Effects of media

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INFLUENCE OF MEDIA

Before the late 1th century, there was only the printed word to convey information to the masses. Since then, the world has seen the invention of radio, television, and most recently the Internet. One of the most powerful means of communicating ideas is through the use of mass media. The mass media has become an extremely persuasive industry, especially with children and adolescents. Children and adolescents can be very influenced by what someone says to them, or what they see. The Committee on Public Education reported last year that young people spend more time in front of the television than they do in school or with their parents. Mass media has a negative influence over pre-adolescents and adolescents because it creates distorded self image, encourages violence, contains very explicit sexual content and also promotes the use of drugs.

Mass media had always had a greater impact over the thoughts and belifs of women than those of men("Body Image and Advertising, pg 1). It has always played a very important role in a womens every day life. Women, especially adolescents and pre-adolescents because of how easily they can be influenced, have always had a lot of preoccupations with their outside image, and consequently, they are extremely concerned about the way they are seen by others. Since mass media exists, the images of women that are presented in it play a larger role in the formation of women's body images reather than the opinion of friends or family. Women that are presented in media show extremely thin models, which can promote such eating disorders as bulimia and anorexia nervosa (refer to appendix images 1, and ). Mass media provides to its audiences an unrealistic and often unhealthy image of the beauty of the women. All of this women become concerned about their outside appearance trying to imitate the beauty of women that they see or read about in the mass media. A big subject will be the teenagers who try o become models or actress. Catherine Stevenson, who is a seventeen year old girl, who is starting to become part of the modeling job, says "I've seen lost of anorexian girls been ask to loose more weight because if not they will kick them out of the company." She also comments that all of these girls will do anything to become their dream true.

This obsession, of trying to be like women seen on TV or magazines, can lead to eating disorders. Eating disroders develop as outward signs of inside emotional problems. They can develop into a way that people deal with and solve their problems. Eating or not eaitng is used to help to handle painful feelings such as being unsatisfied with your body. The link between mass media and suffering any kind of eating disorder problem its becoming more powerful every day that passes. The influence of media in the spreading of eating disorders cannot be denied. Since chilhood women is been attack with images and messages reinforcing the idea of to be happy and succesful it is necessary to be thin. Often, adolescents feel bad and depress if their bodies, including weight, hips and breasts, do not match with the model that the TV is showing in that instant, or with the singer that is being shown in the article on the magazine that they read two minutes ago. As a university professor called Prof. Michelle Wolf says in his article called SF State researchers release study about women, the mass media, and the development of body image

People are dying from anorexia, bulimia, and other eating disorders while trying to attain some ideal body image that is initially created by a family and peer group dynamic and is then reinforced by a consumer culture that is driven by narrowly-defined images of beauty..."(pg 1)

Although distorded body image has always been known to have a major affect on women and girls,in the last ten years the preasure on boys to appear muscular has also gorwn. Many males are becoming extremely insecure with their body appearance as media increases the emission of standard and idealize well-built men. These images had generate a variety of responses from teenage boys, some turn to the use of anabolic steroids, others increase their dietary suplaments like Creatine and most of them get obsessed with excesive weigh training. A survey conducted last year found that steroid use among boys ages twelve to seventeen increased by twenty five percent from 1 to 000("Steroid Use Growing Among Young Boys", pg 1). A teen psychologist Dr. Meredith Branson in the article Striving For the Baywatch Boy Build page 1 says "Ive seen boys becoming addicted to exercise. Some guys exercise as much as four hours a day. These people say they are not addicted, but when they try to exercise for only three hours, they have problems..."

Anorexia, bulimia, the excessive use of steroids, the obsession with dietary suplaments and the addiction to exercise in adolescents are all very serious problems mainly caused by the steriotyped images shown in TV, the continious articles in the magazines about 'the perfect body' and by the pressure that media implements over young society.

Another of the problems that the adolescent society has to deal with is violence in media. Young minds had been exposed to violent films and TV programs over the past thirty years. In the same period of time, violent crime between adolescents also increased significantly. It is difficult to belive that simply viewing a movie, or listening to a song can be so damaging to children. But there is a lot of evidence and real cases that show how dangerous movies and songs can be. This was the case of a high school student of a small town on Germany who got obsessed with a video game, and after playing it for several hours, the next day he kill lots of students and teachers in his class("The mass media" pg 14). The National Committee on the causes and prevention of violence reported in 16 that violence in the media had a negative effect on children and on adolescents. Violent movies or TV shows encourage violent forms of behavior and promotes violence in daily life as being an acceptable thing. Violence in movies should have strict regulation because it has negative effects on the behavior on a children.

The formation of gangs is also a negative result that mass media promotes. Gangs get into the lives of young people through the media. A recent study indicates that from 185 to 11, the annual rates at which young men aged 15 to 1 years old were killed jumped 154 percent.

The entire increase was attributed to the use of guns in gang situations("Gangs the new family", pg 1). Movies or videos which show gang members enjoying the fruitsof their ilegal activities can suggest in some minds of childrens and adolescents a way to reach the goal that all people of that age are looking for, success; and the way that sucess is earned in those movies or videos is usually by the use of violence. Sometimes these movies go too much into detail in showing very explicit things. Also the fact that this gangs are almost never cought after commiting and endless list of ilegal actions influence children into believing that they as well will not receive any negative consequences for their actions .

The negative perceptions that women has in media can affect to women in real life because of the continuous promoting of violence over women. Women are often presented as victims of violence, or as sexual objects in media, this can contribute in the way that women can be seen in real society. Men who had watch a number of films in which women are presented in sexually degrading or violent situations become increasingly less anguished by violence against women("Violence, women and the media", pg1). Not only tv or movies are influencial, other media like songs or music videos or video or computer games degradate women in thier emissions. Songs like Stripped, Raped and Strangled by Cannibal Corpse and Smack My Bitch Up by Prodigy are usually top ten songs among teens. As aforementioned computer games also affect in the role of women in society. According to sociologists, games such as Tomb Raider encourage sexism and condition adolescents to view the world as they do the in their computer screen.

A relationship between aggression and childrens viewing of mass media violence exists. Media violence stimulates agression. Media violence should be restricted and limmitated because of the infinity of harmful effects that has over pre adolescents and adolsecents.

On the same way that practicing violence is a problem, early sexual intercourse among adolescent is also a public health problem. This can be caused by a long variety of factors, but one of the major factors that cause it is the media. In films, music, or other kind of media sexual images and dialogues among others are becoming very explicit. In addtion to this, some of those images or dialogues are unrealistic, mistaken and confusing information that an adolescent or a child can take it as a fact, and accept it as a real thing. Most of the teenagers take TV programs, movies and magazines as reputable sources of information about sexuality. Usually, and rarely happens, the movies never promote the use of contraceptives or show the consequences that can cause the lack of uning it. Another fact that can be very influencial is that in TV usually the people who are having sex are characters of ages between eighteen and twenty four, and sometimes less than eighteen("Media literacy and middle grade students a rationale."pg 1). Sex on TV can have other harmful consequences like the disatisfaction with virginity, the premature birth and even it has been associated with the lower of the academic records and scores.

On the other hand, media also promotes the use of alcohol tabaco and other ilicit drugs like LSD. Lots of movies describe or represent in a very explicit way drugs, and usually not because they were advertising about the consequences of them, but because they were using them as a way of solving problems, or mostly as a way of having fun. Movies and song are the two major types of media that influence over the use of drugs. The use of drugs in movies and songs is countiniously (refered to appendix figure 1), more often in movies than in songs (referred to appendix figure ) but still popular songs are very influencial. The use of drugs in them is usually commited by very young people (refered to appendix figure )and this can be misunderstood by adolescents. In addition to this the reference to drugs in movies and songs is used as a way of avoidence of troubles and worries, this could seriously motivate adolescents to use drugs as a solution to their problems. The use of drugs in movies or songs, or any kind of media sould be restricted because it encourages adolescents to use them.

