Levi's: A World Icon

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Levi's jeans, created by Levi Strauss, for miners in the late 1800's has become a phenomenal fashion trend in today's society. With the help of mass media and societal changes, Levi's went from a practical commodity to an internationally known fashion statement. Better known as the original blue jeans of today, Levi's authentic and innovative jeans began setting new standards in the production of denim. Parasitic companies' that imitated Levi's look thrived off their advertising campaigns because it was Levi's key element to success. Now a household name, Levi's jeans have transcended cultural boundaries around the world through the techniques of mass communications.

In the 150's, there were massive changes in society; denim pants became less associated with work-wear and more associated with leisure activities. "It was not until the '50's, though that jeans shed their working-class aura and became the icon of youth, rebellion, and frisky sexuality," stated by Jay Tolson (U.S. News & World Report). This was Levi's jeans breakout era on the fashion market. They were among the explosion of cinema and the rock' n' roll culture, becoming associated with sex and rebellion. During this time, Hollywood stars were wearing blue jeans as a style rather than a practical garment, such as Marlon Brando and James Dean. Marlon Brando's debut in "The Wild One," wearing blue jeans, launched Levi's as a medium of mass communications. Wearing them in films and in their day-to-day lives, they became mediums of mass media, reaching a wide-range of audiences, making blue jeans a symbol of the new generation of rebels.

Due to this unpopular attention, Levi's jeans were banned from schools because of its bad boy image. To add fuel to the fire, Levi's created an ad in a national newspaper. The ad was of a photo of a clean-cut kid with the caption "Right For School." Many people were upset by this, like one woman from New Jersey who wrote, "While I have to admit that this may be right for schools' in San Francisco, in the West or in some rural areas, I can assure you that it is in bad taste and not right for schools' in the East and particularly New York . . . Of course, you may have different standards and perhaps your employees are permitted to wear Bermuda shorts or golf togs in your office while transacting Levis business! (Gromer, Cliff Popular Mechanics) All this publicity pushed sales even higher.

Denim Jeans had become the symbol of social and sexual freedom by the 160's. There was a great proliferation of pop culture, as incomes rose, the average young worker had more disposable income than ever to spend. The rising incomes meant more purchasing power and a bigger market, but it also meant rising costs. This was both a good time and a bad time for a mass manufacturer, such as Levi's. Many small-scale manufacturers and retailers that arose took advantage of the vast expansion of pop culture to market a perplex array of ever-changing styles. Big manufactures, like Levi's often found it hard to keep up. The tone of style created around the blue jean by Hollywood and Western pop culture did not end at the borders of the United States. Although Levi's found their way onto the behinds of people living in other countries through the efforts of mass communication, the market was already too big, thus creating a problem of imitation for them.

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They say that imitation is a form of flattery, but when it interferes with the economical factor of a business, it becomes a nuisance. This rapid growth of pop culture, with its unpredictable style shifts, its valuing of cheap materials, and its multiple-entry points for new expressions of style, was a difficult time for the mass manufacturers, like Levi's. Since denim was such a basic garment, it was easily copied and even counterfeited. This created an industry that could easily be duplicated. Ironically, just as big firms like Levi's benefited from the circulation of images, so did their imitators benefit from their advertising campaigns, which promoted the idea of the garment as much as their particular brand. This created efforts to distinguish products made by them, in hopes of staying one jump ahead of imitators, like the tiny red tag on the back of Levi's jeans, which is also a messaging feature, designed to draw attention to the wearer's buttocks. Making their wearer's walking advertisements.

By the 170's, due to the acceptance of denim everywhere, it lost its image of rebellion and sexual freedom causing sales to fall dramatically. Levi's was a part of the advertising trend that kept a repetitious promotion of their brands circulating in hopes of reaching mass audiences, which should have logically resulted in increasing sales, but didn't. What they overlooked was that changes in society would affect not only the want, but also the image of their brand. This all the time in your face advertising killed sales. Since blue jeans were no longer considered taboo in the hierarchy of fashion, the want no longer existed.

Not until 185, when Levi's re-launched their 501's did the blue jean business pick-up. Audiences were seduced by Levi's advertising campaign with their unforgettable 'Laundry' advert. The commercial was about a guy who takes off his jeans and throws them in the washing machine at the laundromat in front of two astonished, giggling young women. Although the public was not ready for the forbidden nature of the commercial on primetime television, the young generation loved it. It created the allure of sex and as the saying goes, "Sex Sells." The campaign was a great success and sales rocketed.

Levi's was the first U.S. apparel company to use radio and television to market their products (Vision & Values, Levi Strauss & Co.). Their flare for running an array of multiple ad campaigns to increase consumers worldwide has always been their strategy. Like in the past, celebrities were a key element to the blue jean rise on the fashion scene. They took that step again a few years ago when the television show, Beverly Hills 010 was a leading series. They used the star, Jennie Garth in several on-air promo spots, targeting females between the ages 14-to-4 years old.

Their present advertising efforts go well beyond anything they have ever done in the past. Today's technological advances make it easier for Levi's to reach anyone, anywhere. In 1, Levi's decided to go virtual. They extended their branding effort online, by launching its first interactive and e-commerce shopping experience on its web site, Levi.com. Using the web as a full form of advertising, they were able to unify all its brands in one broad international package. Barth Ballard, Levi's digital marketing manager, told Digitrends, "The interactive ad represents the future of advertising," (Garcia, Abby Digitrends.net). In addition to their latest form of advertisement, Levi's has already generated a huge audience through the likes of television, periodicals, radio, etc. Their increasing audience and everlasting popularity is a direct result of mass communications.

