Economics

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Does greater economic openness between nations lead towards economic growth and convergence? Greater economic openness between nations does lead towards economic growth and convergence. All of the first world countries demonstrate greater economic openness then third world countries demonstrate. Although economic openness may be a solution to gain economic growth and convergence, free trade may not be the answer. There are two different views on free trade; the conservative view and the liberal view. In an economic age in which speedy transactions of imports and exports are essential, free trade is a necessity for aiding worldwide economic development. Even today, the United States continues to support free trade, an example being NAFTA (North America Free Trade Agreement). The problem is that Americas generosity has caused the foreign industry to take over the U.S. marketplace. This unfortunately has resulted in high unemployment rates because consumers and firms can purchase foreign goods for a little less than domestic products. From a conservative viewpoint, the only remedy to decrease unemployment and stimulate our own economic growth is to abandon the free trade policy and raise tariffs. Free trade has only crippled the American work force, increased poverty, and added to our national debt. If other nations begin to support free trade, the same situation may be likely to occur. Today there are about 10 million unemployed citizens and 5 million Americans are living in poverty because of free trade. Foreign industry is taking advantage of us. Market-opening measures in Asia along with other countries across the world have been promoted by exporting opportunities. In any clothing store and youll find that most of the apparel comes from South Korea, China, Hong Kong, Sri Lanka, and the Philippines. Its simply not feasible for the U.S. apparel industry to compete with the extremely low production costs in Third World countries. Also, another example of an industry hurt by free trade is the lumber industry. Even though our country possesses the largest supply of timber resources, the United States is the largest importer of wood products in the world. The reason imported wood is less expensive, especially from Canada. Other examples of industries that have responded negatively to free trade are the U.S. textile petrochemical, fishing, and auto industries. The temptation for consumers to buy cheaper foreign goods has only slowed production in U.S. industries and has caused unemployment levels to skyrocket. America needs to become less generous, more independent, and definitely more self-sufficient. Free trade policies need to be discontinued if that it is to be accomplished. The liberal viewpoint, however, is somewhat different. In a world of ever-increasing global economic interdependence, the United States should accept the responsibility of leadership towards the approaching 1st Century by promoting free trade. We need to do so in such a way that builds and matures the economies of other countries. As technology continues to advance in areas such as computers, medicine, and communication, we need to prioritize the spreading of these advancements across the world in hopes for reaching worldwide economic stability and unity. Free trade is the best way to allow for the sharing of valuable resources and technology, which in turn makes the world a better, safer, and more united place for all. Inhibiting free trade is a step backwards in politics that only made sense back in the days when communication was slow and were being fought. Allowing for the existence of free trade is a step forward in the right direction towards the necessary global interdependent ways of the nearing 1st Century. Having clarified the different perspectives of the two main political parties on the free trade issue, it is hard to determine which action would be the most advantageous. Actually, both parties have come to conclusions on this issue which would allow for positive and negative results. The only problem is deciding which one would have the best overall effects. Should we put the immediate focus on our own economy and allow it to prosper, while other poorer countries suffer from the tariffs? Or, should we do away with all taxes on imports in hope that others will follow our bold lead? Only the near future can show which was the best decision. For certain, however, the results will be global. 4.) Who has benefited and who has lost from greater international trade? The financial crisis that erupted in Asia in mid-17 has led to sharp declines in the currencies, stock markets, and other asset prices of a number of Asian countries. It was hard to understand what these declines would actually do to the world market. This decline was expected to halve the rate of world growth in 18 from the four percent that was projected pre-crisis to an estimated outcome of about percent. The countries that are included in the East Asian crisis, known as Tiger economies, are Hong Kong, Indonesia, South Korea, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, Taiwan and Thailand. For these countries to participate effectively in the exchange of goods, services, and assets, an international monetary system is needed to facilitate economic transactions. To be effective in facilitating movement in goods, services, and assets, a monetary system most importantly requires an efficient balance of payments adjustment mechanism so that deficits and surpluses are not prolonged but are eliminated with relative ease in a reasonably short time period. The Asian crisis of recent falls into this category of inefficient balance of payments facilitated by, its overcapacity and its lack of growth to the West, particularly depreciation of its currency. By competitively depreciating its currencies, Asia is exporting its deflation to the US. History The past ten or fifteen years have seen an unprecedented expansion in the extent to which the countries of the world are tied together, both by instant communication and by international trade, institutions, and markets, including financial markets. On the whole, this process of globalization has been an enormously positive development. It has opened new markets, enhanced competition, spurred innovation, and provided new opportunities for workers, farmers, and businesses around the world. For example more than 40 percent of US exports today are absorbed by developing countries, an extraordinary increase over past export patterns, and the jobs associated with these exports are high-paying, good jobs. The increasing productivity of our trading partners has helped keep inflation down and improve standards of living in the United States. And outside the US, probably hundreds of millions of people have been lifted out of poverty around the world by the economic growth and trade over the past twenty or thirty years. (This view is definitely a liberal one unlike the conservative viewpoint given in question 1). Effects of the Global Economy In this new global economy, countries are more tightly linked than ever before to each others fates. A decade ago, a collapse in the currency of a small, distant country like Thailand would barely have rated a mention in the typical American newspaper. A few years ago, however, that currency crash triggered a crisis in other East Asian countries that had dominated news coverage in a way that no other foreign financial crisis has ever done before in this country. The reason for the change is that we now have more at stake than ever before in the economic performance of these countries. Not only are they major customers for our products; the rich countries and developing countries are also increasingly linked by financial ties. In 16, the developed countries including the US invested more than 50 billion in emerging markets, and this is compared to roughly 0 billion ten years earlier. Much of this money was from banks (especially in Japan and Europe), although US mutual funds, pension funds, and individual investors also participated. But whatever its source, the extent of this investment means that economic turmoil in East Asia has a direct financial impact on the developed worlds capital markets, including our own. Indeed, a brief plunge in US stocks was widely attributed to turmoil in the Hong Kong stock market that was linked to the crisis set off by Thailands currency crash. What were the causes? Throughout the East Asian crisis many different ideas have been proposed to what the cause or causes were. Attempts to identify the fundamental causes of a financial crisis always suffer from the problem of distinguishing insight from hindsight. Many financial journalists today have said the crisis was the inevitable consequence of overvalued exchange rates, large current account deficits, short-term capital inflows, opaque financial systems, or one of several other supposedly fatal flaws in East Asian capitalism. It seems fair to say that a few years back, nobody suspected that a calamity like what we have seen was possible, although all of the characteristics that are now described as the fatal flaws of the East Asian economies were reasonably widely understood even then, at least by experts.