Mass media has a negative influence over pre-adolescents and adolescents because it creates distorted self image, encourages violence, contains very explicit sexual content and also promotes the use of drugs. Beacuse all of this factors that were aforementioned there should be an increase in the number of educational programs and a restriction of harmful emissions.

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Comparison of a profit and a non profit organisation

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All organisation's whether they be profit making or non profit making have to increase awareness of their services and products to all of their key stake holders in order to maximise and achieve their set targets and objectives.

Most non profit making organisations operate in the services sector such as hospitals and local authorities or exist as charities such as Oxfam or NSPCC. The objectives of a non-profit making organisation differ from that of profit making organisations in terms of they have other objectives apart from making a profit. Their main primary goals are non economic, for example, Oxfam aim to alleviate hunger throughout the world. Over the years marketing amongst non-profit making organisations has become ever more important. This is due to the fact that many non-profit organisations rely on membership fees and donations so it is essential that effective methods of communications are used to increase awareness amongst individuals and organisations in order to maximise the memberships and donations.

In 14, the Oxford Committee for Famine Relief met for the first time, establishing what is now one of the best-known non-government organisations in the world, Oxfam. Oxfam Great Britain is a development, relief, and campaigning organisation dedicated to finding lasting solutions to poverty and suffering around the world. The organisations aim is to enable all human beings to have a life of dignity and opportunity. This is achieved through working with poor communities, local partners, volunteers, and supporters to overcome poverty and suffering.

Oxfam works in 70 countries throughout the world joining together to fight poverty. Oxfam helps by giving money and advice, helping people to help themselves. This way they grow more food, dig wells for clean water, train health workers, learn to read and write, plant trees and gain confidence and build mutual trust.

Oxfam relies on public donations to continue providing long-term support to the people around the world. Oxfam uses powerful advertising to persuade the general public to make a donation. This powerful advertising is usually done via television. The adverts show people, usually children in third world countries suffering due to poverty and famine, asking you to donate three pounds a month. This initial scene is set to play on the viewer's mind and inflict a feeling of guilt. The advert then shows how your donation will be spent, stressing the fact that your money will be a long term investment. This is aimed to give the viewer satisfaction and reassure them that their money going to be used in a positive way. At the end of the advert a telephone number is given for viewers to ring up and donate using a debit cards. There are a number of ways available in which you can make a donation to Oxfam, the latest method available is through a secure online donation, using a credit card, other methods include a monthly direct debit installment or the more traditional cash donation.

Oxfam's other main source of finance is through their Fair Trade Shops, which sell quality, handcrafted products from around the world. Oxfam use to raise money by selling clothes and bric-a-brac donated by the general public. In the mid 0's Oxfam developed their product range, through market research they discovered people were more willing to by hand crafted items than second hand clothes etc. Due to this Oxfam decided to work with other countries and have them produce handcrafted products and sell them in Oxfam stores. Oxfam works with over 0 countries in Africa, Asia and Latin America. This scheme is known as Oxfam Fair Trade, helping people earn a living from their skills. Oxfam help train and support the producers, linking them with consumers and paying them a fair wage. Oxfam have developed this scheme so consumers know that the people behind the products get a decent wage and a fair deal.

Through developing and extending their product range Oxfam also developed their market. The new product ranges attracted people from different market segments meaning their target audience grew and incorporated a wider target market.

The key stakeholders of Oxfam are as follows

Committee (organisers), aid relief workers, volunteers (shop workers etc),

Customers, members (people who donate on a monthly basis), individuals in the third world who Oxfam will benefit.

Media, Banks.

It is essential that profit making organisations identify their target markets through extensive research and develop a successful marketing mix that will hopefully achieve all of their aims and objectives. As expected the main aim of a profit making organisation is to maximise profits, this then allows organisations to meet other objectives such as to grow and expand.

Marks & Spencer is a renowned company world wide, which prides it self on providing top quality products and service. Marks & Spencer was established in 1884 by a Russian refugee named Michael Marks. Marks ran a small market stall selling clothes insisting on selling high quality products, which has become a trademark of M&S over the years. In 184 Marks formed a partnership with Tom Spencer, a clerk for a clothing company, Dewhurst, which is still a major supplier for M&S. This is when the company's name Marks & Spencer was first introduced. In 16 the company became a public limited company (plc) and in 11 the company started selling food. In 175 their first European store (in Paris) was officially opened. Over the years the company has grew and gained a successful reputation. Their group turnover is £8bn, on which they make £1bn profit (a very high profit/turnover ratio compared to other retail stores). They have 68,000 employees, and serve 15m customers per week. Their UK business provides 0% of their turnover, half from food and half from other sources. There are 00 stores in Britain with 7 situated throughout the world. Their European stores are run as franchises; they also have US subsidiaries under different names.

Throughout the 180's Marks & Spencer's company statement was to provide top quality products. This was the case and the company was renowned as one of the best in Britain. M&S undertook very little advertising as business was booming and their excellent reputation was spread via word of mouth leading to repeat custom. Due to this their customers were marketing the company themselves and this was a perfect way of reaching and broadening their target market through their target market.

However throughout the 10's Marks & Spencer's reputation started to fall and instead they gained a reputation of being dated and dull. By the late 0's both sales and share prices had fallen to an all time low. The board of directors elected a new chairman (Luc Vanderbelt), who was given the task of reinventing the company. His main objective was to give the company a new image and introduce product ranges that would appeal to a variety of target markets, young and old, male and female.

A number of new product ranges were gradually introduced, including a designer range named 'Autograph', a new casual men's range called 'Blue Harbor' and the much publicised 'Per Una' range designed by George Davies. In order to promote the company's new image extensive national advertising was undertaken. For the first time M&S were advertising in newspapers, magazines and on the television. Along with this all M&S stores were refurbished to give a more modern feel and appearance and new staff uniforms were introduced.

Since these changes have been made Marks & Spencer's sales have steadily started to increase and they have regained their reputation as one of Britain's most succesful companies.

The Key Stakeholders of Marks & Spencer are as follows

Board of Directors, Chairman, managers (regional, store, department), employees.

Shareholders, customers, suppliers, sub-contractors (cleaners, caterers), other sources of finance (banks etc).

Government, competitors.

Media, lobby groups.

From the two stakeholder diagrams you can see that there are some similarities between the two organisations in terms of the individuals and organisations concerned, but in general the structure under which these individuals are involved does differ. The first noticeable difference is the number of layers to each diagram. Oxfam has fewer people concerned with their business in comparison to a large profit making organisation such as Marks & Spencer.

The core of each diagram is similar with the people directly concerned with the running of the organisation. The main difference is Marks & Spencer has paid employees working in their stores whereas Oxfam rely upon volunteers to work in their stores.

The second layer of each diagram differs quite substantially. Both organisations rely upon customers as a source of finance. M&S also gain finance through their shareholders (purchasing shares from stock market) and banks whereas Oxfam rely on donations as their only other source of finance. The suppliers and subcontractors of M&S will also be placed in this second layer of the diagram as they are closely relied upon for the smooth running of the business. The people who Oxfam are aiming to help in the third world will also be in this section of the stakeholder diagram as they will be considered in terms of the aims and objectives of the organisation.

Marks & Spencer's stakeholder diagram has an extra layer, in this section it includes organisations who do not have a direct influence on the running of the company but do indirectly. These organisations include the Government (may affect M&S by introducing new laws and legislation's) and competitors (their advertising and pricing strategies may affect M&S sales).

