Contemporary Approaches to Leadership

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Contemporary approaches to leadership are the descendants of Taylor, Mayo and the Ohio State Leadership studies. The evolution of contemporary theories went through several stages.

The first was Taylors scientific management, in which managements role was entirely technical -- they were to stay completely clear from their employess human affairs and emotions. It was the role of employees to adjust to management.

Secondly came a swing in the opposite direction to Elton Mayo and the Human Relations movement. Here the main focus was on individual needs and not on the needs of the organization. In other words, human relations emphasized relationships with people, while scientific management emphasized the importance of organizational tasks.

It was at OSU that the grid defining four combinations of task/relationship leadership styles originated. Blake and Mouton took the grid public and became famous for its use in OD work.

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(1) The Managerial Grid

The most popular management tool to come out of psychology may very well be Blake and Moutons managerial grid. Blake and Mouton identified five basic management styles based on their location on the people vs. task oriented grid.

The five styles are

Impoverished (1,1) -- exertion of minimal effort

Country-Club (1,) -- maintainence of a comfortable/friendly organization

Scientific (,1) -- minimum human interference with tasks

Middle of the Road (5,5) -- balanced task/relationship by not making waves

Team Management (,) -- commitment, interdependence, trust and respect

An individual manager usually does not stay in one style at all times and under all circumstances. He usually has a dominant style and a back-up style. Under stress, a particular situation, or with a particular person a managers style may change. Also, combinations of different points on the grid result in combined styles. For example, a pendulum style is the result of swings from (1,1) to (,1). A combination of (,1) and (1,) results in a paternalistic style, which can be very exposive. Ive tried to be a nice guy, but now look what youve done!.

The managerial grid theory holds that there is a best management style, namely, team management or (,), and much of the work that Blake and Mouton have done is to assist managers and teams to change their styles to a (,) orientation. A grid intervention for changing a management teams style to (,) will be based on knowing grid theory and what (,) style is, clearing away self-deception, developing and encouraging the motivation to change and establishing on-going team support.

There are many strengths associated with the managerial grid. Many organizations spend enormous amounts of time, energy and resources either avoiding direct confrontation with problems, or attacking the wrong problems. The stress on clearing away self-deception is a giant step in the direction of facing problems directly and honestly. The grid model has tremendous general applicability in assessing individual managers personal and decision-making styles. It is a great tool in conflict resolution. Finally, (,) style managers and teams develop win/win attitudes which

clearly add to the effectiveness of the organization.

One weakness of grid management is that getting people to change their styles is very difficult. A second weakeness is the assumption that there is one best style for all situations. A single, best style may be ineffective due to the abilities of the leader, needs of the followers and other contingency factors.

() Fiedlers Contingency Model

The leadership contingency model was developed by Fred Fiedler. He identified three situational variables which determine a leaders effectiveness in a particular situation leader-member relations,

task structure and position power. The results of his studies showed that in terms of the three situational variables task oriented leaders performed best in either a very favorable situation to the leader or a very unfavorable situation to the leader, and relationship oriented leaders performed best in situations that were in the middle (neither highly favorable nor highly unfavorable).

Fiedler avoids the inherent problems with trying to change a managers style by recommending that the style be left as it is. Instead of changing a managers style, alter the situation. Fiedler says, check the compatibility of the manager to the situation. If it matches, leave it alone. If it doesnt match, alter one or more of the situational variables, or rotate in a new manager with a style that fits the situation.

Although somewhat intuitively and intellectually appealing, two of the three situational variables do not change easily at all, and the third is also somewhat resistant to change. You certainly dont want to change the leader-member relations from good to poor to get a better match. Similar negative effects with management and peers exist with position power changes. That leaves task structure as the only practical candidate for change, and tasks tend to carry their own inherent best level of structure. Additionally, Fiedlers work implies a one-dimensional tradeoff between relation and task orientation for managers. The two-dimensional grid combinations are more realistic both in theory and applied work.

() Life Cycle Contingency Theory

A second situational theory is the life cycle leadership theory of Hersey and Blanchard. Hersey and Blanchard add a third dimension to the task/relationship grid, namely task relevant maturity or TRM. For a particular level of TRM, there is a best leadership style. High task/low relationship works best with low TRM. Then, decreasing amounts of task orientation with increasing amounts of relationship orientation work best for moderate TRM. Low task/low relationship works best with high TRM.