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Our current society is not just

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Our current society is not just. There are too many inequalities between men and women in numerous situations for our society to be considered evenly balanced. Aristotle is one of the many philosophers who defined what a 'just' society would be. According to Aristotle, justice requires treating like cases alike and different cases differently. Presently, men and women are far from being treated alike. Susan Okin and Claudia Card in their respective book and article, Justice Gender and the Family and Against Marriage and Motherhood, argue that changes should be made in our society to create equality.

Susan Okin presents a strong argument against the way women are treated presently. She claims that 'our current gender structure is incompatible with the attainment of social justice, but also that the disappearance of gender is a prerequisite for the complete development of a nonsexist, fully human theory of justice' (Okin, 105). Okin provides a great deal of evidence that women's existing roles are unjust Three cases that illustrate her point are workplace financial inequities, housework responsibilities, and lack of advancement opportunities. She provides recent statistics to back up her argument that there are enormous discriminations against women in the workplace. On page 158 of her book, Okin states that

the 6 percent of all wives who work full-time earn, on average, only 6 percent as much as the average fill-time working husband, and the average wife who works for pay…earns only 4 percent as much, it is therefore not at all surprising that male dominance is far more common that female dominance

Through her example, one can see that women are not being treated fairly in terms of equal pay. If alike cases are meant to be treated alike in Aristotle's proposal of justice, this is a valid point to illustrate that men and women are not being regarded similarly. Another situation where gender plays a major role is the division of housework responsibilities. Okin proves this point in saying, 'in many of the households in which men and women both work full-time…the unequal distribution of housework between husbands and wives leads to gross inequities in the amount and type of work done by each' (Okin, 154). In a situation where both husband and wife are working full-time, the household responsibilities should rightly be equally divided. A third argument that Okin makes is that women are generally geared towards careers that do not provide advancement. She states, 'Regardless of educational achievement, women are far more likely than men to work in administrative support jobs, as a secretary, typist or bookkeeper, for example, which in most cases hold no prospect for advancement' (Okin, 144-145). Okin says that his is because, 'some of the segregation of wage work by sex is attributable to the individual choices that women and men make in the context of their own socialization and with knowledge of the gender structure of the family in particular' (Okin, 145). Our present society conditions women to believe that they can only enter certain fields and have certain types of careers. The conclusion that Okin comes to is that, 'Given these facts about the way power is distributed … it is not difficult to see how the vulnerability of married women…tend to form part of a vicious cycle' (Okin, 15). It is not just that half of our population is encouraged to fit an unfair profile in terms of financial inequalities, housework, and career opportunities.

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Susan Okin and Claudia Card both propose that changes must be made in order for our civilization to be non-discriminatory against women. They both agree that different governmental programs must be altered to produce an impartial society. Card argues that the legal establishment of marriage is so flawed that it should be eradicated. A first problem she sees is, 'that employers and others…often make available only to legally married couples benefits that anyone could be presumed to want, married or not…this is one way people…find themselves economically pressured into marrying' (Card, ). Many things such as insurance, property availability, and even workers compensation are only accessible to people who are legally married. This is another instance where a like case is not treated alike. Other people in relationships, such as lesbians or people who do not believe in the legal definition of marriage, cannot receive benefits that married couples obtain. This is unfair that only those who are legally defined as married can acquire such enhanced arrangements. A second dilemma in marriage that Card observes, 'is that…the consequences of divorce can be so difficult that many who should divorce do not…there are new economic motives to preserve emotionally disastrous unions' (Card, ). If people find that they are not made for one another it should not be so difficult to get legally separated. It is so easy to get married and the government encourages and promotes it, but if two people discover that they do not wish to be married anymore it is financially draining to both of them. It is not right to encourage the combination of two people who may be catastrophic together. A last issue that Card raises on page 100,

is that the legal rights of access that married partners have to each other's persons, property, and lives makes it all but impossible for a spouse to defend herself (or himself), or to be protected against torture, rape, battery, stalking, mayhem, or murder by the other spouse

There are many situations that arise where one person realizes that they do not know someone as well as they thought they did. The legal institution of marriage has loopholes where one partner does not have the rights they had before as single. 'the law does not protect unmarried batterers or tend to preserve the relationships of unmarried lovers in the way that it protects husbands and tends to preserve marriages' (Card, 100). Claudia Card verifies that, in terms of marriage, our culture is not yet just. Susan Okin also provides adjustments that should be must be made in order for women to be treated equally. Three modifications she recommends for an ethical and unbiased society are that the paternity of children should be determined at birth (Okin, 171), if partners are divorced the standard of living in each household should be the same (Okin, 17) and that if one partner works outside the home and the other does not, the salary of the paid spouse should be equally divided to the other (Okin, 180-181). Both Card and Okin claim that if certain changes were made, then a fair society would be reached eventually.