The final section of each diagram consists of organisations who have no link to M&S or Oxfam but have the power to influence their target markets and the general public. These include the media/press and lobby groups. In terms of Oxfam the bank may also be included in this section of the stakeholder diagram, this is due to the fact the bank does not act as a source of finance as it does for M&S, it would only be used as a place to store Oxfam's donations.

In comparison the main difference between profit making organisations and non profit making organisation is their objectives. A profit making organisation such as Marks & Spencer aims to make a profit in order to pay dividends back to shareholders and grow and expand whereas a non-profit making orgnisation aims to reduce poverty through donations of the general public. However, one thing both types of organisations do have in common is they both conduct marketing and advertising in order to meet their objectives.

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Marketing case study on Godiva chocolates.

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Godiva's History and Background

Godiva is an established brand of chocolate that has been perfected to its highest capability and is considered to be part of a prestigious, upper class chocolate praline. The name Godiva was actually given in honor of the Legend Lady Godiva.

For generations, Belgium has tried to maintain an image of perfectionist throughout their unique society. It's no wonder how the company Godiva originated in Belgium from a man named Joseph Draps who owned and controlled the company from 10 up until 174 when Campbell Soup Company purchased Godiva International. It was then broken into three divisions, Godiva Europe, Godiva U.S.A, and Godiva Japan. All three divisions are equally valuable to the growth of Godiva.

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In 11 Godiva annual sales consisted of 6 million francs and still had a reported net loss of 10million francs. Within one year the new President of Godiva, Charles van der Veken took this mature unprofitable company and redesigned the exact way the company would operate. What Godiva did was, they raised all the standards of operations so that they became equivalent in comparison to the market styles of the U.S. and even Japan. Then the retail network distribution was down- sized to company owned stores and 54 franchises. To provide the consistent image of "most expensive", "nicest packaging", and "most beautiful stores", the company formed precise organizational rules for the remaining retailers of Godiva.

The second action Godiva took was replacing all the original sales staff and even the marketing team. These precise rules helped Godiva regain the original brand equity of the product while creating a uniform that presents Godiva's core competency of a high quality delicate tasting product in a luxurious packaging throughout the remaining stores. With the upgrade of standards Godiva immediately helped strengthened it's marketing strategy while still creating a future possibility of expansion into unexplored countries where the consumption of chocolate is increasing.

The Main Issues

Since Godiva was one of the first to originate in Belgium it should defiantly have a large grasp on the current market, but unfortunately it doesn't. In 11 Godiva only grasped 10% while their major Competitor Leonidas grasped 4% in a market that was estimated to be .6 billion francs at the time. When considering the population of Belgium, it is about times smaller than France, so actually 10% isn't necessarily bad, and it is descent. Looking at the competition, Godiva obviously wasn't living up to their potential in distinguishing their core competency, which resulted in a decline in their brand recognition. That was exactly why they reestablished their network chain to maintain the original idea of a luxury chocolate.

Problem #1

One area Godiva needs to re-evaluate is their retail distribution across countries. There are 5 company owned stores in the U.S. along with 800 department stores. Japan possessed franchised dealers and 67 department stores. In Europe alone, there are only 6 company owned stores with 0 franchises along with 41 department stores. The major problem is the disparity between the Godiva Boutiques globally as well as the Belgium boutiques.

Godiva needs to take into consideration the image that the retailer boutiques are presenting to the customer everywhere. They need to formulate a standard of functional themes throughout these boutiques globally. Functional themes meaning, that for every season change and holiday every single Godiva store carries out a uniform display. This change in the boutique scenery is very important seeing how Godiva isn't only for personal consumption, but for gift giving as well. About .1% of Godiva's purchases are for gifts and about 4.4% is for personal consumption. Because Godiva has a great luxurious appeal to both types of markets, it is very important for them to maintain high quality of standards for the presentation of the products in boutiques.

Problem #

It was now time for Godiva "to communicate the desired image of Godiva more widely, now that we have a retail network capable of maintaining that image on the level of the Triad Countries." (Pg. 86) Yes, Godiva already has brand recognition globally, but they wanted to take this brand recognition into one "common" perspective. Godiva's particular advertising sends an appeal to non-conservatism middle-upper class consumers. What Godiva needs to do is capture the remaining market with an appeal of affordable luxury despite cultural differences. If Godiva wants to send a global common message, they will need to take this segmented market; A- chocolate pralines for the rich and elite, B- chocolate candies for the average self-indulgent consumer, and view each as a combined market.

Analysis of Options

Godiva currently has a competitive advantage globally because of its buy-out from Campbell Soup. When Campbell bought Godiva it provided a golden opportunity that none of the other competitions had available. This buy-out was beneficial to Godiva because it gave them the upper hand in being the first to expand globally. But before they could expand globally they needed to see what exactly was going on with the company internally.

Analysis of Problem #1

After a good review, it was obvious that the product strategy was suffering. Even though Godiva had the competitive advantage, it seemed as though it did not know how to imply it throughout Belgium. When in comparison to the U.S. and Japan, the product strategy is quite different because it is viewed as fairly "new". The evolution of Godiva began in the Belgium market, so consumers have watched the growth of the product along with its competition. With the long-term presence of Godiva in Belgium, it was going to be difficult to impress the Godiva image in Belgium any further.

The first part of the actual plan to help improve Godiva would be to create a new product strategy that resembles the American way, and will still be able to eventually be applied globally. The repositioning of the product strategy should be founded upon a trail basis in the Belgian market because of the heritage and familiarity of Godiva. The Belgium market seems to be suffering the most, with a small possession of 10% in market shares. It almost seems as though the plan can only become beneficial experiment for Godiva. Using the Belgium market as the trial period could help place Godiva back into the position amongst the competition, number one!

The channel distribution is going to be a key factor in reducing the differential qualities in the boutiques. Godiva needs to create a unique boutique design that is uniform to all Godiva franchises, department stores, and even company owned stores. The image of each store should portray similar qualities such as the store displays, floor layout, and even the employee presentation of customer service. By setting the standards high, it should reinstate Godiva's brand equity while justifying the price of the product through the total quality of the product.

Analysis of Problem #

Godiva presently has a total budget of 1 million Belgian francs per year. The 1 million helps provide funds for Godiva to sponsor events such as golf tournaments. With an additional 1 million bf Godiva would be able to pursue a global advertising campaign. If Godiva wants to send a common message of their image globally through advertising, with an American twist, they will need to consider a variety of factors that will affect their promotional mix.

One of the most important factors is the demographics of areas they plan on demonstrating the global campaign in. The first social factor would be the consumption of chocolate per country. Using the media can have an even larger impact on the increase in consumption. With an increase in the consumption of chocolate can only lead to an increase in sales. In a nine year period there was abundance in consumption of chocolate in Japan-54%, Italy 10%, Autralia-45% and even in America. Countries like Spain and

Portugal also accepted the idea of luxury and wealth, which are more susceptible to the idea of a rich luxury chocolate because it is still a new concept. The stable economy in these countries is another part of the reasons for acceptance. The U.S. and Japan are also good potential growth markets because both countries the idea of chocolates for a special occasion gift is popular. Countries like Switzerland, UK, and Germany are defiantly not the safest way to expand the global campaign. These countries are not idealistic because, the Switzerland chocolate market has plateau, the UK consumers are conservatives, and Germans do not recognize the pampering culture of chocolate.

