice infected which leads to sickness and discomfort for the family. Lice bothers the children as described by Frank McCourt telling about his brother's reaction when he first was bitten. Eugene went on crying and when Dad leaped from the bed we saw the fleas, leaping, jumping, fastened to our flesh.(5) The children are constantly cold and uncomfortable because of drafty houses and using coats to keep warm because they had no real blankets. At one point in the story, the McCourts are forced to take wood from the wall to keep a fire going. Mrs.McCourt tells the children One more board from that wall, one more and not another one. She says that for two weeks till there's nothing left but the beam frame.(76) Eventually the landlord discovers the damage to the house and the McCourts are forced to move in with Mrs.McCourt's cousin.

The McCourts find little hospitality in their extended family or the people of Limmerick, Ireland during the depression. Mrs.McCourt's cousin resentfully allows the children and mother to live with him after being kicked out of their home, but insists that Angela do all his chores and wait on him at any time. The only time Mrs.McCourt's family extends help is during times of great desperation and the assistance given is meager. An example of this is the children's Aunt Aggie, who takes care of them for a short period of time when Mrs.McCourt develops pneumonia. She tells the children that she can't stand the sight of them anymore(4) and allows them to briefly stay with her until the mother gets better. Aunt Aggie allows them a little food and is constantly degrading the children by saying thing such as Jesus above, can't you do anything right?(45)when the children ask questions.

Although Aunt Aggie's assistance is given grudgingly, it is more than help given by Mr.McCourt's side of the family. When the McCourt family arrives in Ireland and needs a place to get settled and live Grandpa McCourt tells the family God knows, we don't have room for six more people(50) and that they should move to Dublin. The Grandparents offer to loan the family the bus fare to Dublin (50) but, never communicates with the McCourt family after they leave the house.

The People of Limmerick, Ireland, where the family mainly resides, have many strong prejudices against the poor. The family is constantly tormented because of shabby clothes or poor housing and having to ask charities for help. The store managers try to cheat the poor out of the full amount of food they are to be given. A friend tells Mrs.McCourt

When you go to McGrath's, keep an eye on her for she'll cheat you on the weight. She'll put stuff on a paper on the scale with the paper hanging down on her side behind the counter where she thinks you can't see it. (66)

Also, the religious of Limmerick discriminate against poor children as in the case when Frank McCourt tries to become an alter boy but is denied. Mrs.McCourt explains why he is denied by saying They don't want boys from lanes on the alter. Oh, no they want the nice boys with hair oil and new shoes that have fathers with suits and ties and steady jobs(14). The Mc.Court family is constantly aware of the discrimination it faces because of the poverty they live in.

The various settings of Angela's Ashes effect the characters' actions and lifestyle in various ways. Living in poverty challenges the family to meet basic needs through begging and stealing as well as children getting jobs to help the situation. Also, the poor housing causes the family to be subjected to disease and coldness. The society the McCourts were part of causes the family to be aware of social prejudice and learn actions to take in order to protect their rights. The setting of the book influences the McCourt family's actions and style of living.

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Alcoholism

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Alcohol is an adult beverage that can be fun and beneficial if used properly. Although if used irresponsible it also can be something that will change your life forever. Whether it takes away every thing you love or possible even cause death to you. I intend to show you the difference between casual drinking and the disease known world wide as alcoholism. The paper will show you some causes and statistics to why some people are more susceptible to alcoholism then others. Also, show what effects it can have on a person's body. Show different ways in dealing with the problem of alcoholism, and show that it does not matter race, financial situation, or even religion.

Casual drinking is where you have wine at church, a beer at dinner, or even having an alcoholic beverage at a social event of some type. When used in moderation it is said that alcohol can help with tension, fatigue, pain, and even help to increase your appetite (Microsoft Encarta 00).

When you start to consume alcohol a variety of different things, start to happen to your body. It starts okay by relieving tension, fatigue, and pain. As you continue to drink, the body starts to go through chemical changes within the body. It starts to slow physical reflexes. In addition, it impairs your judgment to what you think is appropriate or socially acceptable. Situations where you normally would be embarrassed are less threatening to you (Microsoft Encarta 00).