Claudia Card's argument holds more weight, in my opinion. Although Okin provides more broad implementations for society to change, Card's idea would be more effective. It would be a lot harder to require paternity tests at birth, require checks be divvied up for spouses, and to create equal standards of living, than it would be to eliminate the legal institution of marriage. It is a lot more rational to implement one major change that would probably have a lot of positive repercussions than to change many different aspects and implement many regulations that would probably only make life more difficult. Okin did provide valid and persuasive arguments that the current situation is not fair. She also showed examples in which her arguments were well illustrated. Card just proposed a better and more realistic solution. I believe if the legal definition of marriage was abolished than it would have an effect on many of the inequalities women face. First, children would grow up in a situation where both parents had equal power. If the future generation is brought up to view both their parents as alike, it may change some of the societal conditioning that creates unequal opportunities. A second positive influence Card's suggestion may have, is that workers would have uniform access to certain benefits that their employer provides. If the legal establishment of marriage were eradicated, then everyone would have the same opportunities to particular advantages from their jobs. A third possibility that may arise from Card's proposal is that violence may decrease between couples. If marriage was not around in the first place, people could escape more easily from possible detrimental relationships. The fact that divorce is inconveniencing in numerous ways, actually promotes tough and sometimes dangerous situations. In Aristotle's terms, we do not currently live in a just or fair society. Like cases are not treated alike and different cases are not treated differently. Women are not treated like men and married couples are not treated like unmarried couples. In order to create a righteous and moral society, changes must be made. I believe Claudia Card is on the right track to discovering this perfect and equal world.

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Agents of Sociology

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There is a certain foundation that I wish to establish before I attempt to discuss this question. Certain key terms that need to be thoroughly defined for easier understanding of the whole issue of socialization agents or agents of socialization.

Sociolization agents refers primarily to the persons by which and the setting in which the process of socialization is accomplished. Socialization agents are divided into two groups, i.e. (i) Primary groups and (ii) Secondary groups.

Groups basically have six characteristics and these are as follows

1.It has to have a sense of permanence, meaning it will not cease to exist when its members are apart because the group's norms, values and beliefs form a part of each individual's character.

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.It attaches an identity to each member.

.It formulates mechanisms for recruiting new members either formally (by use of posters or flyers) or informally (through personal interaction)

4.It sets out goals and/or purposes

5.Social status, roles, norms and values are assigned and each member must abide by them.

6.There are usually disciplinary procedures in place as a means of controlling behaviour.

Primary groups consist of members who share personal and long term relationship. According to Charles Cooley (10), Primary Groups can be characterized as an, 'Intimate face to face association and cooperation. They are primary in several senses but chiefly in that they are fundament; informing the social nature and ideas of individuals. The result of intimate socialization, psychologically is a certain fusion of individuals in a common whole so that ones very cell for many purposes, at least, is the common life and purpose of the group. Perhaps the simplest way of describing this wholeness is by saying that it is a 'we.' It involves the sort of sympathy and mutual identification for which 'we' is the natural expression.'

Secondary Groups is characterized as being less intimate. Formal and impersonal relationships usually exist amongst its members, designed around a specific set of goals, resulting in weak emotional ties. The duration period for such groups are short-termed, usually beginning and ending without any special significance.

Secondary groups are often larger than primary groups, partially as a result of their weaker, social ties. Loyalties and emotions are limited as secondary groups are goal oriented. The interaction within the secondary group is dependent on the status and roles of individuals and not by the personality features which is characteristic of those within primary groups.

Now that we have a brief understanding of groups, identifying the major socialization agents of adolescence children in Jamaica should be quite easy. These I have identified as The Family, School/peers, The Community and The Media.

The Family

The family is considered to be the most important agent of socialization. Members of a family usually share similar social views and children hold some party of affiliation as parents. The family is the first institution or group that everyone becomes a part of.

Over the years, the values and norms that govern a family seem to have been altered due to the variety of 'circumstances' that exist in Jamaica now and these have a much greater impact on our children.

There are those who have lost both parents in one way or another and it can be argued whether these can belong to a family, even in light of the fact that they may go through life without meeting or getting a chance to know a 'blood' relative. Most often these children are ill-treated and abused and offered very little help if any. What part does the family play in an orphan's life? Can those who make it their responsibility to provide the basic needs in life be considered 'family?' I believe we already know the answers to those questions, but it's sad to say that a majority of society's population does not care and that is exactly what we teach our children, who will in turn teach theirs.

There is also the rising issue of Father playing the role of both mother and father and visa-versa. This is one of the most common cases existing in Jamaica right now. Family was defined at one point in our history as having a 'head' which is the father and 'help meet' which is mother and this was a much more acceptable definition and I believe that if we had sought to build a family on that ancient foundation, we would have a better society today, eliminating the 'heart-broken' sight of seeing so many children on the street begging.

Because of the rise in teenage pregnancies and individuals who just have sex for 'have sex' sake many children are entering in this world unplanned for, unloved and unwanted. They are considered accident by those who just want to have fun without dealing with any repercussions and in most cases there are and that's why there are so many abortions being performed.

None the less, the family continues to be the most important of all the agents of socialization.

The School/ Peers

Peers are a strong influence in adolescent years. They sometimes have the power to force you into becoming some you can't be around family and this, of course, is a problem. The family will have a set of values, norms and beliefs that they will pass on to the children, but at school, peers create their own culture that they live by and most times it contradicts with that taught at home.

The level of violence in school has risen to an all time high contributing to the old and experienced fearing the young. Though the school system is designed to pass on social values and give children the opportunity to grow and learn in an environment populated by similar peers, we have to now figure out a way to protect our teachers. In times gone by it was, 'Spare the rod you spoil the child.' Now its, 'Spare the rod, I'll spare your life.'

Everything is changing. There are certain changes that we have no control over, but when adolescence kill each other…we have to admit that something has gone terrible wrong. You may find a lesser percentage of adolescence that show keen interest in achieving and this will affect the society as those who should be considering retirement will have to work for another 10 years or so.