A general focus should remain on the three main markets that exist in Belgium, U.S, and Japan for a couple of different reasons. The Belgium market deserves good portion of attention because the lost image of Godiva needs to be restored. Belgium is also the main center of operation for Godiva and even produces specialty products that other factories do not provide. The U.S. is another good target because it posses a large portion of company owned stores, and department stores. The U.S. also has a factory in Pennsylvania that produces 0% of the countries needs while the other 10% is imported from the main Belgium factory. The Japan market is key because it is at its prime for expansion. A majority of sales in Japan are seasonal but the fact that the price level is the highest in Japan it makes up for lost yearly sales. Japan actually pays Godiva the highest price for one kilogram of chocolate 4000 bf. The U.S. price level is set at 000bf and the Belgium price level is even lower, 1000bf.

Recommendations and Outcomes

After reviewing both problems and the courses of actions that will need to be implemented in order to solve these problems, it doesn't seem too far-fetched to implement both plans of action. If problem one is acted upon, it will send a reminder to the target customer about Godiva's image that has become uniformed through the upgraded boutiques. Grasping the potential customers attention is key because they need to be aware of what Godiva is actually offering in these boutiques. With the formality present in each and every Godiva boutique, it should have a positive impact on the customer leading to an increase in sales without affecting any costs.

Now on the other hand, implementing the second plan of action globally, will be a costly procedure somewhat. Godiva does need to seriously consider implementing the second plan of action as well as the first plan of action. The first plan is key to the success of the second plan, because without a trial market the success rate isn't proven and neither is the direction of the global campaign.

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Farm

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The Relationship of The Awakening and Creole Society In The Awakening, Kate Chopin brings out the essence of through the characters of her novel. In this novel Edna Pontellier faces many problems because she is an outcast from society. As a result of her isolation from society she has to learn to fit in and deal with her problems. This situation causes her to go through a series of awakenings that help her find herself, but this also causes problems with her husband because she loses respect for him and the society she lives in. Throughout the novel she is faced with unfavorable circumstances which confuse and eventually kill her. Kate Chopin uses Creole Society in the 1890s as a basis for her novel and expresses it through Creole women, personal relationships, and etiquette. The Awakening is a book based on French Creoles and their lifestyle which is expressed throughout the novel. Creoles were French Creole Society descendents of French and Spanish Colonists of the 1700s. They had strong family ties because of Catholicism and were a tight community because they where considered outcasts of Anglo- American society. Clement Eaton says that "the Creoles, to a greater degree then Anglo-Americans, lived a life of sensation and careless enjoyment. They loved to dance, gamble, fish, attend feasts, play on the fiddle and to live without much thought of the morrow." Eaton 252 Creoles were very lively outgoing people because of their comfortable tight society. Activities such as Mardi Gras and Sunday afternoon Mass holiday spirits contribute the liveliness of these people (Walker 252). A large reason for their comfort and "live for the moment" attitude was that Creoles did not move west like most other colonists to claim land. Instead they stayed in relatively the same area and just grew in population without consumption of other lands . This caused a shortage of land so it had to be repeatedly divided among the families and it also made it difficult for the plantation system to operate successfully (Walker 253). Background of Creoles: Until 1888 the husband was legal guardian and was given custody of the children when in a divorce. In the 1890 segregation was legalized (Jim Crow laws), but blacks horizons were expanding also. "In Louisiana after the Civil War, African American men had voted in large numbers, held public office, served on juries, and worked on the railroad"(Culley 119). In Creole society people are generally very warm and open, having plentiful long relationships. A mother's relationship with her children is usually very close, loving, and caring. The children are usually constantly pampered by their mother. Creole women, " . . . were women who idolized their children worshipped their husbands, and esteemed it holy privilege to efface themselves as individuals and grow wings as ministering angels" (Chopin 16). Edna Pontellier, was not this type of mother though, she ". . . was not a mother-woman"(Chopin 16). Edna is just not able to fit in to the Creole society because she was raised in such a foreign way from what Creoles exhibit, it is just too difficult. Just little signs of affection towards her are difficult for her to grasp, "… she becomes confused when Madame Ratignolle touches her hand during a conversation" (Walker 254). "'She was not accustomed to an outward and spoken expression of affection, either in herself or others'" (Walker 254). Unbelievably, Edna and her husband are the most distant of all people because they were basically forced into marriage. He limits her and this infuriates her to the point where she gives up and just does as she pleases. He does this by speaking to her like a kid and treating her like a piece of property that he drags around because it is inproper for a man of his stature not to be married (Chopin 7). Robert is the only person in which she has a full relationship with. Unfortunately their relationship is limited they can only truly be friends. Since Adele Ratignolle doesn't want this relationship to be taken too far or seriously she tells Robert, "She is not one of us; she is not like us. She make the unfortunate blunder of taking you seriously" (Walker 254). The relationships that Edna has just continue to confuse her and inspire her at the same time. This confuses her, making her think that she is fitting in fine when in fact she is really in a mess, and is too deep to be changed into a French-Creole women of any standards. French-Creole women are thought of and shown to be very well rounded admirable women. They have many talents, skills, and a special way of life. "Creole Women are artistic by nature; they paint and play and sing" (Shaffter 137). They not only speak French, but usually several other languages also. In their speech they are usually very clear and articulant using gestures to ensure their point. Women in the Creole culture tend to be beautiful with a dark complexion, long black hair, and deep dark eyes (Shaffter 137). Walker describes Chopin's context of the story through this quote: The community about which she wrote was one in which respectable women took wine with their dinner and brandy after it, smoked cigarettes, played Chopin sonatas, and listened to the men tell risque stories. It was, in short, far more French than American, and Mrs.Chopin reproduced this little world with no specific intent to shock or make a point. . . . Rather, these were for Mrs.Chopin the conditions of civility. . . . People openly like[d] one another, enjoy[ed] life, and savor[ed] its sensual riches. (Walker 253) Creole women are very open and forward but also very careful with whom they make friends with (Shaffter 138). They show no shame and are very modest, never expressing their hardships. Stated by Shaffter , "As wives, Creole women are without superiors; loving and true, they seldom figure in domestic scandal" (138). Also, they generally, "… are good housekeepers, are economical and industrious" (Shaffter 138). Creole women are mostly surrounded by religion, which is spread throughout their large families and help give them a sense of belonging and an identity. During the 1890s woman began to become more recognized and started gathering power and strength in their society. They also were being allowed to expand possibilities which are strongly shown through the French-Creole culture. The New Orleans Daily Picayune was the first newspaper to be edited by a woman and to become a well-known American paper (Culley 121). During the 1890s this paper helped a number of women's causes. Their rights grew because of several women's rights groups such as the Portia Club and the Era Club which helped provide more opportunities for women. Eventually they won the right to vote on issues such local taxation and they voice on political matters was being felt (Culley 121). Unfortunately they had to deal with a fair deal of restrictions. For example, most of all married women were legally considered property of their husbands. All possessions that a women had attained and worked for including money were property of the husband (Culley 120). Women were getting many jobs that were as physicians, captains, storeowners, florists , and many others, although they were not being accounted for. "The national census of 1890 showed that 9 of the 369 professions listed for the city were women not represented" (Culley 121). In Creole culture, etiquette and behavior takes a large part of their society. This is why it is very important to be as proper as possible otherwise it could be very offending to another party or especially their friends. At all times it is best to "avoid all causes for complaint" (Wells 122). It is necessary for a woman who wants recognition in society to display "… her politeness and engaging manners, or skill in music…", along with the dressing up of her house (Wells 122). It should never be allowed by a lady, the disrespect of her husband, advice degrading him because "… confidants are dangerous persons" (Wells 122). When a Creole woman is walking through the streets she should walk quietly while being unnoticeable as possible. If she comes upon someone she recognizes they should be acknowledged with a bow and friends addressed with a verbal greeting (Young 125). When riding in a carriage a women's dress should not be flashy or expensive. It should be made of silks, velvets, and laces. The dress can drag a little but if it does too much dirt or soil could destroy it. A lady in Creole culture should always dress for the occasion, especially when going out to dinners or any special occasion. When going out to dinners the dress should be a full length silk or velvet material for winter and a light, lavish material for summertime. Jewelry should be worn all over being the best that can be attained and the dresses color should be a light neutral tint (Young 127). When receiving calls a females dress should be of silk or other light materials, but plain with dullish colors (Young 126). It should be worn with cuffs, lace collars, and light amount of jewelry, but when worn for special holidays or evenings the dress should be livened up. In all, The Awakening, vividly describes French-Creole culture and gives a strong feeling of it's Society in the 1890s. Women individuality and independence seem to be a overlying theme in this story. Chopin also describes Creole women, personal relationships , and the etiquette of Creoles throughout her Novel. Creole Society has a very close community that results in a fun and comfortable society. That was definitely shown in The Awakening , but not felt by Edna Pontellier who was just trying to find herself for her whole life. When she get intermixed with Creoles it showed her what she was missing, but was not able to grasp so that she could fit in to society for once.