A manager should vary his/her style from Q1 (telling), to Q (selling), to Q (participating) to Q4 (delegating), depending on the TRM of the workers. This theory seems both intuitively correct and very practical. Newcomers to a job need help getting their task skills upgraded more than anything else. As they learn skills, they require reinforecement for their efforts. Veteran or highly skilled workers need maximum autonomy.

Hersey and Blanchards Leadership Effectiveness & Adaptability Description (LEAD) is a simple, but powerful assessment tool in determining ones basic leadership style. More recently, Hersey and Blanchard have developed another LEAD survey which is completed by subordinates, superiors and associates to gather additional information for additional work with organizations.

At XYZ Company, the company I worked for which was acquired by a Japanese firm, the leadership in Japan had obvious plans to shift our basic mission and tasks. At the same time, they maintained a Q4 style of leadership from the beginning of the joint venture. They believed that they were giving Americans the autonomy which they required. What was required was a contingency style of leadership which recognized that the leaders must begin in a Q1 style and move to Q, Q and Q4 as FBCS developed more task relevant maturity.

(4) Principle Centered Leadership

Founded on the ideas of personal change through the practice of The Seven Habits of Highly Effective People (Coveys earlier book) - the ideas is basically that change must come from the inside out. As Michael Jackson said If you want to make the world a better place, take a look at yourself, and make a change. Coveys second book, Principle Centered Leadership has more on how organizations can bring about a paradigm shift to what he calls his PS paradigm. The PS paradigm encompasses people, self, style, skills, shared vision and principles, and structure and systems.

People want meaning, a sense of doing something that matters. The cause people work for must include purposes that lift, ennoble and bring them to their highest selves. People who lead via the PS paradigm are aware of peoples needs, including their own. They embody the values and principles which have characterized every great society. They lead by example and contribute where they can to the enrichment of those around them through their honesty, integrity, open-mindedness, willingness to serve others, and consistency.

There is no conflict with situational leadership within principle centered leadership. Consistency is not using the same style all the time. Consistency is using the same style for all similar situations, and varying the style appropriately as the situation changes.

Covey appears to be a further popular extension of Blake and Mouton. Covey emphasizes participative management and describes the leader more as a facilitator or servant in an ideal situation. He also emphasizes the importance of interdependence (as opposed to dependence, counter-dependence and codependence) within individuals and organizations. I know of a company that is using Covey as their TQM program and claiming great success with it. Covey lists a number of companies using his Principle Centered Leadership program, including Joliet Junior College in our area.

Conclusions

In eigth grade as an answer to a Social Studies question What is the most important institution you belong to?, I copied out the correct answer from the book as follows

The home is the most important institution to which any individual ever belongs because it is the center of training and all of your traits of your character are begun in the home.

My handwriting wasnt the only part of me that was stilted. I had become robot-like from a process very similar to post tramatic shock syndrome. For as long as I could remember, my father has been coming home drunk with no money and my parents would have terrible, angry and terrifying fights - usually ending in my Mom crying alone in a locked room. I grew up developing victim traits and ACOA survival traits. Was this an extreme case? I believe not.

In this months Changes magazine, David Lenfest states that studies have shown that the most common trait of male executives is that they were raised in dysfunctional homes. What is the most likely motive - other than fleeing for ones life and sanity that a child in a dysfunctional home develops? Control. An intense, obsessive relationship with the need to control. It is this character trait which keeps the alcoholic out of treatment. It is the same character trait which has been rewarded in traditional Taylor-style companies by promotions to executive levels.

The very essence of the characters (founded on survival) of many of todays current executives is what we are trying to change when we suggest movement out of Grid styles other that (,). Yes, I believe all of the other styles are based on control and fear (survival). (,1) is overt control and fear of relationships. (1,) is reaction to overt control which says, Ill never do that and controls via manipulation of people (soft X style management). (1,1) is just leave me alone the overt hiding style, or giving up (depressed style), and (5,5) is the suppressed hiding style - you cant criticize me cause Ill appear to be in the middle on every issue.

What is the opposite of fear and control? Stephen King, in The Library Police, suggests that the opposite of fear is honesty and belief. Is there a better foundation to build on? I think not.

It takes a healthy person inside to be a (,) manager. It also takes a healthy person inside to be able to adapt ala situational leadership to several or all styles where appropriate. In other words, it takes strength of character to demonstrate real, honest strength of character (,), or to feel safe enough, centered enough to utilize situational methods and not lose oneself at the same time.