The school will always be recognized as a valuable institution. Amidst the violence and lack of interest, it still continues to elevate

The Community

Communities in Jamaica have matured into a very important socialization agent. I discovered that adolescence children tend to spend a lot of their time on 'Community corners' with a mixture of gender and different age group. These are members of the community who congregate after a days work/school to partake in social events, such as domino playing, cards, drinking. Very often the level of communication is high among this specific group.

The community has become so powerful, that if they decide to block or prevent any vehicular traffic from entering the community, nothing can stop them. Through this, adolescent children learn from a very early age, the 'Marxist' way of seeking a better society.

A community no longer depends on political leaders or the police to make a difference. They have found their own ways to administer justice and to force the government to grant their request. The community teaches children to respect 'area dons' in society, because only they offer any promise of financial security. Adolescent children are also taught to abhor authoritative figures who seek to remove those criminal elements from society.

The Media

The media (namely television) has made a significant contribution to the downfall of our society. From Cartoon to News, many are being taught violent-related ways of solving our problems. If a member of a family is killed, whether by accident or otherwise, vengeance (by death) seems to be the only alternative and the security forces are no longer seen as a relative member of the justice system. (All this is a mirrored image of what we watch on television)

We may be forced to believe that violence is something that is provoked and death is only a reaction of overemphasized provocation, but in truth, the violent, one-man vengeance, bad is good good is bad mentality all derived from a witty writers imaginations that are materialized into television programs and daily fed into the minds and hearts of humans from a very early age.

If two children could be isolated, giving one complete access to violent-related channels, while the other is exposed only to religious programs for the first five years of their lives the results would be phenomenon.

The media has a strong influence on adolescent children. It has both the power of socialization and re-socialization. It has become an entertaining, competent baby-sitter and a vibrant, incomparable teacher and the character and personality of many is molded around what the media offers.

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An Emerging Market: China's Automobile Industry

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China's Automobile Industry

Where is the world's largest untapped market for the auto industry? The answer is China, of course. It is following the same path to success that South Korean automakers took in the 180's. Now that China has joined the World Trade Organization (WTO), the elimination of trade barriers provides a great opportunity for foreign companies. China is an emerging market, a country making an effort to change and improve its economy with the goal of raising its performance to that of the world's more advanced nations.

We'll begin by analyzing the role of regional economic integration in Asia, the Asian Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC). Then we'll compare and contrast some of the economic development stages of the surrounding countries and the effects of the economic development for global business. We'll also discuss the benefits of some of the major drivers of globalization in the Asian region. And finally it will be determined why the automobile industry is one of the leading industries that the Chinese government is aiming to develop in the future.

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Role of Regional Economic Integration

What do we mean by regional economic integration? Our textbook, International Business, defines it as "agreements among countries in a geographic region to reduce, and ultimately remove, tariff and nontariff barriers to the free flow of goods, services, and factors of production between each other."(p.).

There have been few significant attempts at regional economic integration outside of Western Europe and the Americas. The two most significant groups are the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) and the Asian Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC). Both have emerged as the beginning of a potential free trade region (Hill, C.W.L., p. 5).

APEC was founded in 10 at the suggestion of Australia. It currently has eighteen member states including the United States, Japan, and China. The eighteen member states account for half of the world's GNP, 40% of world trade, and most of the growth in the world economy (Hill, p. 5). APEC's goal was to increase multilateral cooperation in view of the economic rise of the Pacific nations and the growing interdependence within the region (Hill, p.5). The United States supported APEC because it believed that is may be a possible strategy for heading off any moves to create Asian groupings from which the U.S. might be excluded.

Economic Development

In 00, the outlook of the APEC economy was reported to be optimistic (People's Daily, October 00) and said that Asian developing members will continue to grow with strong exports and industrial production in the coming year. China and Vietnam expected to register 7% of the GDP growth in 00. In a document titled, "The 00 APEC Economic Outlook", it stated that China's economic condition remained healthy in 00 and should remain so throughout 00. APEC contributes that to the rebounding private demand and big boost from the government sector. Because of China's entry into the WTO it improved its position to induce foreign direct investment (FDI) in China, which would also improve the short-term economic outlook.

Following China's entry in the WTO, there have been plenty of business opportunities for foreign companies in the automobile industry. China will reduce its tariff on complete automobiles to an average rate of 5%, and the import tariff on all auto parts to an average rate of 10%. All these reductions are to be completed by January 006, with a 10% reduction each year starting from the year 000 (Jebsen Consult, December 00).

Here are just some facts on the booming automobile industry and why the Chinese government aims to develop it

Fact #1 Automobile manufacturers produced . million vehicles of all types in 001.

Fact # Sales volume increased by ,000 units, a 14% increase.

Fact # Production volume rose by 1% from the year 000 to 001.

Fact #4 The year 001 experienced the highest growth rate in terms of both production

and sales in the past five years.

Let's take a look back on the automobile production industry in the United States vs. China in 15. Below is a graph that shows the U.S. producing some 6.6 million automobiles to China's 40,000 in 15.

But if we look into the future, the U.S. output is not likely to increase much since most of the automobiles made today are used for replacement rather than for expanding the fleet. China, by contrast, plans to increase production to million people per year by the end of the decade, building a fleet of million automobiles by the year 010. If China's automobiles reach 1 for every people, as in the U.S. its fleet of 600 million cars will far exceed the 15 world fleet of 480 million cars. During the 10s, China has emerged as an economic superpower, boasting the worlds second largest economy. It is now challenging not only U.S. economic leadership, but also the earths environmental limits. Using purchasing power parity to measure output, Chinas 15 GNP of just over $ trillion exceeded Japans $.6 trillion and trailed only the U.S. output of $6.7 trillion. If the Chinese economy continues to double every eight years, the pace it has maintained since 180, it will overtake the United States by 010, becoming the worlds largest economy (Brown, Lester R. & Flavin, Christopher, September/October 16).