Bibliography

Works Cited Chopin, Kate. The Awakening. New York: Avon, 1998. Culley, Margo. "Editor's Note: Contexts of "The Awakening." "The Awakening": An Authoritative Text. Ed. Margo Culley. New York: Norton, 1994. 117-122. Eaton Clement. The Civilization of the Old South. Ed. Albert D. Kirwan. Lexington: U of Kentucky P, 1968. 83. Qtd. in Walker, 252. Shaffter, Mary L. "Creole Women." The Chatauquan 15 (1982) : 346-347. Rpt. in "The Awakening": An Authoritative Text. Ed. Margo Culley. New York: Norton, 1994. 137-139. Walker, Nancy. "Feminist or Naturalist?" The Social Context of Kate Chopin's The Awakening. 17(1979) : 95-103. Rpt. in "The Awakening" : An Authoritative Text. Ed. Margo Culley. New York: Norton, 1994. 137-139. Wells, Richard A. "An Etiquette Advice Book Sampler." Decorum: A Practical Treatise on Etiquette and Dress of the Best American Society. (1886): 248-49. Rpt. in "The Awakening": An Authoritative Text. Ed. Margo Culley. New York: Norton, 1994.122-125. Young, John H. "An Etiquette Advice Book Sampler." Our Deportment, Or the Manners, Conduct and Dress of the Most Refined Society. (1882): 56. Rpt. in "The Awakening": An Authoritative Text. Ed. Margo Culley. New York: Norton, 1994. 122-125.

Custom Essays on farm

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BIOPURE

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Biopure Case Study

Biopure Corporation

Case Analysis

Issues

A.How do we best market Oxyglobin?(promotion)

Alternatives

1.Go with an independent distributor with their own sales force

·Pos infrastructure already in place (database contacts, etc)

·Neg They also distribute for other manufacturers(what's to stop them from distributing directly competitive product?

·Neg15 minute visit per salesperson- focus is divided among all the other products they sell

·Pos They are able to set up a centralized training session for distributors (?? Time/money, etc)

·Pos Experienced salespeople- if it's a good product, they can/will want to sell them

.Manufacturer sells products directly

·Control over sales practices

·Cost of maintaining the sales force

·Cost to physically distribute ($10-$15 more) per unit (should go under distribution?)

.Use trade publications 4. Market Trade Shows (could be combined or separated)

·Taken seriously by attendees

·Only 5 publications, easy to advertise to

·Journals are effective vehicles to communicate the product

·Taken seriously by attendees (6 TS/year)

B.Whether and when do we launch Oxyglobin?(Product)

1.Launch Oxyglobin first

·Get immediate revenue

·Will add value to the public release of company because they already have a working profitable product

·There is currently a need for veterinary use (it will help save animals' lives)

·Spent almost nothing to develop Oxyglobin

·Lower manuf cost, can make more for the same resources

·Large capacity

·Already have a C.S,, Tech team to support it

·Studies on $$ and

·No foreseable competition ( years behind)

·They can learn from potential mistakes

·May find additional benefits

·Will be good for Hemopure later on because people would already be comfortable with the idea of using a substitute

·There was already a press release from The Boston Glove in /5/8

·Pricing structure of Oxyglobin will make customers question Hemopure pricing structure later

.Launch Oxyglobin after Hemopure

·Won't jeopardize Hemopure

·Need will still be there

·Low price will be explained by the application (psychological aspects)

·There was already a press release from The Boston Glove in /5/8

·Will open room for competitors to start doing clinical trials for veterinary usage

·Production infrastructure already in place

·Will give available capacity to Hemopure which is more expensive

·Oxyglobin release will be easier (less cost to market) because people will already be more familiar and hopefully trust the idea of a blood substitute

.Do not launch Oxyglobin

·Idle capacity not being used

·Spent $00 million to make Hemopure- can't take the chance

·Spent $00 million to develop the product- get some of the up front cost first

·Idea of a company with no released product- harder to sell to the public

·Launching Hemopure would be the first time people will be universally exposed to the idea of substitutes

·People will be hesitant to the idea if it wasn't sufficiently tried on animals first

·If people find out- they will be enraged that the launch was delayed (i.e. not be able to save lives of animals) for the sake of marketing

·Press has already been informed- anticipation is out there

C.How do we launch Oxyglobin without jeopardizing the potential for Hemopure (Promotion)

D.How do we best distribute Oxyglobin?(Place)

1.National Distributors

.Regional Distributors

.Trade Shows

4.Publications

E.How much should we sell Oxyglobin for given that it is similar to Hemopure?(Price)

1.$00Higher than donor blood

.$100 same as donor blood

.Lower than animal blood

F.When introduced, should Hemopures price be equivalent to its competitors, or should it be reduced in consideration of the price paid of Oxyglobin?

G.What promotional tools should Oxyglobin use to reach the veterinary markets?

H.What promotional tools should Hemopure use to distinguish itself from its competitors?

Strengths and Weaknesses

StrengthsWeaknesses

Sales Organization already in place for Oxyglobin HRBiopure is going public in the near future

Biopure is going public in the near future$00 million dollars in development (high compared to competitors) FINANCIAL

The public has already been informed (Boston Globe Article)Short half life

Oxyglobin and Hemoglobin are bovine sourced- more abundant and less expensive resource COSTPotential for higher toxicity

Already has a manufacturing facility MANUFACTURINGInternal strife (sales vs VP) and discussion regarding whether of not product should be released

Oxyglobin has just received final FDA ApprovalThey have to price Oxi on the low end due to the therapeutic use

Oxyglobin is shelf stableInternal arguments re pricing (value vs therapeutic use)

Oxi eliminates the shortcomings associated with transfused bloodDoes not have pricing data on Hemopure

Oxi is the FIRST blood substitute approved for any useProduct will be completely new and revolutionary, will have to spend more to educate the public

Oxi has a shelf life at room temperatureThey already have a sales team ready, cost has already been incurred- whether they decide to scrap the project or not

Universal substitute- decreasing the risk of rejectionWill be going Public soon and records will be open to the public

Northfield is susceptible to competitive pressure. COMPETITIVENorthfield is looking to specialize. COMPETITIVE

Easily accessible and administered to dying animalsPrivately held firm

Oxi requires less purification- thus it costs less to manufactureHas to rely on outside sources for financing FINANCIAL

Conducted surveys on pricing for OxiglobinMARKETING, exhibit Can only produce 00,000 of Oxyglobin

Privately held firm with no debtCan only produce100,000 of Hemopure

List advantages of HemopureHas not conducted surveys on pricing for Hemopure MARKETING, exhibit

First to market position for Biopure MARKETINGStruggle between Oxiglobin and Hemopure within the organization. ORGANIZATIONAL COMPETENCIES

Organizational Chart - ORGANIZATIONAL COMPETENCIESHemopure and Oxiglobin are made from animal (cow) blood.