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Within the body, many things start to happen as your drinking continues. Alcohol contains ethanol or ethyl alcohol. When consumed the intestines and stomach absorb the alcohol. After it absorbs the alcohol in the stomach and intestine, it enters your blood stream. From here, it starts to affect your entire body. It starts to depress your central nervous system. When the blood passes through the liver it is broke down into harmless byproducts. Although if you consume the alcohol to quickly the liver cannot stay caught. This is where it starts to impair you. Since your liver cannot stay caught up with what you consume the alcohol has continued affects hours after the last drink (Microsoft Encarta 00).

There is a variety of different reasons to why people start to drink alcohol. Many people start drinking while they are younger because of peer pressure at parties. In some cases, a person may turn to alcohol to help deal with stress. When they start to drink because of stress is when they are most likely going to suffer from alcoholism. They come home after a long day at work and fight their battles with the bottle instead of facing the stress that has accumulated because of stressors.

When looking at statistics of people that become alcoholics there is great distinction between heredity traits. Children of alcoholic parents are three to four more times likely to suffer from alcoholism. In addition, children with relative that has a drinking problem are seven times more likely than general population to have same problem as the relative. (http//www.alcoholismkills.com/alcohoi.htm).

When thinking about alcoholics you think of the drunken smelly person on the street with his brown sack with a forty-ounce beer in it. This common conception is no longer true. These types of alcoholics still exist but alcoholics also live in the big house at the top of the hill. There is no rule that says the more financially successful people cannot suffer from this problem as well. Alcoholics cannot be picked out by the color of a person or even by the size of their bank account. This chronic illness can happen to anyone.

Alcoholism starts to cause many social problems as you continue to drink more and more. It all starts when alcohol changes your lifestyle. It starts to breakdown your relationships with people. It does this because your body starts needing the alcohol to keep it going. Your start to consume in larger quantities and in more intervals. You begin to make excuses to drink. You start to miss work and other appointments.

The development of this alcohol addiction can be broken down into three steps. During the first stage, a person usually drinks during social events, but drinking is not the first objective while drinking. The second stage is where the person starts to drink more heavily just to drink. During this stage, they do not need to have an event at which to drink for. They also start to have withdrawal symptoms, which may encourage them to start drinking in the morning to help get rid of a hangover from the night before. The third stage is very severe. They no longer really have control over his or her drinking. They also start to show signs of illness. Drinking during this stage is priority number one on their list of things to do (Microsoft Encarta 00).

Earlier I talked about how the body reacts when the alcohol enters your body. Now I am going to tell you what happens to your body with prolonged alcohol intake. Alcohol affects many different body processes in your body through time. It can affect the gastrointestinal tract, which causes nausea and vomiting, which leads to vitamins not being taken in properly which leads to nutrient defencies in the body. Also with long term, alcohol causes liver disease called hepatic cirrhosis. This condition is something that cannot be changed. It replaces healthy liver tissue with scared tissue, which does not allow the blood to move freely through the liver. The pressure builds on the liver, which leads to a shut down of the liver to where it cannot process the toxins as well as it did before and leads to a build up of toxins in the blood, which could become fatal (Microsoft Encarta 00 and http//health.yahoo.com/health/dc/00044/0.html).

In addition, prolonged drinking causes problems with your heart. It contributes to making ventricles of the heart enlarge and become flabby. This causes the heart to pump blood less efficiently. The inefficiency causes less blood to go through the kidneys, which in return can cause a fatal build up of water on the lungs (Microsoft Encarta 00 and http//health.yahoo.com/health/dc/00044/0.htm).

There are more than just long-term affects. A male may possible have trouble to have an errection because of alcohol. One of the most direct cases is when a pregnant mother drinks it is likely the baby will have something wrong with it. Some of those problems are fetal alcohol syndrome and possible mental retardation. Also drinking increases the chance of having larynx, esophagus, liver, and colon cancer.

Although alcoholism is, a very difficult problem to deal with there is a variety of different programs set up to help people with their problems. The one leading the way is alcoholics anonymous. Their also are hospitalization programs where you go and stay in hospital away from the environment that has influenced your drinking. On the other hand, some just simply help themselves.