Major Drivers of Globalization

There are some major drivers in the Asian region that contribute to the upswing of China's automobile industry. The Chinese economy is growing so rapidly and if it continues to double every eight years, it will overtake the United States economy by the year 010, making it the world's largest economy. From 16 to 000, the Chinese economy has grown ten to fourteen percent per year. As China's 1. billion people moves into modern homes, buys cars, refrigerators and TVs, and shifts to a meat-base diet, the entire world will feel the effects (Brown & Flavin).

Another major driver is a since China's entry into the WTO it creates a favorable environment for investment and business operation for foreign investors because foreign automobiles and spare parts with low tariffs are allowed to enter the Chinese market. Presently of the world's top 500 automobile assemblers and manufacturers, 51 have set up joint ventures in China (Asian Information Resources Ltd, 00).

Also, since vehicle use is just beginning to take off in China, it opens a door of great opportunity for China. In other words, since it is China's choice of vehicle transportation systems to make, China can then commit themselves to fuels that are much cleaner than oil, such as natural gas. Natural gas after all is plentiful in several Chinese provinces. China can also look to electric motors, efficient hybrid cars and maybe even hydrogen fuel cell vehicles (Wiesbrod, Dr. Roberta, INFORM, Inc., 18).

Accordingly, China is an emerging market. It has vast resources and a population of more than a billion people. It has launched satellites into space and has a large army. In 000, China's output of automobiles added up to million, an increase of 1% from the previous year. .1 million automobiles were sold in all, an increase again of almost 14% over 1. The ratio of sales volume to output was 101%. Presently though China's penetration rate of automobiles to person is only one auto per thousand people. That is low compared to that in developed countries. So what does all this mean? It means that there is a huge potential in China's automobile market (Asian Information Resources, Ltd).

References

Asian Information Resources Ltd. (001, August). China Automobile Market-001.

Retrieved March 1, 00 from the World Wide Web http//www.mindbranch.com/

catalog/product.jsp?code=R00-004.

Brown, Lester R. & Flavin, Christopher (September 16). China's Challenge to the U.S.

And to the Earth. Retrieved March , 00 from the World Wide Web http//www.

Wordwatch.org.

Hill, C.W.L. (000). International Business Competing in the Global Marketplace

(rd ed.) [University of Phoenix Special Edition Series]. Burr Ridge, IL

Irwin/McGraw-Hill.

Jebsen Consult (December 00). China Automobile Market Study. Retrieved March 1,

00 from the World Wide Web http//www.jebsen.com/English/consult.

Manufacturers' News, Inc. The Industrial Information Source. China Auto Industry

Market Survey (1st ed.). Retrieved March 1, 00 from the World Wide Web

http//mnistore.com/china/auto.asp.

Weisbrod, Roberta (June 17, 18). China's Transportation Growth Threatens Health,

Political Stability and Environment Switch to Clean Fuels Needed. Retrieved

March , 00 from the World Wide Web http//www.informline.org/pr_cleanfuel

China.php.

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The Economic Legacy of Franklin D. Roosevelt:His Plan to End the Great Depression

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The Economic Legacy of Franklin D. Roosevelt His Plan to End the Great Depression

The Great Depression had a devastating impact on the American economy and the American people. President Hoover's inactivity and belief in waiting things out left the United States in economic turmoil and in search of a new more dynamic leader. That leader was Franklin Delano Roosevelt who took over the presidency on January 0, 1. This was without a doubt one of the most difficult and critical times to assume that office. The depression had hit its peak, our economy was in total collapse, unemployment rose to 0%, inflation was high, and GDP was down by 50% (Dinkins, 001). But, inspired by optimism and hope, FDR brought a new plan into light. Contraire to Hoover's classic economic beliefs, Roosevelt focused on "pump priming" economics, based in the Keynesian economic philosophy. President Roosevelt felt it was crucial to invest in the people and to instate government programs in order to boost the economy. In accordance with this philosophy, he added that the economy had to be built from the bottom up and not the top down. Roosevelt would achieve economic growth and stability through submitting large quantities of legislation which came to be known as the New Deal.

When FDR took over the presidency in 1, there was much controversy about which type of economic intervention he should pursue in order to combat the Great Depression. President Herbert Hoover and many of the presidents that came before him followed the laws of classic economics. Hoover's ideas were largely based on Say's Law or supply creates its own demand (Miller, 001, pg 47). For this reason, Hoover was very slow to use any government intervention when the nation's economy fell into a depression. It was his belief that in time the economy would recover on its own; by simply generating goods and services, the willingness to consume those and other goods and services would be generated. Franklin D. Roosevelt was of a much different thinking of that of his predecessors. In 1, the United States was in urgent need of coordinating supply and demand. FDR had a new economic vision which ultimately generated governmental responsibility in the performance of the economy (Barber, 17). The president would achieve this goal by requiring the federal government to formally accept responsibility for promoting maximum employment, production, and purchasing power (Barber, 17). By passing legislation that allowed government intervention in the economy; And, in the true form of Keynesian economics, Roosevelt was able to increase aggregate spending without raising the price level (Miller, 001, pg 54).

In 1, while still campaigning for the presidency, FDR noted, "These unhappy times call for the building of plans that rest on the forgotten, the unorganized but the indispensable units of economic power . . . that build from the bottom up and not from the top down, that put their faith once more in the forgotten man at the bottom of the economic pyramid." At the time of this speech, America was still in the midst of the Great Depression and a time leading up to the New Deal, government had often been the handmaiden of business, and many presidents had shared the values of businessmen (Leuchtenburg, 188). Roosevelt, on the other hand, made it clear that he did not share those same values. FDR believed that big business was not what would save the country from the Great Depression. It was much more important for the United States to focus on the lower classes of society and start rebuilding the economy from the bottom. In his inaugural speech, given on March 4, 1, President Roosevelt said, "Our greatest primary task is to put people to work." In saying this, he was not referring to America's businessmen; rather he was talking about the farmers, the industrial workers, and the simple man. The president went on to add that definite efforts to raise the values of agriculture products would, in turn, increase the power to purchase the output of our cities. This would be the economy basis for the "New Deal" that he would use to stimulate and rebuild the American economy.