Oxiglobin and Hemopure is not made from human blood. Sales are limited by production capacity and can only manufacture one product at a time. MANUFACTURING

Well defined target market for animal uses. EDUCATIONAL GROUPS

Durable product makes product readily available Baxter has deep pockets. COMPETITIVE

Lower fixed costs than competitors

Patents.

IPO will increase cash for infrastructure and other expansion.

Immediate revenue generation for OxiglobinImposing pressure of IPO may cause bad or poorly considered decisions.

Just received extra $50 million in fundingOrganizational Chart - ORGANIZATIONAL COMPETENCIES

Opportunities and Threats

OpportunitiesThreats

Human Blood Transfusions have major shortcomingsFDA Approval process is long and uncertain

Human blood has a limited shelf lifeChanges to the Sources/Development have to be resubmitted to the FDA

Autologous Transfusions are expensive Human blood actually costs less

Potential market exists for non-trauma cases (loss of 1- pints of blood)There is not a way at the moment to determine the price of keeping donor animals

Potential market for trauma cases that can now be transfused on site No cost tracking of animal donor system but blood itself costs less ($50-$100) than Oxyglobin

Availability and transfusion of blood is more constrained in the vet marketAvailability and transfusion of blood is more constrained in the vet market

System in place for Veterinary Blood donation is not very efficientVeterinarians tend to always offer the "low cost" alternatives

Lack of adequate blood supply for animal useVet market is relatively small (5% are emergency care)

Veterinarians consider transfusion as a last resort due to fear of complicationsBaxter Int and Northfield Labs

Baxter and Northfield products use human blood as the sourceStrict FDA regulation for Human consumption products

Only one in the vet marketBaxter and Northfield products use rejected human blood as the source

Northfield high raw material cost ($6 for rejected blood vs Baxter's $8) COMPETITIVEBaxter is an established leader in the field of blood related medical products

Northfield and Baxter are bound to compete against each other (not against Biopure) COMPETITIVEHas a $100 million dollar facility that can produce 1 million units (more capacity than Biopure) COMPETITIVE

Baxter and Northfield are susceptible to the public's perceptions (stock fluctuations)Distributors have an established and experienced sales force

Delays in the approval process for Baxter COMPETITIVEDistributors already have an established market for other products

Vets are gatekeepers- educate them and the product will be usedDistributors are not exclusive- they also market other competitors' products

Distributors already have an established market for other productsInforming the public made them a target for competition in the vet market

Raw materials readily available and stable. SUPPLIERSNo formalized supply process for mass production SUPPLIERS

Population increase NATURALLack of data on costs associated with donor puppies. ACCOUNTING

Excellent PR opportunity by saving the dogs and cats that would normally have died. POLITICALSuppliers may increase price of supplies once they realize there is a market for their product. SUPPLIERS/ECONOMIC

Inelastic demand ECONOMICPETA POLITICAL

Socially responsible use of product that is normally thrown out. SOCIALTechnological advances may allow competitors to catch up. TECHNOLIGICAL

Technological advances in blood storage may decrease competitors raw materials supplies. Technological advances in blood storage may decrease demand.

Increasing demand from aging population DEMOGRAPHICS, page 650Undetermined approval date by FDA, LEGAL

Northfield doesnt have a facility. COMPETITIVE.Baxter is strongest player. COMPETITIVE

Baxters R&D budget is dependent upon stock price. VARYING R&D BUDGETS

Baxter has more net losses to recoup.

Offer growth capability for investors. FINANCIAL MARKETSSome segments of population may oppose and refuse the use of animal (cow) products. DEMOGRAPHICS

Seasonal cycles of shortage in blood supplies increases demand for this product.Negative public reaction if we decide to withhold blood substitue for animals for reasons of profit. SOCIAL

Competitior products require refrigeration. TRANSPORTATIONMad cow disease. NATURAL

Competitor products have shorter shelf-lifes. COMPETITION

Perpetual market demand.

5 journals to choose

6 Trade shows a year-valued source of info

Immediate revenue generation for Oxiglobin

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Linden Tree

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LINDEN TREE

Many people, especially in the U.S.A., are not aware that their neighborhood is surrounded with Linden Tree. This tree can be very useful by making tea out of it, and use it as a cure in case of fever, sore throat, flu etc.

"Sonja what are you doing to the tree?"

"I am just trying to collect some linden flowers so that I can make some tea."

Do my essay on Linden Tree CHEAP !

"Are you crazy? Tea? What if it is poison?

I just smiled. That's what my friend Angela thought when she saw me collecting linden flowers from a linden tree right by our college.

When I was growing up, my family did not have a heating system in our house. Actually at that time we did not know what a heating system was. I remember that every other month one of us would get sick by catching a cold or fever. Being on tight budget my family could not afford to buy medication all the time, but we always had this special tea to drink in case we got sick, it is called Linden Tea.

One of my favorite hobbies is to walk. During my college years in Iowa I loved to go outside for short walks and enjoy the fresh air. I was really surprised to see that in every neighborhood there were linden trees everywhere. Linden tea is a very popular tea in Europe, the tree itself is

mostly known as Tilia Europaea. In the medical language it would be called an herbal medicine. "As we know herbal is one of the oldest forms of medicine known to man. They are normally chosen because of their healing powers with the body. They can be used at home as an ideal medicine for minor sickness or non threatening diseases." ("Stash Stress Relief Tea with Passion Flowers")

Linden tree is not native to America, it was first found in Europe, China and Mongolia. "This tree has a great significance for most European countries. According to Greek legends, the linden tree is the symbol of conjugal love, and of the perfect wife; simplicity, innocence, gentle manners. In England native linden tree is one of the tallest and longest-lived trees in all of Europe. In Germany in particular, the linden tree has a deep emblematic power; many German villages have an official town where linden tree is planted in their main squares, some of these trees are as much as 1,000 years old." ("Country Journal" p.61)

"Geographically linden tree is found almost in every European country and on the North part of United States. This is related to one of linden's greatest attribute which is cold and hardiness. It tolerates zones a to 6a and perhaps even colder. Unfortunately, the tree's inability to withstand excessive and prolonged heat limits its use in the South." ("American Nurseryman") "The tree itself grows up to 100 ft (0m), with smooth gray bark, heart-shaped leaves, and a cluster of pale yellow flowers." (Chevallier p.75) "Linden has a fine, creamy, straight-grained wood, good for carving, turning, and joinery, often used in piano keys. Leaves are four to six inches long and three to four inches wide, lopsided base, sharp-toothed margins and long petioles." ("Country Journal" p.5)

Linden tree has inspired authors not only with their valuable attributes of healing but also with its appearance. Michael Dosmann in his article about Tilia Mogolica prescribes the tree as "attractive, exfoliating bark; heart-shaped, serrated leaves that emerge reddish, turning deep green by early summer; pale-yellow flowers appear by June, adding quiet interest." ("American Nurseryman")

The best time of the year to harvest linden flowers is around June before the summer rains will hit the ground. "When harvest is completed, the yellowish or white fragrant flowers are rapidly dried about three to five days. They must be carefully preserved since even a small amount of moisture reduces their aromatic properties and their activity." (Tyler p.148)

When the flowers are completely dried you can put them inside jars (tightly closed) and they can be restored in cupboards with room temperature. "When you are ready to make tea, take one tablespoon of dried flowers in a cup of boiling water. Leave it to boil for about eight to ten minutes and then strained." (Hatfield p.107) For best effect drink it hot.