I believe we have a leadership crisis in America. I also believe teaching the way out will not work in the majority of cases. I believe Blake and Mouton are on the best track in that what they are doing is essentially setting up group therapy units within management teams by doing grid interventions.

There are no simple solutions to these issues, but a necessary condition for change is an open-mindedness and willingness to change. An overriding problem with all change theories is the possible underestimation of the force of resistance to change. Actually, the theories which best acknowledge this are the situational leadership schools chich say dont even try to change the individuals -- fix the situation.

I believe we need to fix the individuals, but the individuals gotta want to get fixed. When Covey was asked by a companys management, How long will it take to fix (our culture)?, he replied, It depends how bad youre hurting. If youre not hurting, it may never happen.

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Wood versus Aluminum Bats

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Wooden Versus Aluminum Baseball Bats

Crack! That was the sound of our nations pastime in the early days of baseball. For nearly 15, years the wooden bat was used in every level of baseball. In Toms River, New Jersey, the little league World Series is held every summer. Ping! Is the only sound that a spectator will hear during one of those baseball games. What happened to the old-fashioned crack of the bat? The wooden bat has been used in professional baseball since the games establishment in 1864. An aluminum bat is more dangerous than a wooden bat due to the advanced technology of the aluminum bat. However, I believe that an aluminum bat is better than a wooden bat.

The baseball bat controversy has been lingering over amateur baseball since the NCAA (National Collegiate Athletic Association) allowed the use of aluminum bats for the first time in 174 (Adelson). Every year there is another injury to a pitcher as a result of the aluminum bat due to its exit velocity. The exit velocity of a ball plays a key role in determining the level of risk of injury. It is defined as the speed of the ball off the bat. The standard exit velocity of an aluminum bat at the sweet spot is nearly 105 mph. That is nearly fifteen mph faster than any wooden bat. Last year, Andrew Sanchez, a Cal State Northridge pitcher had his skull fractured by a ball hit by an aluminum bat (Adelson 5). Sanchez later sued the NCAA and Louisville Slugger, one of the two makers of the high-powered aluminum bat. Louisville Slugger remarked, Sanchez should have known that the high-powered bats increased the risk of injuries to pitchers (Adelson 5).

Although the aluminum bat increases the risk of injury, all sports have some level of risk. In an observation by Baum Bat research, within the lapsed time of .1 seconds, a pitcher could not move fast enough to duck one inch, raise his glove four inches, or even move his shoulder four inches. This pitcher only suffered a broken jaw and a concussion (Research 16). Baum research also shows that sixty percent of balls hit by aluminum bats arrive in less than .75 seconds, while only five percent of balls hit by wooden bats get to the pitchers mound in the same amount of time.

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There are two key factors that contribute to a more powerful bat; balance point and weight. Obviously, the lighter the bat, the faster it can be swung. Since a bat acts as a lever when swung in a game, a balance point closer to the knob allows hitters to move the barrel of the bat faster through the swing (Adelson). The balance point of a wooden bat cannot be manipulated because it is not hollow. On the contrary, an aluminum bat is hollow and the balance point can be manipulated to the liking of the manufacturer. Resulting in a more powerful bat.

The aluminum bat has also played a role in injury to the pitchers arm. Young pitchers are starting to develop curve balls and other breaking pitches for the reason that the aluminum bat makes it easier for the batter to hit a fastball. Their bodies are not developed enough to begin throwing pitches that involve a snap in a wrist or elbow. These young players think that the regular straight fastball is not enough, because the hitters are capable of hitting the fastball with the high-powered aluminum bat. This observable fact is the direct result of many injuries in young pitchers arms that could be career ending. Aluminum bats eliminate talented yet underdeveloped pitchers from the system (Research ).

Researchers in Japan have observed an additional problem with the aluminum bat. The resounding ping of the aluminum bat in Japan is actually causing hearing loss. The Japanese-made bats are typically ten to twenty decibels higher than that of an American-made bat. The Japanese correlate performance with sound. The aluminum bats are hollow and the typical American-made model has a plastic plug at the end of its barrel or sound-damping foam inside. The Japanese models generally have aluminum ends and no sound-damping foam. These bats can produce sounds as loud as ninety-six decibels. To protect players, umpires, and fans, the Japanese High School Baseball Federation has just approved rules barring the use of any bat that produces a noise louder than ninety-two decibels (Ping!).