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During the first 100 days of his presidency, FDR pushed numerous pieces of "New Deal" legislation through Congress. These economic measures were taken in order to attack the problems of the Great Depression on three separate levels. First, emergency measures, such as social relief programs and make-work programs of all kinds were instated. This would give urgently needed jobs to millions of Americans and prevent them from literally starving (Cramer, 000). For the first time, the United States had established a concept of minimum wage, insurance for the unemployed, healthcare for all classes of society, abolished child labor, and allowed for work unions to be established. Secondly, the president and Congress passed legislation focused on reconstructing and developing the country's totally ruined infrastructure (Cramer, 000). Most noted is the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA), an agency created to build dams in the Tennessee River valley, creating jobs, more stable irrigation, and cheap hydroelectric power. Lastly, reform measures were taken to avoid another depression and insure citizens against returning economic disasters. With this, FDR set up permanent agencies such as the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), designed to monitor stock market activity and ensure against fraud, and the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC), intended to insure depositors money. More widely known is the Social Security Act, which allows for the elderly of our society to always be provided enough money to survive.

Franklin Delano Roosevelt entered the presidency at an extremely trying time for the American economy. It was up to him to turn this nation around and bring it out of the Great Depression. FDR did exactly that, and he did it at a dizzying pace with economic policies that paid no respect to standard rules or previous economic wisdom (Barber, 17). It was Franklin D. Roosevelt's "New Deal" along with Keynes' "pump priming" economics led this country out of the Great Depression and into a new era for the economy and society. Today, we have come to the realization that true individual freedom cannot exist without economic security and independence. President Roosevelt gave this country that economic security and independence with the New Deal. In doing so, he armed the American people with a right to a job, a right to minimum wage, a right for every family to live in a descent home, a right to adequate medical care, a right to a good education, and most importantly a right to protection against the economic fears of old age and unemployment (Leuchtenburg, 188). President Franklin Delano Roosevelt's economic legacy lives on. He delivered this nation from the Great Depression and gave the American people a "New Deal", a deal which allows us to live under the economic "freedoms" we still enjoy today.

References

Barber, William J. (17). "FDR's Big Government Legacy." Regional Review. Summer 17-Vol.7, No. . Retrieved on September , 00 from the World Wide Web http//www.bos.frb.org/economics/nerr/rr17/summer/barb7_.htm

Cramer, Hartmut (000). "FDR's 'New Deal' An Example of American System Economics." Executive Intelligence Review. June 16, 000 issue. Retrieved on September , 00 from the World Wide Web http//www.larouchepub.com/other/000/cramer_fdr74.html

Dinkins, David (001). FDR and the New Deal. Retrieved on September , 00 from the World Wide Web http//va.essortment.com/fdrnewdealfra_rgst.htm

Leuchtenburg, William E. (188). The FDR Years On Roosevelt and His Legacy. Retrieved on September , 00 from the World Wide Web http//www.washingtonpost.com/wp-sry/style/longterm/books/chap1/fdryears.htm

Miller, Roger LeRoy (001). Economics Today 001-00 Edition. Arlington, Texas Institute of University Studies.

Roosevelt, Franklin Delano (1). "The Forgotten Man." Radio Address, Albany, NY April 7, 1. Retrieved from the World Wide Web http//newdeal.feri.org/speeches/1c.html

Roosevelt, Franklin Delano (1). Inaugural Speech, Washington D.C. March 4, 1. Retrieved on September , 00 from the World Wide Web http//usliberals.about.com/library/blfdrinaug.htm

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Reality TV: It's Impact on America

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Lately there has been a great increase in the number of reality TV shows on network television. This makes me wonder, is it really necessary for every show to be a reality TV show? I thought TV was supposed to be an unreal world, a world that takes you away from the real world. Now, the real world is being brought to TV for entertainment and mockery. What ever happened to the unreal fantasy worlds that were shown on TV and made us laugh? Now we laugh at people getting hurt, people backstabbing one another, people cheating on their lovers and a lot of other mischievous things. In some aspects it is okay to have a reality TV show when addressing a certain issue, such as the real life of an African American family. A reality TV show that is meant to help the viewer and increase their knowledge about a certain issue is okay because it is not dumbfounding their mind and it has a purpose. The reality TV shows that are on TV now have no purpose and are very absurd. Networks that decide to show outrageous shows and put people's lives on the line for money are just greedy and want to make quick money. What networks do now to get viewers attention is just mischievous, ridiculous and pointless. Through reality TV we can see how America has lost its dignity and its basics of life.

Reality TV has been around since 148 with the debut of "Candid Camera," a reality TV show which catches people's reactions to bizarre and crazy situations set up by actors (Rowen). Since then, reality TV shows have been on the rise. The debut of "An American Family" in 17 was the inspiration for the reality TV show "The Real World" (Rowen). These two shows were similar in the fact that they documented people's everyday lives. I think these shows are okay because they are not stupendous. Shows like they "Real World" and "An American Family," allow the viewers to get an inside view of peoples daily lives and it is very interesting to watch and see how people live.