Levi's jeans' has evolved into a cultural icon that has changed with time. While their look has become versatile among the likes of the young and old, their current marketing approaches remain similar to those of the past. Their ads have always kept up with the changing of the times, but their strategic marketing targets remain the same, sustaining their business for more than a century. With the exception of the World Wide Web, advertisement for Levi's jeans' hasn't really changed. Their strategies and the groups that they target are the same. Using a network of mass media to infiltrate the minds of consumers, while creating controversy was a way to push sales through the roof. I feel that this form of marketing was Levi's key to staying afloat, among the other denim jeans competitors.

Levi's ability to recognize changes in society through past experiences, gives them a clear vision for concepts before starting ad campaigns today. Unlike their traditional adverts, Levi's usage of the web took on a different position. They are using the web as a global medium through which they can leverage their position as a leading-edge youth marketer and reach many consumers at once. Although, these high-tech advances are not traditional, Levi's is relying on the good, old-fashioned 'word of mouth' to build traffic on its web site.

Levi's jeans have become a social statement and a lifestyle in our society. Beginning as overalls for miners and later becoming 'jeans' for everyday fashion. Their innovative spirit and authenticity are just two of the many traits that have kept them around for so long.

Tolson, Jay. "Improving the U.S. Jean Pool." U.S. News & World Report 17 (1) 56

Gromer, Cliff. "Levi's Jeans." Popular Mechanics May 1 4

Vision & Values. Levi Strauss & Co. 5 April 00

http//www.levistrauss.com/about/vision.html

Garcia, Abby. "Levi's Jeans Extends its Branding Effort Online." Digitrends.net. 001. 5 April 00

http//www.digitrends.net/mna/index_7667.html

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Classroom Discipline

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Cotton, Kathleen. Schoolwide and Classroom Discipline. School Improvement Research Series. December 10

http//www.nwrel.org/scpd/sirs/5/cu.html

The purpose of this article was to offer a synthesis of findings from research studies which have identified effective classroom and school-level disciplinary practices.

This article defines "discipline", reports on the research on school-wide and classroom discipline practices, explains the role teacher training has on classroom management, describes disciplining different kinds of students, details specific discipline programs, and highlights ineffective disciplinary practices.

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Lack of discipline has been identified most often as the most serious problem facing the nation's educational system. Many educators and students are also concerned about disorder and danger in school environments. Nearly 17,000 students per month experience physical injuries serious enough to require medical attention. In addition to these school discipline issues, classrooms often experience minor forms of misbehavior which disrupts the learning process. Approximately one-half of all classroom time is taken up with activities other than instruction, and discipline problems are responsible for a significant portion of this lost instructional time.

Discipline refers to both prevention and remediation. It is the business of enforcing simple classroom rules that facilitate learning and minimize disruption. Some educators view disciplinary activities as irritating intrusions into school life which should not be necessary while others simply regard these activities as a natural part of the educational process.

School-wide discipline. When the unit of analysis is the entire school, researchers have most often conducted comparative studies of well-disciplined and poorly disciplined schools to identify critical differences in discipline practices. Safe, orderly, well-managed schools have similar components. There is a commitment, on the part of staff, to establishing and maintaining appropriate student behavior as an essential precondition of learning. There are high behavioral expectations, clear and broad-based rules and a warm climate. There is a visible, supportive principal who delegates minor discipline authority to teachers. Lastly, well-disciplined schools have close ties with their community.

For the discipline issues faced by most schools, research supports the use of the following practices, many of which are applicable at either the school-wide or classroom levels. Punishment, in some forms, is an effective method of remediating individual misbehavior if the punishment is commensurate with the offense committed (Draconian punishments are ineffective), if it is perceived by the student as punishment, and if it is delivered with support. Counseling services are effective when the student lacks insight and understanding regarding their own misbehavior. In-school suspension programs are effective when they include guidance, support, planning for change, and opportunities to build new skills. Contingency contracts perform well when they specify the sanctions students will face if they do not behave in accordance with the terms of the contract. Home-based reinforcement has also been shown to improve student behavior.

Some school environments are so fraught with disorder and dangers that more broad-based approaches are called for in order to bring about real improvements in the school environment. The organizational development approach may result in significant improvements in student behavior and academic outcomes. This approach utilizes school teams, curriculum and discipline reviews, academic innovations, climate innovations, career-oriented innovations and special services such as counseling and monitoring of improvements. Increasing parental involvement is also a critical element in improving order in troubled schools.

Classroom management and discipline. Effective mangers are those teachers whose classrooms are orderly, have a minimum of student misbehavior, and have high levels of time-on-task, and ineffective managers are those whose classrooms lack these qualities. Effective and ineffective managers do not differ greatly in their methods for dealing with disruption. Instead, effective mangers are much more skilled at preventing disruptions from occurring in the first place. There are specific behaviors that effective managers engage in to keep students focused on learning and to reduce the likelihood of classroom disruption. These include "Withitness", which communicates to students that the teacher knows what is going on in the classroom. Attending to different events simultaneously. Conducting lessons with smoothness and momentum. Providing students seatwork activities that have variety and offer challenge.

There are also certain teacher behaviors that comprise effective classroom management. These include holding and communicating high expectations for student learning and behavior, establishing and clearly teaching classroom rules and procedures, specifying consequences and their relation to student behavior, enforcing classroom rules promptly, consistently, and equitably, sharing with students the responsibility for classroom management, maintaining a brisk pace for instruction and making smooth transitions between activities, and monitoring classroom activities and providing feedback and reinforcement.

Other approaches have been identified as being effective in establishing and maintaining positive, orderly classroom environments. When a student's behavior is a response to academic failure, new opportunities for academic and social success may be effective. Many students don't perceive a connection between their level of effort and the academic or behavioral outcomes. These students need to be taught to attribute their success or failure to their personal effort. Effective management practices produce much more positive outcomes when they are enacted from the very first day of school.

Effective interventions exist which are supported by research. Behavior modification approaches such as reinforcement is often effective in improving the classroom conduct of misbehaving students and does not undermine students' intrinsic motivation, provided the reinforcement is contingent on performance and given sparingly. Group contingencies, in which rewards and punishment are meted out to groups rather than individuals are often effective as well. Prosocial skills training and peer tutoring are both effective also.