"Since the Middle Ages linden flower has been used as a diaphoretic, drug which promotes perspiration, linden was also recommended as both a nervine (tranquilizer) and stimulant. Linden is a valuable herb in the treatment of headaches, indigestions, hysteria and diarrhea." (Tyler p.148) "Since the fifteenth century John Gerard (157) noted that linden, notably the European Tilia, has aroused modest medical interest, at least for the last few hundred years. On eighteenth century author George Motherby (1785) wrote that the flowers have an anodyne and antispasmodic virtue; when fresh they have a moderately strong smell and in this their virtue consists. J.E. Meyer reports that the leaves and the flowers can be used as stomachic, diaphoretics, and to quiet coughs and relieve and hoarseness. A good interest has been shown in

United States too. In Alabama is reported that linden can be used for breaking up colds and for lung trouble. Kentucky has reported the use of inner bark for poultices to treat boils, bruises, and carbuncles." (Crellin & Philpott p. )

The University of Maryland Medicine has published an excellent article, about linden tree and its values, on the school's main website. "Linden has been used in European folk medicine for centuries to treat a wide range of health problems. Linden flowers are added to baths to quell hysteria, and steeped as a tea to relieve anxiety-related indigestion, irregular heartbeat, and vomiting. Today we use linden in many cold and cough remedies. The active ingredients found in linden leaves promote sweating, which is helpful for people who have fever. One of the most used species of linden is Tilia (also known as Tilia Americana). This species of linden has been studied in only few test tube and animal trials. However, a qualified healthcare practitioner may recommend this herb for the treatment of certain conditions. Different parts of Tilia are used in treating specific conditions and symptoms. For example Tilia's flowers are used for colds, cough, fever, infections, high blood pressure and headache. Tilia's leaves are used to promote sweating, which is very helpful for fever. Also Tilia's wood has an important role too, is mainly used for liver and gallbladder disorders and cellulites. Finally in the studies is mentioned that there are no know scientific reports of interactions between linden tree and conventional medications." (Herbs, Linden UOMM)

Andrew Chevallier, an experienced and leading figure of herbal medicine, mentions linden flowers as very useful home remedy use for both older and younger ages. On his studies he says linden "relieves tension and sinus, headaches, helping to calm the mind and allowing easy sleep. Linden tea can induce sweating to break a fever. Linden flowers bring relief to colds and flu by reducing nasal congestions and soothing fever. It is also good to lower high blood pressure, particularly when emotional factors are involved. Because of its emollient quality, linden flowers are used in France to make a lotion for itchy skin." (Chevallier p. 75)

"It was once thought that linden can be effective in the treatment of epilepsy that a patient could be cured simply by sitting under the tree!

Usually relatively large amounts of linden tea need to be drunk to induce perspiration. Studies have shown that flowers with high tannin (.0% or greater) and relatively low mucilage content to produce a more tasty tea that those with a lower concentration of tannin and large amount of mucilage." (Tyler p. 148)

Linden tea is not just an old herb found in the old time and used by our great grandparent because the lack of medicine. It is a valuable and affordable home remedy; easy to find and use in the form of the tea to cure headaches, flu, sore throat etc. This herb in now widely available around the world. You can access it through mail order, internet, health food stores, flea markets, and other outlets. Unfortunately in U.S not many people are aware that linden tree can be found even in their neighborhood (of course if you live on the North part). This wide distribution of linden tree adds another attribute to its usefulness as a home remedy; very easy to find and the most important of all linden is a very economical herb. Author Hyams wrote in his book on 188 "Linden flowers are cephalic, stimulant and sedative. Locally these plants are used quite exclusively as home remedy by the mountain people, and said to be of special advantage in diseases calling for such treatment as they can afford." (Hyams p.45)

As I mentioned earlier linden tree is not being used only as healing herb. Because of its fine creamy wood many companies are using linden's trunk for home furniture and piano keys. This factor has limit linden's attribution in the field of pharmacy and medicine today.

Many doctors have shown on their studies the historical, scientific, and pharmacological usefulness of this tree around the world. This is why linden's attribute have been greatly appreciated and awarded. "In 1, Mongolian Linden Tree received an award of Garden Merit from the Royal Horticultural Society, in England. Also recently Jeffries Nursery in Portage la Prairie, Manitoba, Canada made an introduction of Tilia Mongolica called "Harvest Gold" which has an excellent prescription of the tree with the golden fall color and flaking bark." ("American Nurseryman")

WORKS CITED

Chavallier, Andrew. The Encyclopedia of Medical Plants. New York DK Pub. 1st American Edition. Boston Distributed by Houghton Mifflin, 16.

Crellin, John, and Philpott Jane. Herbal Medicine Past and Present. Vol . London Duke University Press, 10.

Dosmann, Michael S. "Field Notes." American Nurseryman. 15 January, 000, Vol. 11 Issue , p16, 1p. MasterFILE Premier. EBSCOhost. Glendale Community College Library Media Center, Glendale AZ 6 July, 00.

http//search.epnet.com/direct.asp?an=768706&db=f5h&tg-AN

Hatfield, Gabrielle. Memory, Wisdom and Healing. Great Britain Sutton Publishing Limited, 1.

Kappel-Smith, Diana. "Country Journal." Curing the Farming Blues. Jul/Aug6, Vol. Issue4, p5, p, charts, 1c, ibw. MasterFILE Premier. EBSCOhost. Glendale Community College Library Media Center, Glendale AZ 6 July, 00.

http//search.epnet.com/direct.asp?an=7086141&db=f5h&tg=AN

Stash Stress Relief Tea with Passions Flowers. July 00. "The Stash Tea Company." July 00. http//www.stashtea.com/w-11107.htm

Tyler, Varro E. PH.D. The New Honest Herbal. Pennsylvania George F. Stickley Company, 187.

University of Maryland Medicine Database. April 00. Linden. July, 00.

http//www.umm.edu/altmed/ConsHerbs/Lindench.html

Please note that this sample paper on Linden Tree is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Linden Tree, we are here to assist you. Your cheap research papers on Linden Tree will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Merchant of venice