Today, not all shows are like the "Real World" and "An American Family". The shows today are about money and fame. It is unbelievable to see what extreme certain people would go through to just win some money and become famous. Many of these fame and money shows have been popping up lately and it is getting to the point, I think, to where there are too many of them. Names of some of these shows like this are, "Fear Factor," in which, is a show where individuals do anything, like eating bugs for instance to win some money and "The Mole," which is a show about individuals who try to figure out who is the "Mole" among themselves. These are just a few of the dumb and pointless shows I think are on TV. Of course it is all for entertainment, but they could put something else on TV that is better to watch. Everywhere I look there is a reality TV show on. I am so annoyed by this and now most of the time I do not even watch ABC or CBS or any of the major networks anymore because all they have on are reality TV shows. At first it was okay when "Survivor" came out and then "Big Brother," but after that it was just too much.

It made me wonder why the television networks were thriving so much on reality TV. Do they not have the means to sit down and write scripts for sitcoms anymore? Are they just willing to put people's lives on the line with some of these crazy shows for higher ratings? I really wonder. Sometimes I think the government has something to do with all of the reality TV shows we see on TV and I also think they are trying to blind us in a certain perspective, and they do not want us to see the truth. For example, something important may happen, but the government uses reality TV to steer us away because they know that we will become wrapped up in it like we already are now. It is very obvious that when we see certain things on TV it is sensationalized. There is only one side of the story that we are aloud to see or hear. Think about it, in our news coverage the media does not show us everything. They show us things that they know will boost their ratings.

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I am trying to relate to the fact that, for example during /11 if anybody paid attention there was a stream of reality TV shows that popped up out of nowhere. For example, "Survivor" and its buddy next door, "Big Brother" came out in 000. I know these shows did open up a way for new reality TV shows, but the new shows did not come as quick as they came after /11. Again, I think the government has something to do with it. I know it may seem very inconspicuous, but notice the time a lot of these new shows came out. First was the TV show "Love Cruise," on CBS which premiered on September 5, 001, then "The Mole II" on ABC which premiered on September 8, 001, next was "Ripley's Believe It Or Not!" which replaced another reality TV show called "Lost in the USA" on September 0, 001, then on October 18, 001 "Popstars ," on the WB premiered and then last but not least on November 7, 001, "Temptation Island " premiered. All of these shows premiered after /11 and during last couple months of the year (Reality Shows).

Another aspect of reality TV I know for sure that is affecting Americans is "The War," it is being played out on reality TV 4 hours a day. This was a first for Americans to see a live instantaneous war being played across our TV screens as it was happening. To me it was almost like watching a movie, but I had to keep telling myself that it was really going on at the time and I was watching it. I thought that being able to watch the war on live reality TV was good and bad. For one, we were able to see what really goes on during a war and we can feel sympathy for the soldiers more as were watching them. For two, the war was not good in a way because we were allowed to see images of war such as dead bodies that we would not usually be able to see. We even saw our own American troops being abused on Iraqi television. This is another disadvantage of having a real-time war. E.C Fish, author of the article "War, Reality, and Reality TV," states that reality TV has set a new standard for America in that Americans are so wrapped up into reality television that such a great number of people would rather tune into a reality TV finale than be concerned with Americas political issues. This obviously states that there is a problem with America; we are concerned about the wrong things. It is okay to have entertainment, but there should be a balance. It seems like reality TV is what matters to America.

I do not see why people get so into these reality TV shows so much because they do not know how real these shows are. John Dvorak author in P.C. Magazine states that some reality TV shows have supposedly been staged. "Joe Millionaire" is one of the suspicions. Dvorak found that two of the semi-finalist girls in the show were both actors and they actually had been called by their agents for the job. Also, stated by Gary Levin of USA Today, that most reality TV series that people see on TV are edited, and a character can be made to have supposedly acted a different way than how he or she was shown on the TV show. I believe this is because it goes back to what the networks want and they will do anything to increase their ratings.

The "Christian Science Monitor" magazine describes its view of reality TV

Looking back at Survivor, the genesis of this genre, TVs rapid descent into darkness is clear. That many reality shows now are mired in litigation is itself a telling development. Some have been sued for defamation of character, invasion of privacy, emotional and physical abuse, or even rigging of results. What helps drive these shows is that they can cost about half of a typical hour-long TV drama or sitcom (although theyre less likely to be syndicated). Lost, though, in the focus on the business bottom line, is an emphasis on the art and craft of television. Witty writers who helped propel sitcoms and dramas aren't part of this new reality mix. Still, what reality programs do offer, despite their often abhorrent form, is a fairly high degree of authenticity. Studies have shown that Americans long for that quality in public life, in politics, and business, and now, apparently, in television entertainment.

I agree very much with the "Christian Science Monitor," reality TV has a bad side to it and somewhat of a good side to it. It all depends on what reality TV is being use for. It can and has been used for the good, the bad, and the ugly. From my perspective reality TV now is just stupid, all these dumb shows make me mad every time I hear about them. America, I think needs to let reality TV go and return to the basics of life. Or at least have a balance, but there is not balance right now. Everything "is" a reality television show.

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Great Awakening

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The Great Awakening

The Great Awakening was characterized by a series of Christian revivals that took place

in British Colonial America in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. What is revivalism? The

Merriam Webster dictionary defines revivalism as a new presentation or publication of

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something old ,a period of renewed religious interest , or an often highly emotional evangelistic

meeting . Revivalism was indeed a new technique used to reintroduce people to God. The Great

Awakening had many causes which were mainly centered around the church and religion. It

spread revivalism into the colonies and left overall results which changed Colonial America

forever.

Before, Puritanism was the major denomination of the New England colonies. The

Puritan theology consisted of three covenants with God. In these covenants of Works, Grace, and

Redemption , the New Englanders believed that they were on earth as a mission from God, that

God is committed to carrying out the Covenant of Grace which he promised to Abraham, and t

that God must set free people who commit iniquity. Perry Miller, a New Englander, said, "God

covenanted with Christ that if he would pay the full price for the redemption of believers, they

should be discharged. Christ hath paid the price, God must be unjust, or else he must set thee

free from all iniquitie. The New England Way was characterized by a self-governing church

(congregation) that worked hand in hand with the government. Also , the male members voted

who would run the town's affairs. In order for a person to get to be a member of the church, they

would have to state their conversion experience to their congregation. Many of the first

generation Puritans were members of the church, however, the second generation lacked

"sainted" members.