The aluminum bat is ruining the game, not the ball! (Research). In a current study with an official high school baseball, an official NCAA baseball and a Major League baseball, the exit velocities were comparable. The only difference found was in the core of some professional baseballs. Major League baseball uses balls that have a cork and rubber composite center. Therefore, they have a higher elasticity and achieve a higher exit velocity. The balls are better than they used to be, but the hitters are not any better than those in the past (Robinson). The high school and NCAA baseballs both have solid cork centers, which are slightly denser than rubber centers. This juiced ball does not have a big enough impact to be any more dangerous than a regulation ball. Therefore, a change in the baseball will not alleviate the risk of injury.

In the 155 years of baseball, the development of the aluminum bat has been the only major change that has altered the way the game is played. In the 170s, bats made from tubes of aluminum began to appear. These tubes are machine-made to vary the wall thickness and the diameter, and produce bats that are light, strong, and hollow, as opposed to the solid wooden bats (Tools 1). When aluminum bats initially appeared in amateur baseball the bat was just an aluminum replica of a wooden bat. The only difference was that they were more durable and therefore cheaper to use. It would not be long before manufacturers and players discovered that there were other differences as well (Tools 1).

Aluminum bats can be made much lighter to be swung faster. The barrels of the bats can be made bigger for a much larger sweet spot. The sweet spot can be up to 470 percent larger on an aluminum bat than that of a wooden bat. The oversize aluminum bat diminishes talent, the visual body adjustment ability is not developed. It is much like aiming an arrow at a three-foot bulls eye instead of the correct one-inch. Soon one cannot find the correct one-inch sweet spot (Research 1). This can result in an achievable hit distance by an estimated one hundred to one hundred and sixty feet further than a wooden bat. The exact center of the bulls eye is compared to the exact sweet spot on the bat. It is the point where one can reach maximum efficiency in a bat (Robinson).

One effect that an aluminum bat has is called the trampoline effect. As a result of the aluminum bat being hollow, the bat also has an elastic property. So, at contact with the ball, the bat absorbs the energy of the ball. In addition to the bat springing back, the bat also transfers the energy of the ball and combines the energy of the bat to create the trampoline effect. A wooden bat is totally inelastic and will not spring back (Research 4). The aluminum bat provides a handicap for the hitter.

There is vast disparity in the statistics of a player who uses an aluminum bat and one who uses a wooden bat. A player who uses a wooden bat characteristically has a batting average between one and two hundred points less than a player who uses an aluminum bat. The aluminum bat also hits between sixty to seventy percent more home runs than a wooden bat.

There are many types of wooden bats that are used. The ash bat has been the most widely used wooden bat in the history of baseball. For many reasons, ash wood is very abundant and therefore it is cheap. The downside to ash is that it is not very durable. An ash bat may last between twenty to seventy hits of a ball. A current superstar in major league baseball, Barry Bonds, recently made maple wood very popular by smashing seventy-two home runs to break the single season home run record of seventy. Many people switched to maple wood after seeing Bonds achieve this record with his maple wooden bat. The maple bat is much more dense than an ash bat. Maple wooden is thirty-five to forty-five percent more durable than the ash bat (Robinson). Maple is a more dense wooden than ash. However, the density of the wood does not make a difference in the exit velocity (Robinson). Consequently, the type of wood used to make a bat does not affect the strength of the bat.

One innovation that Baum Bat Company has been developing is a composite bat. The composite bat has a foamed plastic core with a fiber-resin material covering the core and an ash wooden cover. The composite bat does not have a higher exit velocity than that of a regular ash wooden bat (Robinson). The only advantage of a composite bat is to increase the durability of a wooden bat. Therefore, the purpose of the composite bat is to save money. While a composite bat costs two to three times more than a regular ash bat, the composite bat will last three to four times longer. The Baum Bat is the ultimate wooden bat. It maintains the feel and consistency of the traditional wooden bat while outlasting it hundreds of times over (Robinson). However, the composite bat does not have an effect on the power of the bat.

Two questions that continue to surface in the controversy are Has the game changed? Has the aluminum bat changed the game of baseball? The first argument deals with the physical properties of the aluminum bat. The aluminum bat does not allow a player to show his maximum skill, since the aluminum acts as a handicap for the player. The integrity of the game has been smashed…it is much like undoing all of the natural, required discipline and training necessary to become a master at ones craft (Research). In the most recent years in the NCAA the hitting statistics are at an all time high. The batting average, the number of runs scored per game, and number of home runs per game all surpass every season in the history of the NCAA (Research). Is this due to the talent that is coming to the NCAA? Are the college athletes of this era better than those of past eras? No, the players of this era have better equipment. The records do not hold true to the records set in the early days of the NCAA.