Alcoholics Anonymous is a 1-step program. They meet in groups of 10 to 100 or more. Two Thirds of the members are men. Step one in the program is for his or her to admit that they have a problem. This is probably the most important step in the program because you just cannot help someone if they do not think that they have a problem in the first place.

Alcohol can be a very dangerous thing and the power of alcohol should not be taken likely. The easiest way to spot that you are starting to get addicted to alcohol is simply when alcohol becomes the party. What I mean is it becomes your focus for an evening. So good luck to you and remember there is always someone out there, to help you with your problem.

Alcoholism Kills (1) Retrieved November 10, 00,

From http//www.alcoholismkills.com/alcoholi.htm

Alcoholism, Microsoft® Encarta® Online Encyclopedia 00

http//encarta.msn.com 17-00 Microsoft Corporation. All Rights Reserved.

"Alcoholism," (00) Retrieved November 10, 00

From http//health.yahoo.com/health/dc/00044/0.html

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Synergy of East and West for greater creativity

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The understanding and definition of creativity between the Eastern and Western cultures may differ, as traditional Asian culture is more conservative, while modern culture of the West is more liberal. But in terms of creative thinking, their influences are equally significant.

¡¡¡¡Creativity is a very wide scope that covers all fields. Creativity is the driving force behind the development of technology, the economy, the arts and culture. This article attempts to look at the issue of creativity from the technological, cultural and historical perspectives.

¡¡¡¡As an Asian country, we are naturally concerned about the relationship between the history and culture of the East and creativity. In the East, especially in East Asia where Chinese culture was the mainstream, there were many illuminating examples of creativity and inventiveness in 5,000 years of Chinese history. For example, the invention of paper, gunpowder, printing and the compass. There were also great thinkers like Confucius, Mencius, Lao Zi and Zhuang Zi. But these achievements go back a thousand years, or even earlier in the Spring and Autumn Period, the Warring States Period, the Qin and the Han Dynasties. Way back during the Spring and Autumn and the Warring States Periods, the contention among the Hundred Schools of Thought not only created a favourable milieu for the advancement of science and technology, it also laid the foundation for the various categories of ancient science and technology in China, making it a characteristic of tradition.

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However, there hasnt been a likewise breakthrough for the last 1,000 years. What caused this stagnancy is an issue for us to ponder over. Throughout its history, Chinese culture has two obvious historical traits. One is that it had a very long period of feudalism. Only after ,000 years of feudalism from the Zhou Dynasty right up to the early Republican period, did the class-based society with its strict ethical codes began to change. The second trait is that the Imperial Examination System was too rigid and deeply entrenched. Therefore, when we discuss the issue of creativity, we should take these two traits as a historical backdrop, so as to analyse the positive and negative effects of Eastern and Western cultures on creativity.

I share Prof Yu Qiuyus view that it is easier for China to become an economic power than regaining its cultural primacy, which it commanded during the glorious Tang Dynasty (AD 618-07) when it was the most advanced country in the world. During that period, the Chinese language, culture and the distinctive Chinese creed of Confucianism were successfully transplanted in Korea, Japan and Vietnam, providing East Asia with a common cultural heritage. He emphasised that, for a renaissance of Chinese culture to occur, a cultural bridge must first be built for a two-way communication with the outside world. Only through this process can it scale a new peak. Prof Yu lamented that Chinese civilisation did not make a significant world Impact in the past few centuries.

¡¡¡¡The feudal period in Europe was, by comparison, shorter.It was followed by over 00 years (14th to 16th century A.D.) of the Renaissance, a movement spurred on by the call to revive the arts of classical Greece. It was a revolution in intellectual thought and inventiveness. The Enlightenment and the Industrial Revolution that followed caused a tumultuous transformation in Europe. Shaking off its feudal shackles in ideology and social systems, Europe created a brave new world for itself. Under such circumstances, Europe produced many new creations and inventions in the realms of art, science, music, architecture and so on. In the last 00 years, the United States created many new opportunities for self-development. Its favourable conditions attracted many immigrants of high calibre, it was able to achieve many breakthroughs and unearth many new ideas in economics, science and culture, making it the only superpower in the world today. On the whole, the historical circumstances in the West over the past few centuries provided very favourable conditions for creativity and inventiveness.