Teacher training in classroom management. Significant improvements in classroom discipline may be achieved through the provision of teacher training. Typically, training programs include learning activities and practice in the areas of room organization, developing workable rules and consequences, student accountability, increased instructional clarity, and adjusting instruction.

Disciplining different kinds of students. Students need to be taught what constitutes appropriate behavior, what the school and classroom rules are, and how to follow them. Effective managers socialize younger students to the student role through instruction and modeling. With older students, the best results are obtained through vigilantly reminding students about the rules and procedures of the school and classroom and monitoring their compliance with them. Some researchers have observed that students from lower socioeconomic backgrounds sometimes need more detailed instruction regarding classroom rules and procedures than other students.

Specific discipline programs. Research on the effectiveness of discipline programs is not plentiful, much of it is technically flawed, and findings are generally inconclusive. Programs include Reality Therapy(RT), A Positive Approach to Discipline(PAD), Teacher Effectiveness Training(TET), Transactional Analysis(TA), Assertive Discipline(AD), Adlerian approaches, and Student Team Learning(STL). All of these programs include components which have been validated as effective. Effective schools, however, generally do not use these packaged programs; instead, they usually develop their own.

Ineffective disciplinary practices. It is important for educators to be aware of the strategies research has shown to be ineffective because this knowledge can assist them in planning local programs and because some of these practices continue to be widely used. Ineffective practices include vague or unenforceable rules, teachers ignoring misconduct, ambiguous or inconsistent responses, excessive punishment, and corporal punishment. Researchers have studied the effectiveness of corporal punishment in reducing misbehavior and have found that, in addition to the moral and psychological arguments against its use, it is indefensible on grounds of efficacy. The results are unpredictable, it doesn't foster appropriate behavior, it may be unintentionally reinforcing, it creates resentment and hostility, and it is related to undesirable outcomes, such as increased vandalism and dropping out.

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Question: Both Emma and Cher are constrained by the values and restrictions of their respective societies.

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Emma by Jane Austen is set in Highbury, a small village in England in 1815 while Clueless by Amy Heckerling sets Cher in multicultural Beverly Hills LA. Both Emma and Cher are the protagonist heroines of Emma and Clueless respectively. They are constrained by the values and restrictions of their nature and background. Emma is constrained by classicism and position within a society while Cher is constrained by the 0th century society i.e. Wealth and image. Various language techniques have been transformed into Film techniques so as to suit the modern 0th century audience. Satire a literary technique used frequently by Jane Austen has been transformed effectively by Heckerling so as to emphasize the values and restrictions of their societies.

Emma is set in the village of Highbury, a rural representation of early 1th century English life while Clueless is set in the last 0th century, multicultural Beverly Hills, USA. In Emma, there is a hierarchical social structure based on birth and property, the professions of law, military, clergy and medicine are represented as the second tier of the society with the tradesmen, tenant farmers and servants beneath them. Money and professional success are the criteria for social status and respect in clueless Eg. Mel Horowitz is very busy and successful litigation lawyer, His daughter Cher has an affluent lifestyle depicted through shots of her "classic 17 "house, expensive and trendy car and extensive computer coordinated wardrobe. Both the heroines are afraid of stepping outside their society, they are afraid of the consequences, they are afraid of losing their own social position. In Emma, Emma had to decide whether or not she should attend the Coles's party because by going to their party it might lower her statues due to the Cole's lower statue. This occurs in Clueless when Cher is deciding whether she should make a cameo in the valley party, she feels that the valley party is a waste of time and not up to class.

Throughout her novel Emma Austen shows various traits that her society valued. Marriage, manners, education and wealth were amongst these. Woman who had no chance of getting married and winning economic security had to depend on charity or would have to work as a governess, therefore most young ladies spent all of their time and effort looking for a suitable husband. If a husband was of a lower social degree, it was seen as a failure. Emma was horrified at the thought of Harriet marrying lower than she ought, to Mr Martin, and says with relief after her having refused the proposal, "It would have grieved me to lose your acquaintance, which must have been the consequence of your marrying Mr Martin". Among the most important values of Highbury and of the society in general were well-bred manners. Examples such as "Her person was rather good…but neither feature, nor air, nor voice, nor manner were elegant."; and "As for Mr. Elton his manners did not appear." show how poor manners can deplete from other's view of a person, while a quote such as "…the expectation of seeing him which every morning had brought, the assurance of his attentions, his liveliness, his manners…" show how good manners contribute to a generally positive judgment of a person. Miss Augusta Hawkins is a woman that Emma does not much like, but society in general accepts her and her marriage to Mr. Elton, largely attributing to the fact that she is wealthy, "The charming Augusta Hawkins, in addition to all the usual advantages of perfect beauty and merit, was in possession of an independent fortune, of so many thousands as would be called ten; a point of some dignity, as well as convenience; the story told well; he had not thrown himself away he had gained a woman of 10 000L. or thereabouts".

The values of marriage, manners and wealth all compliment each other and are deeply associated, for example, the quality of a good marriage match is attributed to whether the partner has more money or better manners.

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Jane Austen shows that the role of women is severely limited their social and economical status dependent on fathers, husbands or brothers. This importance is emphasized as a means of providing economical security and status for women it also improves one's rank in society and is a mean of ensuring social stability. Compared to clueless although young women are more independent and outspoken social acceptance and popularity is still a priority. Cher discusses the advantages and disadvantages of attending the valley party just like Emma when she is deciding whether or not she should attend the Cole's party. Social interactions, E.g. Balls, picnics, dinner, card parties etc. are designed to facilitate and promote suitable matches and Emma's preoccupation with matchmaking is not unusual. In Clueless being popular depends on being seen at the right parties, in the right clothes and with the right partner. The obsession with image is shown as part of the modern culture and inspires Cher's preoccupation with makeovers which "gave her a sense of control in a world of chaos". Both authors expose a prevailing anti intellectual attitude to women through Cher's endeavor to read one non-school book a week beginning with "Fit or Fat" and her propensity to argue her grades and Emma's discarded lists of improving books and unfinished sketches.