This argument brings up another popular question Should aluminum bats be used? At one point in the 1 NCAA season, it was decided that aluminum bats would be banned for the following year. This decision got Jim Easton in an uproar. Jim Easton is the president of Easton sporting goods, one of the top two aluminum bat makers. There has been so much money put into developing aluminum bats that the new rule would ruin Easton and other aluminum bat makers. After a few battles in court, NCAA and Easton came to a compromise. The new rule states that the bat weight must be no more than three ounces less than the bat length. This first rule is only a small step in a big process (Reagan). There will be more limitations placed on aluminum bats in the approaching years.

Aluminum bats perform better than wooden bats. Although the aluminum bat is more durable and more powerful, it is also proven to be more dangerous. While the aluminum bat is more dangerous than a wooden bat, there is still a danger in using a wooden bat. Baseball began with a wooden bat because it was cheaper and the technology of aluminum did not exist. With technology, aluminum bats were created and therefore, made the game of baseball more exciting.

Works Cited Page

Adelson, Eric Bat Controversy Lingers over NCAA, ESPN The Magazine

1 March 001

Ashley, Stevens High Tech Up at Bat Popular Science May 1

Page 108-111, 11 14

The Baseball Bat College Physics Chapter 10 February 8, 000

Ping! Sports Illustrated 6 August 10 version7 n6 page 14

Reagan, Bob Aluminum Bats Avoid Strikeout. American Metal Market

1 April 1 version107 i74 p1 (1)

Research Newsletter, www.baumbat.com Baum Research and Development March 18 Volume 1Issue 1

Robinson, Joey Re Interview with Baum. E-mail to Research and Development Team at Baum BatCompany. 8 Nov. 001

Skrzycki, Cindy The Regulators A Swing and a Miss? Metal-Bat Innovator Cries Foul on Safety.The Washington Post 4 July 000 Page E01

Todd, Richard Pop in the Swing WebBall http//webball.com/skill/batpop.html 8 February 001

Tools of the Trade Exploratoriums Science of Baseballhttp//Saturn.exploratorium.edu/baseball/tools.html 17 January 001

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An inspector calls

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ohn Boynton Priestley was a socialist. He believed that whether we acknowledged it or not, we are in a community and have a responsibility to look after others. He wrote An Inspector Calls to highlight these beliefs and share them. In writing this essay, I intend to show Priestleys aims in writing the play, how he showed these aims and how successful he was in conveying his ideas.

You can only speculate on the aims of a playwright in writing a play. In the case of An Inspector Calls, a valid speculation would be that the author aimed to educate the audience through the characters realisation of their role in Eva Smiths demise and thus their individual responsibility towards other people.

Arthur Birling is the kind of character the whole play warns against. A hard-headed business man, he believes that society is as it should be. The rich stay rich, the poor stay poor and there is a large gap between the two. He believes that a man has to mind his own business and look after himself and his own. When put with other things Birling has said in the play, we see that Priestleys views do not concur with Birlings and he has added statements to make the audience see Birlings views as false. Birlings confidence in the predictions he makes - that the Titanic is unsinkable, absolutely unsinkable, that The Germans dont want a war. Nobody wants a war and that were in for a time of increasing prosperity give that audience the impression that his views of community and shared responsibility are misguided also. Every one of the predictions Birling makes are wrong; the Titanic sank on her maiden voyage, World War one broke out two years after the play was set and the American stock market crashed in 1, plunging the world into economic chaos. This leads us to regard him as a man of many words but little sense!

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If we contrast the character of Birling with that of the Inspector, we can see Priestlys aims showing. The Inspector is the opposite of Birling. Where Birlings predictions are wrong, the Inspector predicts that if people dont learn their responsibilities, they will be taught in fire and blood and anguish. This prediction refers to World War I most obviously, but also can refer to World War II. The lessons of World War I werent learnt so the same mistakes were made and another war started; and though Priestly was unaware of it when the play was written, sixty years on the same mistakes have caused war after war. This makes his message just as relevant to the audience of 001 as to his intended audience. Another contrast to Birling is that while Birling seemingly knows nothing of his familys affairs, Sheila says of the Inspector We hardly ever told him anything he didnt know.