¡¡¡¡There is a difference in understanding and defintion of creativity between the East and the West. Although Asian traditions are conservative in comparison, and the social climate and ideological make-up of the West are more liberal, each of them has valid contributions towards creativity. The most prominent Chinese scientist in the 0th century, Prof Yang Chen-Ning has more than once mentioned the fact that he was an amalgation of Eastern and Western cultures. His new scientific ideas and theories are a result of the clash of Eastern and Western cultures and the resolution of this conflict. Whether it is Hegels idealism or Engels materialism, they all converge at a common point the resolution of conflict. Creativity is a multi-level and complex thought process, involving many different factors. Prof Yangs idea to glean the best from both the East and the West to resolve the conflict is something we should think seriously about.

¡¡¡¡Modern science originated from Europe. Therefore, we must know the characteristics of Western culture and its effect on creativity. The characteristics of Western culture is reflected in making bold hypotheses followed by the meticulous search for evidence. The basis of science is the experiment. A scientific experiment is to test a hypothetical theory in the laboratory. Not only can the experiment verify the soundness of the hypothesis, it can also improve or debunk it. It is due to these cultural traits that Westerners are more used to making bold hypotheses. As a result, many important and revolutionary discoveries were made. The disadvantage of this is that some of these new ideas and hypotheses may not have solid foundations, but this fault is a minor one where creativity

is concerned.

¡¡¡¡Another characteristic of Western culture is the emphasis on individual contribution. Perhaps there may be some historical or religious reasons, but the mainstay of Western culture is the individual. This trait is manifested in the adulation of individual heroes in Western culture and creativity. The individuals heroic exploits and contributions are placed above collective effort. The advantage of this is that it can spur people on to greater heights. The flaw is that it results in self-centred individualism, which affects creativity indirectly.

¡¡¡¡Up to some level, creativity requires the coordination of all sides. Eastern culture can play a positive role in this. We can look at the issue at two levels

¡¡¡¡The traditional Eastern system emphasises building a solid foundation, and then build up the basic knowledge step by step. However, Eastern tradition places too much emphasis on foundations. The insistence on rote learning robbed the initiative to make bold hypotheses about new situations and new problems. In the modern world, a solid foundation is not a bad thing for creativity. Another trait of Eastern culture is humility in learning.

¡¡¡¡The 1st century will witness an explosion of human knowledge and technology. Students can no longer know everything. Under such circumstances, the unique and innovative ideas that creativity requires, as well as the grasp of new ideas and new situations, are all difficult to come by. They require the full understanding of the problem, sometimes from the surface to its core, from a superficial knowledge to a comprehensive understanding. Humility and prudence will no doubt prove valuable to such a comprehensive thought process and assist creative innovators.

Please note that this sample paper on Synergy of East and West for greater creativity is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Synergy of East and West for greater creativity, we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on Synergy of East and West for greater creativity will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Leisure and recreation

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Development of the Leisure and Recreation Industry

Since the 160's there has been a rapid development in this industry and this is due to a number of reasons. All industries change over a period of time, but the leisure industry is probably changing faster than any other. There are many factors that influence the development of the industry but these are the most significant.

Increase in Leisure Time

In 161 the average amount of time an individual spent working in a week would be 45 hours. This meant that the individual would not have much time available for leisure as well as doing the essentials that they must do like cooking and cleaning. But over the last 5 years there has been a decrease in the basic working hours meaning today the average amount of time an individual spends working is 40 hours per week, which means an extra 5 hours to participate in leisure activities and chores. Chores are much simpler as increased automation in the home with 'labour-saving' devices such as dishwashers and washing machines also make is possible for extra leisure time.

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Also the amount of holiday entitlement has increased by up to weeks since 161. In 161, 7% of full time manual workers were entitled to weeks holiday per year. In 171 this increased to weeks on average for / of these people. Since 181 the majority of manual workers are entitled to 4 or 5 weeks of paid holiday a year. This means that people spend a lot more time participating in leisure activities nowadays than they did in 160.

Increase in Disposable Income

Disposable income is the amount of money leftover after paying out for necessities such as bills, mortgages and tax. This determines what and how much leisure activities people can participate in. E.g. People who play golf would essentially need more disposable income than those who play football, as golf is the more expensive activity out of the two. A major influence on the amount of disposable income each individual would receive would be the economy e.g. if in a recession, they would receive less and in a boom period they would receive more. The other influences would be things like inflation, interest rates, competition and credit availability.