The lack of social awareness and responsibility is presented by Cher's idea of contributing to society as "donating expensive outfits to Lucy ". Even in her "enlightened" state, Cher's donations to the Pismo Beach disaster Eg. Donating expensive Skiing equipment show that Cher is still clueless. This contrast with Emma where when the Woodhouses give food to the Bates it may seem minor the effect and the motivation are highly valued. Both authors present a microcosmic view of the world, Emma's world is limited to Highbury with only passing references to London while Cher relates the case of the Haitian refugees to her father's 50th birthday party. The main threat to the happiness of the heroines is their own lack of awareness. Austen criticize the triviality of female lives, the obsession of matchmaking and marriage and the propensity to judge people accordingly to social rank rather than individual worth, but she leaves us in doubt of the correct moral and social values and those that threaten to undermine society. Heckerling presents a post modern world where there is an absence of an essential truth and agreed values and an emphasis on individualism and consumerism. However this is ironically still a world which subscribes to the Cinderella syndrome, the belief that people are meant to be together and that Cher will be "saved" by Josh. There is a limited but significant movement in society as seen by the decline into genteel poverty of the Bates and the rising influence and therefore status of the Coles and Robert Martin. Society imposes moral obligations on the individual and duty, honesty, consideration and responsibility are enforced through rigid conventions. Respect and admiration is accorded to those who demonstrate moral and social responsibility.

We can see the changing values over the 180 years between texts. Though marriage and manners are still valued by Heckerling's Clueless society, it is not to the same degree as in Emma. The most significant reason for such a change in values is due to the main value of the 10's being individuality, so basically 'anything goes'. This is a vast leap from Austen's time, where conformity was the biggest rule to popularity. Values must correspond with the values of the time and place that the text is created. Changing contexts show a stark contrast in culture, and particularly in values, which can be shown most clearly through the comparison of Jane Austen's Emma, reflecting values of 1815, and Amy Heckerling's film Clueless, reflecting values of the 10's.

Emma and Cher are constrained by the values and restrictions of their respective societies. Although within their society they are at the top, in reality they are clueless, they have no idea about the outside world because of their societies and values. They are afraid of losing their high statue and position if they left their society, their family also restricts them to certain places disallowing them to experience more things.