At the end of Act Three, Birling seems not to have taken any of the lessons of the evening to heart. The demise of Eva Smith and the part each member of his family played in her death have not shaken his belief that a man has to mind his own business and look after himself and his own… and that theres every excuse for what… (he and Mrs Birling)… did In fact, he is more concerned with his own reputation than with Eva. …who here will suffer…more than I will? He says things that should have been said to him, you dont realise yet all youve done...you dont seem to care about anything, yet when he says these things, he is of course talking not about Eva Smith, but about his own reputation and an upcoming public scandal. The attitudes of Mr and Mrs Birling, and to an extent Gerald, and their willingness to explain away the events of the evening to hoaxes and artfully crafted deception, all go towards the final plot twist - the inspector is returning to teach the Birlings their lesson again. This ties in with the idea that if you dont learn the lesson the first time, you will be taught it again, through fire and blood and anguish.

The message of the play was particularly effective to the audiences of 146. Priestley knew that the message of his play would reach the war-weary audiences of the era more effectively than it would reach the audiences of a different time. The fire and blood and anguish reference to the First and Second World Wars would be very influential to the audience. The setting of the play in 11 allowed for predictions to be made by both Birling and Inspector Goole. The intended effect of the predictions was to make the audience see a glimpse of the kind of person the predictive character is. In the case of Birling, the audience would see him as a character whose opinion is not to be trusted, whereas the predictions made by the Inspector chill the audience and make them see that the lesson he speaks of has been re-taught through fire and blood and anguish twice already. The audiences had experienced the horrors of war and were not eager to experience them again, so they may think that if they followed JB Priestleys message, they would prevent yet another world war.

The play was set in 11, and being set at this time, there was not only the opportunity for predictions, but also for a more drastic look at the relationship between the rich and the poor. The class gap of 11 was much larger than that of 146, and so was more noticeable to the audiences. With the upper class, we have mentalities like that of Sybil Birling, who would seem to think that all members of the lower classes are beneath her and her family. She say to Birling Arthur, youre not supposed to say such things, when he compliments the cook (the cook being a member of the lower classes). This shows that she believes that the lower classes are there to serve, not to be thanked or complimented. This is a strange viewpoint for a prominent member of the Brumley Womens Charity Organisation. With the lower classes however, we have Eva Smith, a young woman who is shown as the innocent victim of the thoughtless actions of the Birlings. This contrast is one of many in the play, set up to show one side to be better than the other. The Inspector against Birling, Eva Smith against Sybil Birling, Sheila and Eric at the end of the play against Arthur and Sybil, they all show examples of what Priestley viewed as the Right way against th from essaybank.co.uk e Wrong way. The way the latter parties in each contrast I have mentioned act in a way such as to cause the audience to see them as in the wrong, making the other party correct. The other parties have views similar to Priestley, so Priestley was trying to get his message of community and socialism across to the audience through the actions of the characters.

Another of Priestleys messages seems to be that there is hope for the future. On seeing how they have affected Eva Smith, both Sheila and Eric act remorsefully. The character of Sheila is fairly caring at the beginning of the play, but as events unravel, and Sheila realises her guilt, her character develops from a fairly naÏve young girlish character to a more mature, understanding character. This change is so dramatic that to compare the Sheila who at the end of the play has taken to heart the Inspectors lessons (I remember what he said, how he looked, and what he made me feel. Fire and blood and anguish.), with the Sheila who had a young girl fired from her job because of her own personal paranoia and who acted so differently earlier, you would think they were different people. This is similar to a comparison made between the drunken , playful Eric of Act 1 with the sober serious Eric at the end of Act who has learned that his own mother played a major role in driving the woman bearing his child to suicide.

The results of the Inspectors visit as regards the younger generation are total metamorphoses of character. The older generation however dont see that they have done anything wrong. Mr and Mrs Birling are all too happy to dismiss the evenings events as false once the chance appears that the Inspector may not have been a police Inspector. Their characters stay the same virtually from beginning to end, with only the short amount of time between Erics part in the saga becoming known and the Inspector showing any waver in their determination that they were right. The senior Birlings are the examples of the people who will be taught through Fire and blood and anguish. This is very different to the younger generation. You seem to have made a great impression on this child Inspector comments Birling, and is answered with the statement We often do on the young ones. Theyre more impressionable. This implies that Priestley is trying to say that there is potential for change in the young ones which is not as evident in the older generation.