Mobility

The increase in people owning cars or other vehicles has meant that more people have access to a wider range of leisure activities and opportunities. The general pattern suggests that the amount of people owning cars will continue to increase and as 40% of leisure time is spent travelling to desired locations this plays a large part in the leisure industry.

In 160 a popular destination for leisure would be the seaside but with modern technology we can travel abroad for leisure and holidays or to places in the country that would be unreachable without transport. This is also due to the use of maps and road networks, the advances in rail technology and also the option to travel by aeroplane, bus, boat, barge and many other forms of transport.

Demographic Changes

These are the changes in the structure of the population. Our population is known as an, 'ageing population'. This means that there are more people over 60 than there are under 0 years of age which is a dramatic change since 160. This means that leisure organisations would benefit greatly by providing for older people and accommodating for their needs. A firm that and only exists because they realised there was a lack of facilities and activities available for the over 50's is called Saga who now provide holidays etc for this age group.

Changing Fashions and Trends

Some of the major influences on how we choose to spend our leisure time are-

·Business

The industry has become controlled by large national and multinational corporations. They have a big influence on how we spend our disposable income and what we do. Since 160 small independent businesses provided most of our leisure activities but they have been taken over by major organisations that continue to expand rapidly.

·Media and communication

Since 160 this area has been transformed due to the development of new technology. There is a large amount of coverage in the form of advertising, programming, newspaper and magazine articles and information sheets about certain activities within the industry.

·Marketing

Advances in technology allow marketing to be sophisticated in analysing customer behaviour and modifying or creating new products to suit the current trends. Businesses are able to keep databases of information about consumers and can provide forecasts for future trends.

·Consumerism

Since 160 the main emphasis has been change, consumption and innovation. Change is seen as fashionable so this means people want to try new things and ignore those that were once popular. People used to perform the same routine, go to the same places and do the same things but now people are willing to spend money on new products and services which would be seen as out of date in the near future.

·Politics

Political action can affect the leisure industry. They can do this through legislation, by extending licensing hours to sell alcohol etc, broadcasting regulations and censorship. Businesses have to follow these rules and this may limit activities. They can also do this through policy, e.g. in 170 the policy the government put forward was 'Sport for all' but now this has changed to increased interest in elitism and excellence.

These are not relevant all of the time as there is still the factor of short-term fashions e.g. tennis would be popular in the weeks that Wimbledon tennis is taking place.

Technological Developments

Since 160 there have been rapid advances in new technologies and these influence the extent to which people participate in leisure and the type of activities they take part in. Some of the most obvious being -

·TV

Since 160, advances in technology have meant that now all TV's are in colour rather than black and white, which is more appealing to most people. They have also introduced packages such as Sky and digital TV allowing people to be interactive and have access to more channels, e.g. channels dedicated to Music or Film etc.

·Computers

Since the computer has decreased in size from a big machine to a personal computer, laptops and palm tops, it has turned into an essential for most people. The Internet is now a fast and efficient resource that can be used for communicating, working from home, shopping from home and many other activities.

·Music

Since 160 it seems that music quality and availability has increased. The format in which you purchase music has changed from Vinyl to cassettes to CD's to minidisk and finally MP. It is also possible to download music directly from the Internet to your computer and put it on MP or even CD.

Some leisure organisations benefit from these advances and new inventions but others suffer e.g. the invention of computer games and consoles like the Sony Playstation encourages home based leisure, therefore non-home based leisure organisations suffer.

Out of all of the factors I believe that the most influential ones would be advances in technology, increase in leisure time and increase in disposable income. This is because all of the factors are interdependent and could not exist without these initial factors. All of them rely heavily upon the advances in technology. There can only be an increase in leisure time as 'labour-saving' devices save time and allow for other activities to be performed. Without technology there would be less mobility and therefore less access to leisure activities. Technology is also the cause for the 'ageing population,' advances in technology allow people to have better health opportunities, therefore they live longer. These are a few examples of how they each relate to each other and one would not be possible without another.