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Economics

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Does greater economic openness between nations lead towards economic growth and convergence? Greater economic openness between nations does lead towards economic growth and convergence. All of the first world countries demonstrate greater economic openness then third world countries demonstrate. Although economic openness may be a solution to gain economic growth and convergence, free trade may not be the answer. There are two different views on free trade; the conservative view and the liberal view. In an economic age in which speedy transactions of imports and exports are essential, free trade is a necessity for aiding worldwide economic development. Even today, the United States continues to support free trade, an example being NAFTA (North America Free Trade Agreement). The problem is that Americas generosity has caused the foreign industry to take over the U.S. marketplace. This unfortunately has resulted in high unemployment rates because consumers and firms can purchase foreign goods for a little less than domestic products. From a conservative viewpoint, the only remedy to decrease unemployment and stimulate our own economic growth is to abandon the free trade policy and raise tariffs. Free trade has only crippled the American work force, increased poverty, and added to our national debt. If other nations begin to support free trade, the same situation may be likely to occur. Today there are about 10 million unemployed citizens and 5 million Americans are living in poverty because of free trade. Foreign industry is taking advantage of us. Market-opening measures in Asia along with other countries across the world have been promoted by exporting opportunities. In any clothing store and youll find that most of the apparel comes from South Korea, China, Hong Kong, Sri Lanka, and the Philippines. Its simply not feasible for the U.S. apparel industry to compete with the extremely low production costs in Third World countries. Also, another example of an industry hurt by free trade is the lumber industry. Even though our country possesses the largest supply of timber resources, the United States is the largest importer of wood products in the world. The reason imported wood is less expensive, especially from Canada. Other examples of industries that have responded negatively to free trade are the U.S. textile petrochemical, fishing, and auto industries. The temptation for consumers to buy cheaper foreign goods has only slowed production in U.S. industries and has caused unemployment levels to skyrocket. America needs to become less generous, more independent, and definitely more self-sufficient. Free trade policies need to be discontinued if that it is to be accomplished. The liberal viewpoint, however, is somewhat different. In a world of ever-increasing global economic interdependence, the United States should accept the responsibility of leadership towards the approaching 1st Century by promoting free trade. We need to do so in such a way that builds and matures the economies of other countries. As technology continues to advance in areas such as computers, medicine, and communication, we need to prioritize the spreading of these advancements across the world in hopes for reaching worldwide economic stability and unity. Free trade is the best way to allow for the sharing of valuable resources and technology, which in turn makes the world a better, safer, and more united place for all. Inhibiting free trade is a step backwards in politics that only made sense back in the days when communication was slow and were being fought. Allowing for the existence of free trade is a step forward in the right direction towards the necessary global interdependent ways of the nearing 1st Century. Having clarified the different perspectives of the two main political parties on the free trade issue, it is hard to determine which action would be the most advantageous. Actually, both parties have come to conclusions on this issue which would allow for positive and negative results. The only problem is deciding which one would have the best overall effects. Should we put the immediate focus on our own economy and allow it to prosper, while other poorer countries suffer from the tariffs? Or, should we do away with all taxes on imports in hope that others will follow our bold lead? Only the near future can show which was the best decision. For certain, however, the results will be global. 4.) Who has benefited and who has lost from greater international trade? The financial crisis that erupted in Asia in mid-17 has led to sharp declines in the currencies, stock markets, and other asset prices of a number of Asian countries. It was hard to understand what these declines would actually do to the world market. This decline was expected to halve the rate of world growth in 18 from the four percent that was projected pre-crisis to an estimated outcome of about percent. The countries that are included in the East Asian crisis, known as Tiger economies, are Hong Kong, Indonesia, South Korea, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, Taiwan and Thailand. For these countries to participate effectively in the exchange of goods, services, and assets, an international monetary system is needed to facilitate economic transactions. To be effective in facilitating movement in goods, services, and assets, a monetary system most importantly requires an efficient balance of payments adjustment mechanism so that deficits and surpluses are not prolonged but are eliminated with relative ease in a reasonably short time period. The Asian crisis of recent falls into this category of inefficient balance of payments facilitated by, its overcapacity and its lack of growth to the West, particularly depreciation of its currency. By competitively depreciating its currencies, Asia is exporting its deflation to the US. History The past ten or fifteen years have seen an unprecedented expansion in the extent to which the countries of the world are tied together, both by instant communication and by international trade, institutions, and markets, including financial markets. On the whole, this process of globalization has been an enormously positive development. It has opened new markets, enhanced competition, spurred innovation, and provided new opportunities for workers, farmers, and businesses around the world. For example more than 40 percent of US exports today are absorbed by developing countries, an extraordinary increase over past export patterns, and the jobs associated with these exports are high-paying, good jobs. The increasing productivity of our trading partners has helped keep inflation down and improve standards of living in the United States. And outside the US, probably hundreds of millions of people have been lifted out of poverty around the world by the economic growth and trade over the past twenty or thirty years. (This view is definitely a liberal one unlike the conservative viewpoint given in question 1). Effects of the Global Economy In this new global economy, countries are more tightly linked than ever before to each others fates. A decade ago, a collapse in the currency of a small, distant country like Thailand would barely have rated a mention in the typical American newspaper. A few years ago, however, that currency crash triggered a crisis in other East Asian countries that had dominated news coverage in a way that no other foreign financial crisis has ever done before in this country. The reason for the change is that we now have more at stake than ever before in the economic performance of these countries. Not only are they major customers for our products; the rich countries and developing countries are also increasingly linked by financial ties. In 16, the developed countries including the US invested more than 50 billion in emerging markets, and this is compared to roughly 0 billion ten years earlier. Much of this money was from banks (especially in Japan and Europe), although US mutual funds, pension funds, and individual investors also participated. But whatever its source, the extent of this investment means that economic turmoil in East Asia has a direct financial impact on the developed worlds capital markets, including our own. Indeed, a brief plunge in US stocks was widely attributed to turmoil in the Hong Kong stock market that was linked to the crisis set off by Thailands currency crash. What were the causes? Throughout the East Asian crisis many different ideas have been proposed to what the cause or causes were. Attempts to identify the fundamental causes of a financial crisis always suffer from the problem of distinguishing insight from hindsight. Many financial journalists today have said the crisis was the inevitable consequence of overvalued exchange rates, large current account deficits, short-term capital inflows, opaque financial systems, or one of several other supposedly fatal flaws in East Asian capitalism. It seems fair to say that a few years back, nobody suspected that a calamity like what we have seen was possible, although all of the characteristics that are now described as the fatal flaws of the East Asian economies were reasonably widely understood even then, at least by experts.

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Our current society is not just

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Our current society is not just. There are too many inequalities between men and women in numerous situations for our society to be considered evenly balanced. Aristotle is one of the many philosophers who defined what a 'just' society would be. According to Aristotle, justice requires treating like cases alike and different cases differently. Presently, men and women are far from being treated alike. Susan Okin and Claudia Card in their respective book and article, Justice Gender and the Family and Against Marriage and Motherhood, argue that changes should be made in our society to create equality.

Susan Okin presents a strong argument against the way women are treated presently. She claims that 'our current gender structure is incompatible with the attainment of social justice, but also that the disappearance of gender is a prerequisite for the complete development of a nonsexist, fully human theory of justice' (Okin, 105). Okin provides a great deal of evidence that women's existing roles are unjust Three cases that illustrate her point are workplace financial inequities, housework responsibilities, and lack of advancement opportunities. She provides recent statistics to back up her argument that there are enormous discriminations against women in the workplace. On page 158 of her book, Okin states that

the 6 percent of all wives who work full-time earn, on average, only 6 percent as much as the average fill-time working husband, and the average wife who works for pay…earns only 4 percent as much, it is therefore not at all surprising that male dominance is far more common that female dominance

Through her example, one can see that women are not being treated fairly in terms of equal pay. If alike cases are meant to be treated alike in Aristotle's proposal of justice, this is a valid point to illustrate that men and women are not being regarded similarly. Another situation where gender plays a major role is the division of housework responsibilities. Okin proves this point in saying, 'in many of the households in which men and women both work full-time…the unequal distribution of housework between husbands and wives leads to gross inequities in the amount and type of work done by each' (Okin, 154). In a situation where both husband and wife are working full-time, the household responsibilities should rightly be equally divided. A third argument that Okin makes is that women are generally geared towards careers that do not provide advancement. She states, 'Regardless of educational achievement, women are far more likely than men to work in administrative support jobs, as a secretary, typist or bookkeeper, for example, which in most cases hold no prospect for advancement' (Okin, 144-145). Okin says that his is because, 'some of the segregation of wage work by sex is attributable to the individual choices that women and men make in the context of their own socialization and with knowledge of the gender structure of the family in particular' (Okin, 145). Our present society conditions women to believe that they can only enter certain fields and have certain types of careers. The conclusion that Okin comes to is that, 'Given these facts about the way power is distributed … it is not difficult to see how the vulnerability of married women…tend to form part of a vicious cycle' (Okin, 15). It is not just that half of our population is encouraged to fit an unfair profile in terms of financial inequalities, housework, and career opportunities.