Priestleys aims are made clear by the Inspector largely. As his interactions with the characters go, Inspector Goole is mysterious. He has a way of making the characters confess to him, and to themselves, their role in Eva Smiths demise. He links the separate accounts together to form an approximate biography of Eva Smith from when she left the employment of Mr Birling up until she commits suicide. Inspector Goole has another use though - he acts as a social conscience of sorts. He acts as the voice of Priestley in the play , or the voice of Priestleys socialist views. We dont live alone. We are members of one body. We are responsible for each other. He points out that we have to share something. If nothing else, well have to share our guilt, and that Public men Mr Birling, have responsibilities as well as privileges to which Birling replies …you werent asked here to talk to me about my responsibilities. Contrary to what Arthur Birling believes, it is a very likely that the Inspector was sent to the Birlings to teach them about responsibility.

The character of Inspector Goole is mysterious. This air of mystery is intentional. He is mysterious because of his character. The name Inspector Goole is an obvious pun (Inspector À spectre, Goole À ghoul). We as an audience never find out who this Inspector is. There are many possibilities - he could be the ghost of Eva Smith avenging her death; he could be some form of cosmic balance, keeping people considerate; he could be amass hallucination brought on by too much champagne of something in the food. He could be anybody or anything. Priestley left the character as a mystery so as to have a larger impact on the audience, making them think more about the play, and helping them think more about the messages the play brings. Through the Inspector, the audiences are educated in their social understandings and behaviour, seeing the examples of the Birlings and hearing Inspector Gooles prediction.

The ending, as I have already pointed out, symbolises the fact that if you do not learn your lesson the first time, you will be taught it again and again. It symbolises that you cant run from your conscience, as the Birlings will find out. Priestley uses the dramatic twist of the Inspector returning at the end of the play to emphasis this point, and makes it more effective by placing it just as the characters are beginning to relax. It serves to prick the consciences of both the characters and the audience.

At the end of reading the play, I was left feeling as if I would like to think I had learned from the example of the Birlings and the message it contained. As it is a play though, I would have liked to see it acted out. The ending is well crafted, leaving an open ending to add to the dramatic effect, but looking at it differently, there is not really another way to have ended the play after that plot twist other than an open ending where it was without ruining the play itself. I think the majority of people who have seen this play would have liked to think of themselves as an Eric or a Sheila.

The aims of Priestley when he wrote this play, I believe, was to make us think, to make us question our own characters and beliefs. He wasted to show us that we can change, and we can decide which views we side with. He wanted us to ask ourselves if we wanted to be a Sheila or a Sybil, an Eric or an Arthur. Or, were we in-between like Gerald. Priestley wanted the audience to learn from the mistakes of the Birlings. I think that Priestley wanted to make a difference; not a world changing difference, but a small difference in the way people think. Then, if you think of every person who coming out of the play gave some money to a beggar in the street, you would see that Priestley did make a difference. It would have changed peoples views on society, however small those changes would be, and so Priestley achieved his aims in writing the play.

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Population Policy

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Table of Contents

1.0Synopsis

.0Inroduction

.0Australia Population

Buy cheap Population Policy term paper

.1History of Australia's population development

.History of Australia's population policies

.Current Trend in Australia's population highlighting significant issues for consideration

.4Issues to consider in determining an optimum population for Australia

4.0Recommendations

4.1Recommendations for an optimum population for Australia

4.Recommendations for Government policy to achieve the optimum population

5.0Conclusions

6.0Bibliography

1.0Synopsis

The statistical data shows that the Australian population is growing at a more rapid rate then our recourses can provide for. Immigration and the fertility rate are the most important factors, which influence the increase of Australia's population. Even thought the government is trying to regulate the population growth by introducing a population policy, population projection estimates more then 5 million by the year 050. The current state of Australia's natural resources do not seem sufficient for a population growth of this size.

.0Introduction

The objective of a population policy is to stabilize human population numbers both

nationally and internationally. Australia's capacity to sustain a large population is limited because the continent is largely arid with old, nutrient-poor soils and a variable climate. Only six per cent of the continent is arable. Australians have one of the highest consumption rates and their greenhouse gas emissions per capita are the highest in the world. A smaller population would neutralize many of these problems making Australia sustainable for many generations to come.

.0Australia's Population

.1History of Australia's population development.

In the 1850's during the period of British colonization Australia had a white population of 405 000. It has been estimated that at the time of the first settlement was between 150 00 thousand. The population declined because of the lack of resistance to the diseases of the white man, disruption of the aboriginal way of life and government indifference to the aboriginals.