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Seamous Heaney diging

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Seamus Heaney`S Digging

The Modernist theme of mechanization, brought on by the beginning of World War I and the technological revolution of the era, manifests itself powerfully and completely in the language of Seamus Heaneys first poem, Digging. From various literary devices, as well as graphic imagery the mechanization of the human spirit comes to life in the form of his father, and grandfather. The past and present become one, with the common bond the honest work of the Irish poor. In his own way, and with his own pen, Heaney develops the idea of mechanized men who, through the drudgery and repetition of their lives, create a life for them and their families, taking pride in their work, and acceptance of their fate. He develops seamlessly the idea of a man-machine, a hybrid of automation and human, married by toil and tool. Likewise, Heaney writes this as a way to tie himself to his ancestors in the British Isles, illustrating the power that they wielded with shovel and sweat, making their contribution no less enlightened than his own. In his first poem, Heaney develops the image of mechanization and automation that follows the poor of his country, through graphic imagery, sound, and literary mastery. Heaneys imagery throughout the poem echoes the automation of the workers, illustrating the type of work that they do as something that could be done by machinery. Titling the piece Digging immediately highlights for the reader the verbal connotation of the work, and puts the theme of work, and of manual labor into the limelight. As well, Heaneys use of the word gun to describe his "squat pen" in line places the emphasis on machinery allowing a comparison of the human condition to present technology. This theme continues throughout the poem, as Heaney likens his fathers act of digging to that of a machine, "as his father nestled on the lug, the shaft/Against the inside knee was levered firmly." (ll.10-11) These words take the labor out of the realm of man, by using mechanical terms to describe the marriage of shovel and man, creating an altogether different image of a type of robot tearing up sod. While he describes this straining rump, Heaney takes this man out of the realm of men, and into a realm of manufactured workers, a realm of repetition, a realm of stooping workers, their humanity set aside to finish the job at hand. However, while Heaney describes the toil of his father, he also ties it to the alike labor of a past generation, namely his grandfathers, "used to nicking and slicing neatly, heaving sods/Over his shoulder."(-) This juxtaposition of past and present illustrates the monotony of the work involved, and how things take time to change. Heaney creates the transition between his father and grandfather in a two-line stanza that highlights the pride of these men, and how their automation gave cause for praise from their descendant, Heaney. Their legacy of hard work, however mechanized, illustrates the value placed on labor in their society. While Heaney creates the idea of men-machines through visual images and parts, he also creates a very auditory world, one that echoes the act of a factory, or a piece of farm machinery. From the first stanza, with its "clean rasping sound," the readers ear can almost hear the whir of a lawn mower, or something of that nature, cutting and slicing. () The rhythm of Heaneys fathers digging highlights the monotony of the act, the incessant meter of his practiced spade. This coincides with the sounds in the prior stanza, as the authors first recollection is an auditory one. Later in the poem, "the squelch and slap/Of soggy peat", continues the idea of a machine chugging away at the turf, creating again the essence of a machine oblivious to the conditions of the work men. (5-6) Heaneys workers are extremely vivid, both physically and mentally, even after so many years, and the trials and hardships that they endure, day in and day out, add to the essence of their existence, one that lends acceptance to the fact that they are somewhat more than men, that their labor, however menial, is somewhat mechanized, somewhat heroic, and altogether driven by a pride and ethic valued among their people. While Heaney emphasizes the automation of their existence and the tediousness of their work, he still illustrates their humanity with the same type of imagery that likens them to machines. On lines 15-16, Heaney uses the phrase, "By God", something that emphasizes their humanity, for the words "old man" are also used in these lines, perhaps to create the idea of man in the image of God--something that reminds the reader of the essence of mankind, and that even though these men may become mechanized in their labor, nevertheless they retain that very core of their being that makes them men, something that no amount of work can drive out. This two line stanza that ties grandfather to father highlights the faith of this tough people, one untainted by the hard work that is the signature of their existence. Along with his reference to God, to show his awe, and disbelief at the skill of his forebears, Heaney also emphasizes their humanity, when he carried his grandfather's "milk in a bottle/Corked sloppily with paper." (1-0) This moment, where his grandfather gives in to human needs, reiterates the fact that while he may be sublimating his humanity when he is "nicking and slicing", he is nonetheless still a man, needing nourishment--though the image is equally potent as a machine, perhaps a lawn mower, refueling. This double meaning connects Heaneys idea of men-machines nicely, creating the ideal of a hybrid race, one that can drive down all but the base urges of man to get the job done, day in and day out. Seamus Heaney finally ties himself to the legacy of his father and grandfather in the final stanzas. While he cannot pick up a "spade to follow men like them", nevertheless, he is able to dig with his "squat pen." (8-0) This ties him to his relatives, though twenty years removed, and say something about the nature of work in general. In essence, Heaney is saying that any type of labor done causes man to sublimate his humanity, in such a way that each and every man has the mechanical side of a manual laborer. Poetry takes on the same idea of harvesting potatoes, the treasure of Heaneys lavish island. Thus, the tone of this work lends an almost enlightened tone to the essence of these men-machine, in the sense that through their work, they create a poetic dance of sight and sound, one that visually and audibly reflects that of a machine, working day after day in monotony. Thus, Heaney finds beauty in the commonplace, and brings it out in his Digging, creating with his "squat pen", as if it were a spade, and not a gun, as in line , as active as his imagination, not resting in the least, as in the first stanza. Seamus Heaney makes a potent statement about his heritage, and his work, in his first poem of his first book. His forebears, tough as the peat that they cut, take on the image of machines, through repetition and monotony, such that their visual image in his mind, and their sounds echoing in his ears, combine to create his hybrid of man and machine, a marriage recognized by God in its potency. Heaney juxtaposes their images to illustrate the constancy of their hard work, and ties them to him to create the cycle that his heritage lives and works in, active and proud. Through Digging, Heaney captures the essence of the Irish people, a people that works hard, tough, proud, and persistent, unable to be swayed by circumstances not under their control. Theirs is a plight of survival, of walking the fine line between man and machine to survive. Theirs is the plight of the Irish, caught eloquently by the "squat pen" of poet Seamus Heaney.