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Susan Okin and Claudia Card both propose that changes must be made in order for our civilization to be non-discriminatory against women. They both agree that different governmental programs must be altered to produce an impartial society. Card argues that the legal establishment of marriage is so flawed that it should be eradicated. A first problem she sees is, 'that employers and others…often make available only to legally married couples benefits that anyone could be presumed to want, married or not…this is one way people…find themselves economically pressured into marrying' (Card, ). Many things such as insurance, property availability, and even workers compensation are only accessible to people who are legally married. This is another instance where a like case is not treated alike. Other people in relationships, such as lesbians or people who do not believe in the legal definition of marriage, cannot receive benefits that married couples obtain. This is unfair that only those who are legally defined as married can acquire such enhanced arrangements. A second dilemma in marriage that Card observes, 'is that…the consequences of divorce can be so difficult that many who should divorce do not…there are new economic motives to preserve emotionally disastrous unions' (Card, ). If people find that they are not made for one another it should not be so difficult to get legally separated. It is so easy to get married and the government encourages and promotes it, but if two people discover that they do not wish to be married anymore it is financially draining to both of them. It is not right to encourage the combination of two people who may be catastrophic together. A last issue that Card raises on page 100,

is that the legal rights of access that married partners have to each other's persons, property, and lives makes it all but impossible for a spouse to defend herself (or himself), or to be protected against torture, rape, battery, stalking, mayhem, or murder by the other spouse

There are many situations that arise where one person realizes that they do not know someone as well as they thought they did. The legal institution of marriage has loopholes where one partner does not have the rights they had before as single. 'the law does not protect unmarried batterers or tend to preserve the relationships of unmarried lovers in the way that it protects husbands and tends to preserve marriages' (Card, 100). Claudia Card verifies that, in terms of marriage, our culture is not yet just. Susan Okin also provides adjustments that should be must be made in order for women to be treated equally. Three modifications she recommends for an ethical and unbiased society are that the paternity of children should be determined at birth (Okin, 171), if partners are divorced the standard of living in each household should be the same (Okin, 17) and that if one partner works outside the home and the other does not, the salary of the paid spouse should be equally divided to the other (Okin, 180-181). Both Card and Okin claim that if certain changes were made, then a fair society would be reached eventually.

Claudia Card's argument holds more weight, in my opinion. Although Okin provides more broad implementations for society to change, Card's idea would be more effective. It would be a lot harder to require paternity tests at birth, require checks be divvied up for spouses, and to create equal standards of living, than it would be to eliminate the legal institution of marriage. It is a lot more rational to implement one major change that would probably have a lot of positive repercussions than to change many different aspects and implement many regulations that would probably only make life more difficult. Okin did provide valid and persuasive arguments that the current situation is not fair. She also showed examples in which her arguments were well illustrated. Card just proposed a better and more realistic solution. I believe if the legal definition of marriage was abolished than it would have an effect on many of the inequalities women face. First, children would grow up in a situation where both parents had equal power. If the future generation is brought up to view both their parents as alike, it may change some of the societal conditioning that creates unequal opportunities. A second positive influence Card's suggestion may have, is that workers would have uniform access to certain benefits that their employer provides. If the legal establishment of marriage were eradicated, then everyone would have the same opportunities to particular advantages from their jobs. A third possibility that may arise from Card's proposal is that violence may decrease between couples. If marriage was not around in the first place, people could escape more easily from possible detrimental relationships. The fact that divorce is inconveniencing in numerous ways, actually promotes tough and sometimes dangerous situations. In Aristotle's terms, we do not currently live in a just or fair society. Like cases are not treated alike and different cases are not treated differently. Women are not treated like men and married couples are not treated like unmarried couples. In order to create a righteous and moral society, changes must be made. I believe Claudia Card is on the right track to discovering this perfect and equal world.

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Agents of Sociology

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There is a certain foundation that I wish to establish before I attempt to discuss this question. Certain key terms that need to be thoroughly defined for easier understanding of the whole issue of socialization agents or agents of socialization.

Sociolization agents refers primarily to the persons by which and the setting in which the process of socialization is accomplished. Socialization agents are divided into two groups, i.e. (i) Primary groups and (ii) Secondary groups.

Groups basically have six characteristics and these are as follows

1.It has to have a sense of permanence, meaning it will not cease to exist when its members are apart because the group's norms, values and beliefs form a part of each individual's character.

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.It attaches an identity to each member.

.It formulates mechanisms for recruiting new members either formally (by use of posters or flyers) or informally (through personal interaction)

4.It sets out goals and/or purposes

5.Social status, roles, norms and values are assigned and each member must abide by them.

6.There are usually disciplinary procedures in place as a means of controlling behaviour.

Primary groups consist of members who share personal and long term relationship. According to Charles Cooley (10), Primary Groups can be characterized as an, 'Intimate face to face association and cooperation. They are primary in several senses but chiefly in that they are fundament; informing the social nature and ideas of individuals. The result of intimate socialization, psychologically is a certain fusion of individuals in a common whole so that ones very cell for many purposes, at least, is the common life and purpose of the group. Perhaps the simplest way of describing this wholeness is by saying that it is a 'we.' It involves the sort of sympathy and mutual identification for which 'we' is the natural expression.'

Secondary Groups is characterized as being less intimate. Formal and impersonal relationships usually exist amongst its members, designed around a specific set of goals, resulting in weak emotional ties. The duration period for such groups are short-termed, usually beginning and ending without any special significance.

Secondary groups are often larger than primary groups, partially as a result of their weaker, social ties. Loyalties and emotions are limited as secondary groups are goal oriented. The interaction within the secondary group is dependent on the status and roles of individuals and not by the personality features which is characteristic of those within primary groups.