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I think the passages demonstrate negative feelings and attitudes between the two religions, Judaism and Christianity. I think this is because of the history of Jews living in the Christian community, which dates back many years. In medieval England, the money lender or usurer was a sinner therefore you can imagine how Shylock was treated by the Christian community in Venice, the Christian Church was openly abusive to Jews, calling the Jews money making criminals. Many people depended on ShylockÆs loans for help although no one really accepted interest which they had to pay back along with the sum of the money, which was borrowed. Shylock gained success in his money lending. Shylock made it clear that his relationship with Christians was strictly business, Shylock said I will buy with you, sell with you, talk with you, walk with you, and so following; but will not eat with you, drink with you, nor pray with you. This passage tells us that Shylock was willing to offer his profit-making services to Christians but was not prepared to socialise with them. One person who also depended on ShylockÆs loan was Antonio. Shylock agreed to give Antonio the three thousand ducats he required but did not charge interest instead he said if Antonio could not pay him back he would have his bond, which was one pound of flesh of AntonioÆs, one pound of flesh would virtually kill Antonio. Antonio was confident of his three ships arriving back however Shylock doubted the security of Antonios ships, which were to repay Shylocks loan. Shylock wanted Antonio to suffer and Shylock knew there were no guarantees that the ships would return so he fancied his chances of fulfilling his vengeance against Antonio, Shylock agreed to have one pound of AntonioÆs flesh if he could not pay back the three thousand ducats, also this way Shylock would not be prosecuted by the law of Venice. Shylock had made a bond with Antonio, which Antonio could not break. Shylock said But ships are but boards, sailors but men; there be land rats, and water rats, water thieves and land thieves-I mean pirates- and then there is the peril of waters, winds and rocks. The man is notwithstanding sufficient. Shylock wanted revenge on Antonio because of the way Antonio had physically and verbally abused Shylock in the past. Shylock said You call me misbeliever, cut throat dog, and spit upon my Jewish gabardine. Shylock tells how Antonio had treated him in the past. It is noticeable that Antonio does not deny abusing Shylock, instead Antonio swears that he is likely to do it again I am as like to call thee so again, To spet on thee, to spurn thee too This shows that even though Antonio was dependent on the Jew (Shylock) he still acknowledged the fact of the differences between the two religions. We had learnt that Shylock had suffered at the hands of Antonio but it did not appear it was just Shylock suffering, Shylock said For suffÆrance is the badge of all our tribe. This passage tells us that all of ShylockÆs tribe, Jews, were used to suffering, it is highly likely they suffered at the hands of Christians. I think this causes prejudice against all Christians and gives the reader the impression that the Christians in Venice treated all Jews this unfairly. Shylock asked if a Jew wrongs a Christian a Christian would seek revenge therefore if a Christian wrongs a Jew then the Jew should also seek revenge, Shylock said If a Jew wrong a Christian, what is his humility? Revenge. If a Christian wrongs a Jew, what should his sufferance be by Christian example? Why revenge. The villainy you teach me I will execute. Shylock felt he had been wronged therefore he thought he was entitled to revenge. Shylock had been waiting for the opportunity of getting one up on Antonio, Shylock now intended to use the bond as a way of getting revenge on Antonio, Shylock said If I catch him once upon the hip, I will feed fat the ancient grudge I bear him. ShylockÆs hatred of Antonio was for three reasons; the first reason was he was a Christian, Shylock said I hate him for he is a Christian. It was clearly obvious that Jews did not like Christians and vice-versa due to the different religious beliefs in both religions. Also Antonio warns off Bassanio when Shylock quotes from the bible, Antonio said The devil can cite Scripture for his purpose. An evil soul producing holy witness. By reading this passage we can tell that Antonio hated Jews. The second reason was that Christians lent money for no interest this clearly affected ShylockÆs business. Shylock said He lends out money gratis, an bring down The rate of usance here with us in Venice. This passage tells us that Christians did not charge interest therefore the Christians did not make profits whereas people like Shylock made their profits from interest, this clearly did not please the Christian community, this may have created negative attitudes towards all Jews because Jews may have been prejudiced against. Antonio had also saved many of ShylockÆs customers by defaulting on their loans, this meant Shylock did not collect any interest therefore he made no profits. Antonio said Shylock seeks my life; his reasons I well know I oft delivered from his forfeitures Many that have at times made moan to me; Therefore he hates me. (III, ii, 1-4) This did clearly not please Shylock because hi from essaybank.co.uk s schemes of gaining interest were often ruined by Antonio therefore his hunger for revenge grew upon Antonio. The third reason was that Antonio hated the Jews sacred nation, Shylock said æHe hates our sacred nation, and he railsÆ This passage tells the readers or the audience that Christians hated Jews. These three reasons had caused Shylock to seek revenge on Antonio. AntonioÆs ships did not return which resulted in Antonio having to face the bond, which he had agreed with Shylock. When Shylock learned about the state of AntonioÆs ships, which had not returned he happily declared Im very glad of it. Ill plague him, Ill Torture him, I am glad of it. (III, i, 116-17) Shylock now knew that Antonio had lost his capital and would not be able to repay him. Shylock was now looking to have his bond, one pound of AntonioÆs flesh. Shylock was not going to let this opportunity of revenge on Antonio slip, he said Cursed be my tribe if I forgive him! There was no way that Shylock would forgive Antonio for his doings. Shylock made clear that he would only have his bond. In court Portia begged Shylock to forfeit the bond and accept three times the amount of money borrowed by Antonio. Shylock refused, saying Ill have by bond; I will not hear thee speak; Ill have my bond, and therefore speak no-more. Jessica, ShylockÆs daughter, said When I was with him I have heard him swear To Tubal and to Chus, his countrymen, That he would rather have Antonios flesh Than twenty times the value of the sum That he did owe him. (III, ii, 84-88) This passage shows that the Jew seeked the ChristianÆs life. Clearly Shylock seeked revenge and only revenge, he said If it will feed nothing else, it will feed nothing else, it will feed my revenge. He hath disgraced me, hindered me half a million, laughed at my losses, mocked at my gains, scorned my nation, thwarted my bargains, cooled my friends, heated mine enemies-and whatÆs his reason? I am a Jew. Shylock felt he had been wronged and treated unfairly because he was a Jew. This passage demonstrates that Christians treated Jews badly because of their differences in religions. Shylock cursed that if his bond was not forfeited And by our holy Sabaoth have I sworn To have the due forfeit of my bond. If you deny it, let the danger light Upon your charter and citys freedom. Shylock cursed VeniceÆs freedom if his bond was not met. This passage shows ShylockÆs eagerness of revenge on Antonio, who Shylock knew he had been wronged by. Antonio knew that there was no way that Shylock would turn away form the bond, he said You may as well do anything most hard As seek to soften that- than which whatÆs harder? - His Jewish heart. Therefore I do beseech you make no more offers, This passage clearly show that the Jew was hard hearted towards the Christian, Shylock would only have his bond, and he now had the chance of revenge, which he had been patiently waiting for. Shylock clearly showed that money was worthless compared to the bond, he said If every ducat in six thousand ducats Were in six parts, and every part a ducat. I would not draw them. I would have my bond. This passage clearly indicates ShylockÆs eagerness of revenge on Antonio. ShylockÆs only want was one pound of AntonioÆs flesh. Shylock said The pound of flesh which I demand of him Is dearly bought. ætis mine, and I will have it. Shylock was clearly saying that he owns the pound of flesh and it is his property therefore he shall have it. The Dukes behaviour was rather surprising considering the fact he was supposed to me impartial but he was clearly supporting Antonio, he began by sympathising with Antonio I am sorry for thee. Thou art come to answer A stone adversary, an inhuman wretch, Uncapable of pity, void and empty From any dram of mercy. The Dukes actions were clearly unfair therefore it was impossible for the Duke to give a fair hearing. The Duke also calls Shylock æthe JewÆ Go one and call the Jew into the court. This clearly indicates that many people did not give Jews respect. In many cases Shylock was not referred as æShylockÆ instead he was referred to as dog Jew (II,viii,14) currish Jew (IV,i,) Gratiano said of Shylock O, be thou damned, inexecrable dog! (IV,i,18) The Duke called Shylock a stony adversary, inhuman wretch (IV,i,4-5). Bassanio identified Shylock as a cruel devil (IV,i,17). I think William Shakespeare gave these titles to Shylock to strip him of his humanity and remove his religious identity. This made Shylock appear something other than human, I think this was because he was a Jew. I think William Shakespeare was not against Jews because he included a passage that made Christians and Jews feel alike, Shylock said I am a Jew. Hath not a Jew eyes? Hath not a Jew hands, organs, dimensions, senses affections passions? Fed with the same food, hurt with the same weapons, subject to the same diseases, healed by the same means, warmed and cooled by the same winter and summer as a Christian is? If you prick us, do we not bleed? If you tickle us, do we not laugh? If you poison us do we not die? In my opinion Shakespeare wanted Christians to realise that Jews were also human but at the same time he could not make the Christians unhappy by sticking up for the Jews therefore he had to write want the Christians wanted to read.

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