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Hamlet vs lion king

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It has been said by many intelligent and informed people that Disneys The Lion King is a childrens version of Shakespeares Hamlet. There are certainly many parallels between the two stories, and even in the actual dialogue. Both are the story of a young man who is torn apart by the early demise of his father. An uncle takes over the thrown that should rightly belong to the young prince, and both of the tragic heroes overcome their own flaws and uncertainties to take back their thrones for the benefit of their countries. The similarities between the storylines and the ways they are portrayed, especially on screen, is incredible. The three biggest parallels of the stories are the presence of death images and symbolism, the actions of the secondary characters, and the development of the tragic hero. There are many differences between the stories involving characters, and detailed plot points, but the main storylines are essentially the same.

In the very opening scene of The Lion King Mufasa, the king of the Pridelands confronts his brother Scar. Scar has just missed the presentation of Simba, Mufasas son who is to be the next king. Scar turns as if to leave and Mufasa stops him by saying Dont turn your back on me Scar. This is a warning. Scar shoots back No, perhaps you shouldnt turn your back on me! This is veiled threat on the kings life. Because the king is never introduced in Hamlet, the audience is left to wonder whether the king had any notice that his brother wanted him dead. There is a parallel to this scene found in Hamlet. Shortly after Hamlet visits his mother and kills Polonius, there is a meeting between him and Claudius. When Hamlet is told he is being sent to England, he affirms that this is a good idea, and the king replies So is it, if thou knewst our purposes.(IV, iv, 47) The king is letting it be known that he has it in for Hamlet. It can therefore be accepted that he probably let it be known to Hamlet Sr. that his murder was being pondered. Scar shows how it is in the nature of the truly evil to have their victims know they are going to die. If the victim knows(if only in the mind of the murderer)and does nothing, then that makes them all the more useless, and deserving of death. If they are warned of their death and do nothing, they are weak. Scar and Claudius believe themselves to be stronger mentally than their brothers, and so they believe they would make better kings. Death is a reoccurring theme in The Lion King. The Hyenas, who parallel Rosencrantz and Guildenstern, live in an elephant graveyard, full of skeletons and decaying animals. Scar talks of killing every character in the movie, although he is unsuccessful in killing anyone but Mufasa. Timone and Pumbaa believe Simba to be dead when they first find him. He wishes he was dead, and half-heartedly tries to kill himself. Nala tries to kill Timone and Pumbaa before she knows who they are. Last of all the death themes, when Simba comes back home after Scar has been in power, the entire Pridelands appears to be dead. There are no animals left, there is no water, the vegetation is all dead, and there is nothing but sand and rock. The appearance of the Pridelands reflects the heart of Scar. Dead. This is the same as the state of Elsinore reflecting the heart of Claudius. The partying that goes on destroys the image of Denmark. The rest of the world no longer respects the people of Denmark, and in some respects, they might as well be dead considering the consequences of a bad public image. Claudius parties to forget his sins. Claudius is dead inside.