Now that we have a brief understanding of groups, identifying the major socialization agents of adolescence children in Jamaica should be quite easy. These I have identified as The Family, School/peers, The Community and The Media.

The Family

The family is considered to be the most important agent of socialization. Members of a family usually share similar social views and children hold some party of affiliation as parents. The family is the first institution or group that everyone becomes a part of.

Over the years, the values and norms that govern a family seem to have been altered due to the variety of 'circumstances' that exist in Jamaica now and these have a much greater impact on our children.

There are those who have lost both parents in one way or another and it can be argued whether these can belong to a family, even in light of the fact that they may go through life without meeting or getting a chance to know a 'blood' relative. Most often these children are ill-treated and abused and offered very little help if any. What part does the family play in an orphan's life? Can those who make it their responsibility to provide the basic needs in life be considered 'family?' I believe we already know the answers to those questions, but it's sad to say that a majority of society's population does not care and that is exactly what we teach our children, who will in turn teach theirs.

There is also the rising issue of Father playing the role of both mother and father and visa-versa. This is one of the most common cases existing in Jamaica right now. Family was defined at one point in our history as having a 'head' which is the father and 'help meet' which is mother and this was a much more acceptable definition and I believe that if we had sought to build a family on that ancient foundation, we would have a better society today, eliminating the 'heart-broken' sight of seeing so many children on the street begging.

Because of the rise in teenage pregnancies and individuals who just have sex for 'have sex' sake many children are entering in this world unplanned for, unloved and unwanted. They are considered accident by those who just want to have fun without dealing with any repercussions and in most cases there are and that's why there are so many abortions being performed.

None the less, the family continues to be the most important of all the agents of socialization.

The School/ Peers

Peers are a strong influence in adolescent years. They sometimes have the power to force you into becoming some you can't be around family and this, of course, is a problem. The family will have a set of values, norms and beliefs that they will pass on to the children, but at school, peers create their own culture that they live by and most times it contradicts with that taught at home.

The level of violence in school has risen to an all time high contributing to the old and experienced fearing the young. Though the school system is designed to pass on social values and give children the opportunity to grow and learn in an environment populated by similar peers, we have to now figure out a way to protect our teachers. In times gone by it was, 'Spare the rod you spoil the child.' Now its, 'Spare the rod, I'll spare your life.'

Everything is changing. There are certain changes that we have no control over, but when adolescence kill each other…we have to admit that something has gone terrible wrong. You may find a lesser percentage of adolescence that show keen interest in achieving and this will affect the society as those who should be considering retirement will have to work for another 10 years or so.

The school will always be recognized as a valuable institution. Amidst the violence and lack of interest, it still continues to elevate

The Community

Communities in Jamaica have matured into a very important socialization agent. I discovered that adolescence children tend to spend a lot of their time on 'Community corners' with a mixture of gender and different age group. These are members of the community who congregate after a days work/school to partake in social events, such as domino playing, cards, drinking. Very often the level of communication is high among this specific group.

The community has become so powerful, that if they decide to block or prevent any vehicular traffic from entering the community, nothing can stop them. Through this, adolescent children learn from a very early age, the 'Marxist' way of seeking a better society.

A community no longer depends on political leaders or the police to make a difference. They have found their own ways to administer justice and to force the government to grant their request. The community teaches children to respect 'area dons' in society, because only they offer any promise of financial security. Adolescent children are also taught to abhor authoritative figures who seek to remove those criminal elements from society.

The Media

The media (namely television) has made a significant contribution to the downfall of our society. From Cartoon to News, many are being taught violent-related ways of solving our problems. If a member of a family is killed, whether by accident or otherwise, vengeance (by death) seems to be the only alternative and the security forces are no longer seen as a relative member of the justice system. (All this is a mirrored image of what we watch on television)

We may be forced to believe that violence is something that is provoked and death is only a reaction of overemphasized provocation, but in truth, the violent, one-man vengeance, bad is good good is bad mentality all derived from a witty writers imaginations that are materialized into television programs and daily fed into the minds and hearts of humans from a very early age.

If two children could be isolated, giving one complete access to violent-related channels, while the other is exposed only to religious programs for the first five years of their lives the results would be phenomenon.

The media has a strong influence on adolescent children. It has both the power of socialization and re-socialization. It has become an entertaining, competent baby-sitter and a vibrant, incomparable teacher and the character and personality of many is molded around what the media offers.

Please note that this sample paper on Agents of Sociology is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Agents of Sociology, we are here to assist you. Your cheap college papers on Agents of Sociology will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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An Emerging Market: China's Automobile Industry

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China's Automobile Industry

Where is the world's largest untapped market for the auto industry? The answer is China, of course. It is following the same path to success that South Korean automakers took in the 180's. Now that China has joined the World Trade Organization (WTO), the elimination of trade barriers provides a great opportunity for foreign companies. China is an emerging market, a country making an effort to change and improve its economy with the goal of raising its performance to that of the world's more advanced nations.

We'll begin by analyzing the role of regional economic integration in Asia, the Asian Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC). Then we'll compare and contrast some of the economic development stages of the surrounding countries and the effects of the economic development for global business. We'll also discuss the benefits of some of the major drivers of globalization in the Asian region. And finally it will be determined why the automobile industry is one of the leading industries that the Chinese government is aiming to develop in the future.

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Role of Regional Economic Integration

What do we mean by regional economic integration? Our textbook, International Business, defines it as "agreements among countries in a geographic region to reduce, and ultimately remove, tariff and nontariff barriers to the free flow of goods, services, and factors of production between each other."(p.).

There have been few significant attempts at regional economic integration outside of Western Europe and the Americas. The two most significant groups are the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) and the Asian Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC). Both have emerged as the beginning of a potential free trade region (Hill, C.W.L., p. 5).