The major cause of the Great Awakening was the decline in church membership. This was

due to the forming of plantations and farms that took people to far lands in which their major

focus was of survival.Their focus on religion faded and they became more focused on the

material aspects of life. Thus, the balance between the spiritual life and material life was

shattered. Many of the people that did live in New England were still not church members. This

was probably because religion was too orthodox and "unemotional." Also, another cause that led

to the Great Awakening was that people were becoming more and more morally insufficient. For

example, they were having premarital and extramarital sexual relations which resulted in

children out of wedlock. The Enlightenment also had impact on the Great Awakening. The

educated people were turning towards skepticism and deism. Skeptics doubted basic religious

principles and the Deists believed that God did not miraculously involve himself with the natural

works of the universe. This means that that he created the universe and it was left up to man as

to how things were to be carried out. Many Enlightenment ideas also circled around the idea that

humans, through reason , could discover the thoughts of God and control their own destinies.

New techniques such as revivals were needed to draw people into the church . The revivals led

America into its first religious 'mass movement' , the Great Awakening.

Revivals had been started in the seventeenth century in certain areas, but they didn't

have any major effects until the mid- eighteenth century. For example, the only major revival

that took place before the eighteenth century was that of Solomon Stoddard. Stoddard's

Northampton, Massachusetts, sermon died out because of the Enlightenment and its emphasis on

man. The older generation later became concerned for the second and third generations. These

new generations were forgetting the Puritan theocracy. One of the principle preachers that

recognized the need for revival was Jonathan Edwards.

Jonathan Edwards started a series of sermons to make the second generation of New

Englanders search their hearts for sin and repent. One of his most famous sermons is "

Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God." In this sermon , he emphasized that at any moment we

could die and wed be submerged into fires of everlasting hell. His sermons also pointed on

justification by faith, the justice of God in the fate of sinners, and the greatness of Christ.

Edward's descriptions , in his sermons, of the delights of heaven and the tortures of hell led to

many people's conversions. The most influential evangelist was George Whitefield. He first

came to Philadelphia and then moved northward to New England. His sermons drew great

crowds and persuaded many to convert. One of the great people who was persuaded by

Whitefield's sermons, was Benjamin Franklin. Whitefield emphasized the need to experience a

" new birth." This is the idea that is the key component of evangelicalism. He also believed in

the down play of denominations. Whitefield had once said in a sermon , Father Abraham, whom

have you in heaven? Any Episcopalians? No! Any Presbyterians? No! Any Independents or

Methodists? No, No No! Whom have you there? We dont know those names here. All who are

here are Christians...Oh, is this the case? The God help us to forget your party names and to

become Christians in deed and truth.

The evangelists' revivals led to the end of Puritanism in the colonies. The revivals in the

Middle Colonies were led by Theodore J. Frelinghuysen and William Tennet . First, when

Frelinghuysen came to America in 170, he realized the people were cold and "unemotional"

towards religion. His passionate sermons led to the conversions of many people. Later, William

Tennet set up Log's College which educated young men for the ministry. The graduates of Log

College spread and preached militant revivalism .

The South was the last effected by the revivals of the Great Awakening . This was because

there was religion active there and the authorities enforced the established church and kept the

evangelists away. In 174, Mr. Samuel Morris got a hold of a volume of Whitefields sermons

and of Luthers books. This man invited people to come over to his house so he could read the

works to them. Later, this group of listeners became so big they had to build buildings like

Morriss Reading House. The major revivalist in the South was Samuel Davies. Davies also

followed Whitefield's ideas of the " down play" of denominations. When Davies came to

Virginia, churches grew and Presbyterianism came to a rise.

The Great Awakening had many results. The major result of the Great Awakening was

that church membership increased and more denominations such as the Methodists, Baptists, and

Presbyterians were formed. The evangelical principle was permanently implanted in the

American culture as a result of the Awakening. Four fifths of the Americans were unified in that

they shared the common 'evangelical view of life.' In addition to the religion inspired schools of

Harvard, the College of William and Mary, and Yale college ; many new denominational schools

were formed. For example, the Presbyterian College of New Jersey was formed .Also, another

result of the Awakening was that the Puritan theocracy was dissolved and new ideas that man

himself was responsible for salvation took over. Blacks as well as whites were engulfed by

evangelicalism. This led to the evangelicals' belief of slavery as sinful. The Great Awakening

had an indirect effect on political life. Dr. Beardsley has said, The religious convictions of the

American people, which so largely were called into being through the revival, served as a

balance to the political revolution which resulted in independence and prevented it from being

hurled into the vortex of anarchy and ruin, in which the French Revolution was swallowed up.

Last , but not least, people felt a "revived a sense of religious mission." They went out and

converted blacks and Indians.

In conclusion , the Great Awakening was the first major movement of religious fervor that

took place in British Colonial America. This movement ended Puritanism and gave rise to

Evangelicalism. People of the colonies who weren't committed to church and even the few who

had religious beliefs, turned to the revivalists that preached for the need to experience "new

birth" and the dangers of an 'unconverted ministry.' Preachers such as Edwards converted many

congregants. Many people realized their sins and repented. People started to judge things for

themselves and the status of the "old- fashioned- clergy" was weakened. Many new

denominations such as the Baptists, Presbyterians, and Methodists were formed.These

evangelicals felt a "revived sense of religious mission," which led them to convert other

communities such as the black and the Indians.

Please note that this sample paper on Great Awakening is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Great Awakening, we are here to assist you. Your cheap research papers on Great Awakening will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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