Mufasa and Hamlet Sr. were such good people that they could never really be killed. This is proven by their ghosts. While Scar and Claudius do evil things because they are dead inside and so can only see their brothers success as a threat, Mufasa and Hamlet Sr. even come back from the dead to right the wrongs of the world. Both of the kings visit their sons and give advice that sets them into action. After seeing their sons lose their courage and strength, they take personal offense in their inactivity. Mufasa says to his son, You have forgotten me... You have forgotten yourself and so you have forgotten me. You are more than what you have become. Remember... remember... remember... This is essentially the same speech that Hamlet Sr. gives his son in the closet scene. Both of the princes seem to forget their purposes as they get further away from the pain of their fathers death. Hamlet Sr. and Mufasa have as much in common as their successors do. Scar and Claudius are the most evil of men because they want power and are willing to stomp on anyone who gets in the way of their goals. After the murder of the original king, both seem to have been affected to their core by the mentality required to kill. Neither attempts to kill on their own again. Both rely on the stupidity of others to get the job done. Scar repeatedly enlists the hyenas to murder Simba, and Claudius relies on Rosencrantz and Guildenstern to take Hamlet to the leaders of England to end his life. The hyenas and R&G are both bad choices because the princes are not killed in either circumstance. In Hamlet, Hamlet is too smart to be outwitted, in The Lion King, thehyenas are just too stupid to kill Simba.

Hamlet and Simba are near perfect examples of tragic heroes. Both are tested to the extent of their inner strength and faith in the triumph of good. Simba was shown high moral standards by his father. He was very upset with himself after he disobeyed his father as a cub. After Scar blames Mufasas death on him, Simba falls into a deep depression. He leaves the pride and wanders into the forest, wanting to die. Timone and Pumbaa rescue him by carrying him into the shade when he faints from the heat of the sun and his only desire is to keep going until he dies. Hamlet contemplated suicide as well, but for both the determination within them to live won out. Simba gets grows up and the audience can see that even though hes living in the jungle, he still has an aristocratic grace about him. His high morals are deep rooted. Timone and Pumbaa are raw and uncut characters. They emphasize Simbas class. Like Hamlet, Simba tends to need to be on his own a lot to reflect. He also tends to go off when he is upset or remembers his father. He tends to blame himself for all the problems that occur to everyone around him. After the visitation from his father, Simba is moved to action. He is determined to take back the Pridelands from Scar and restore them to their former beauty. He is shocked by the state he finds it in. All of these thoughts, actions and emotions are parallel to the thoughts and emotions of Hamlet throughout his play. When Simba finds out for sure that Scar killed Mufasa, he feels the final motivation required to save himself and kill Scar. Even Scars allies turn against him.

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There are many differences to be found in Hamlet and The Lion King, but they tend to be insignificant. There is no dominant presentation of the relationship between Simba and his mother, Sarabi; there are little or no sexual innuendoes in the movie; Simba is crowned king and the Pridelands return to there original greatness. Disney was able to retain all the conflict of emotion that Hamlet felt and still create a storyline and characters that would appeal to children. This extended the vast audience that Shakespeare appeals to. Every important aspect of the movie whispers of Hamlet. There is even an allusion made by Timone that points to Shakespeare. Whats in a name? Its not from Hamlet but its Shakespeare. Both Hamlet and Simba find themselves and do great things for their countries because of that. The answer in defiance the very essence of tragedy...we know what we are, but know not what we may be.

Please note that this sample paper on hamlet vs lion king is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on hamlet vs lion king, we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on hamlet vs lion king will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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