APEC was founded in 10 at the suggestion of Australia. It currently has eighteen member states including the United States, Japan, and China. The eighteen member states account for half of the world's GNP, 40% of world trade, and most of the growth in the world economy (Hill, p. 5). APEC's goal was to increase multilateral cooperation in view of the economic rise of the Pacific nations and the growing interdependence within the region (Hill, p.5). The United States supported APEC because it believed that is may be a possible strategy for heading off any moves to create Asian groupings from which the U.S. might be excluded.

Economic Development

In 00, the outlook of the APEC economy was reported to be optimistic (People's Daily, October 00) and said that Asian developing members will continue to grow with strong exports and industrial production in the coming year. China and Vietnam expected to register 7% of the GDP growth in 00. In a document titled, "The 00 APEC Economic Outlook", it stated that China's economic condition remained healthy in 00 and should remain so throughout 00. APEC contributes that to the rebounding private demand and big boost from the government sector. Because of China's entry into the WTO it improved its position to induce foreign direct investment (FDI) in China, which would also improve the short-term economic outlook.

Following China's entry in the WTO, there have been plenty of business opportunities for foreign companies in the automobile industry. China will reduce its tariff on complete automobiles to an average rate of 5%, and the import tariff on all auto parts to an average rate of 10%. All these reductions are to be completed by January 006, with a 10% reduction each year starting from the year 000 (Jebsen Consult, December 00).

Here are just some facts on the booming automobile industry and why the Chinese government aims to develop it

Fact #1 Automobile manufacturers produced . million vehicles of all types in 001.

Fact # Sales volume increased by ,000 units, a 14% increase.

Fact # Production volume rose by 1% from the year 000 to 001.

Fact #4 The year 001 experienced the highest growth rate in terms of both production

and sales in the past five years.

Let's take a look back on the automobile production industry in the United States vs. China in 15. Below is a graph that shows the U.S. producing some 6.6 million automobiles to China's 40,000 in 15.

But if we look into the future, the U.S. output is not likely to increase much since most of the automobiles made today are used for replacement rather than for expanding the fleet. China, by contrast, plans to increase production to million people per year by the end of the decade, building a fleet of million automobiles by the year 010. If China's automobiles reach 1 for every people, as in the U.S. its fleet of 600 million cars will far exceed the 15 world fleet of 480 million cars. During the 10s, China has emerged as an economic superpower, boasting the worlds second largest economy. It is now challenging not only U.S. economic leadership, but also the earths environmental limits. Using purchasing power parity to measure output, Chinas 15 GNP of just over $ trillion exceeded Japans $.6 trillion and trailed only the U.S. output of $6.7 trillion. If the Chinese economy continues to double every eight years, the pace it has maintained since 180, it will overtake the United States by 010, becoming the worlds largest economy (Brown, Lester R. & Flavin, Christopher, September/October 16).

Major Drivers of Globalization

There are some major drivers in the Asian region that contribute to the upswing of China's automobile industry. The Chinese economy is growing so rapidly and if it continues to double every eight years, it will overtake the United States economy by the year 010, making it the world's largest economy. From 16 to 000, the Chinese economy has grown ten to fourteen percent per year. As China's 1. billion people moves into modern homes, buys cars, refrigerators and TVs, and shifts to a meat-base diet, the entire world will feel the effects (Brown & Flavin).

Another major driver is a since China's entry into the WTO it creates a favorable environment for investment and business operation for foreign investors because foreign automobiles and spare parts with low tariffs are allowed to enter the Chinese market. Presently of the world's top 500 automobile assemblers and manufacturers, 51 have set up joint ventures in China (Asian Information Resources Ltd, 00).

Also, since vehicle use is just beginning to take off in China, it opens a door of great opportunity for China. In other words, since it is China's choice of vehicle transportation systems to make, China can then commit themselves to fuels that are much cleaner than oil, such as natural gas. Natural gas after all is plentiful in several Chinese provinces. China can also look to electric motors, efficient hybrid cars and maybe even hydrogen fuel cell vehicles (Wiesbrod, Dr. Roberta, INFORM, Inc., 18).

Accordingly, China is an emerging market. It has vast resources and a population of more than a billion people. It has launched satellites into space and has a large army. In 000, China's output of automobiles added up to million, an increase of 1% from the previous year. .1 million automobiles were sold in all, an increase again of almost 14% over 1. The ratio of sales volume to output was 101%. Presently though China's penetration rate of automobiles to person is only one auto per thousand people. That is low compared to that in developed countries. So what does all this mean? It means that there is a huge potential in China's automobile market (Asian Information Resources, Ltd).

References

Asian Information Resources Ltd. (001, August). China Automobile Market-001.

Retrieved March 1, 00 from the World Wide Web http//www.mindbranch.com/

catalog/product.jsp?code=R00-004.

Brown, Lester R. & Flavin, Christopher (September 16). China's Challenge to the U.S.

And to the Earth. Retrieved March , 00 from the World Wide Web http//www.

Wordwatch.org.

Hill, C.W.L. (000). International Business Competing in the Global Marketplace

(rd ed.) [University of Phoenix Special Edition Series]. Burr Ridge, IL

Irwin/McGraw-Hill.

Jebsen Consult (December 00). China Automobile Market Study. Retrieved March 1,

00 from the World Wide Web http//www.jebsen.com/English/consult.

Manufacturers' News, Inc. The Industrial Information Source. China Auto Industry

Market Survey (1st ed.). Retrieved March 1, 00 from the World Wide Web

http//mnistore.com/china/auto.asp.

Weisbrod, Roberta (June 17, 18). China's Transportation Growth Threatens Health,

Political Stability and Environment Switch to Clean Fuels Needed. Retrieved

March , 00 from the World Wide Web http//www.informline.org/pr_cleanfuel

China.php.

Please note that this sample paper on An Emerging Market: China's Automobile Industry is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on An Emerging Market: China's Automobile Industry, we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on An Emerging Market: China's Automobile Industry will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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