According to the 171 census the population was 1,78,500 including aboriginals. White people mostly lived in urban settlements around the capital cities.

On August 5 00 australias population was projected at 1,18,45

.History of Australia's population policies

Population counts began in the earliest days of the colonies of New South Wales, Western Australia and Tasmania when regular musters were held. Since 1881 the practice of a common Census date has been adopted and by 101 the colonies had agreed on uniform questions for a national Census. Migration to and from Australia was recorded from the earliest days of convict transport and settlement but the country of birth of arrivals was not available nationally until October 145.

Early Australian policy for at least the first six decades of the 0th Century, was to increase the British and British-descended population. This caused deliberate extermination, of the Aboriginal population It was widely believed that the Aboriginal population would eventually disappear, though this was not usually stated in as many words. The various Australian colonies had imposed restrictions on non-European immigration. Upon Federation in 101, one of the first actions of the new Commonwealth Government was to pass the Immigration Restriction Act, and the White Australia Policy which stayed active for the first 70 years of this century.

The National Population Inquiry was prepared in 175. It stated that the broad spectrum of government policies in any country is designed to serve the existing and anticipated population, and should not be considered population policy. The National Population Inquiry report of 175 noted that a population policy is as broad as government policy at large.

The Population Issues Committee of the National Population Council in 11 stated that

"A population policy is one whereby government seeks to anticipate and respond to population trends and prospects in the light of their impacts and anticipates impacts of public policy on population trends themselves. It also directly seeks to influence the determinants of population in order to deliberately alter the size and/or nature of the population".

The report made it clear that population policy could embrace not only population numbers and growth but also its distribution and characteristics.

Australian Population and Immigration Council, 177 argued that Australia did have a population policy from the early postwar years until the Whitlam government abolished it in the early 170s the per cent target for population growth, which envisaged that immigration and natural increase would each contribute about half the annual growth rate.

Since the abolition of the per cent goal in the early 170s, Australia has been in the curious situation of having an official immigration policy. Since the mid-170s, Australias immigration targets have implied acceptance of an increasing population size, but without specifying just how rapidly that size should be increasing.

The Population Issues Committee was established to prepare Australias submission to the United Nations International Conference on Population and Development in Cairo in 14 discussed issues of population policy. Despite some members strong arguments for Australias adoption of a population policy, the official position, stated in the submission, that the Australian Government has not specified an optimal population level. They believed that there was no clear formula for a workable population policy in a developed country with low fertility

.Current Trends in Australia's population highlighting significant issues for consideration.

On 7 August 00 the resident population of Australia is projected to be 1,1,547.

TOTAL POPULATION Observed and projected - Australia

Throughout the 10s, Australias annual population growth rate has consistently exceeded 1%. This growth rates are projected to continue for about the next 10 years. It was estimated that these will decline between 0.4 and -0.6% by 051.

Fertility and overseas migration are the two factors which have the greatest impact on future national population size and growth.

There was ,500 permanent arrivals to Australia during June 00, an increase of 16% (or 1,00 people) compared to June 00. Settlers born in the United Kingdom (15%) accounted for the largest proportion of permanent arrivals for June 00. The second largest proportion of Settlers were born in New Zealand (10%).

If level of net overseas migration keep increasing over the projection period, with a total fertility rate of 1.6 babies per woman, it would add 67,500 to Australias population in 051 and 11,00 in 101.

Another factor that significantly influences Australian population growth is ageing. According to latest statistics the number of persons aged 15-64 years has increased by %, and the number of persons aged 65 years and over has increased by 66%.

The older population comprises a diverse cultural mix. In 18, % of all older Australians had been born overseas.

.4Issues to consider in determining an optimum population for Australia

It was estimated that the population scenarios for 050 will be 5 million. This estimate is made by using the impact of environmental issues on population growth.

Four main environmental issues are considered to have a strong connection to population growth the pollution of land and groundwater basins, the pollution of coastal waters and waterways near major urban areas, the depletion of freshwater stocks near major urban areas and the pollution of urban air sheds. These issues are clearly worsened by population growth because more people would increase both consumption and waste production.

Other issues include the depletion of arable land, natural habitats, the ozone layer, amenity and various resources, the greenhouse effect, and the alteration/pollution of waterways near urban centres.

4.0Recommendations

4.1Recommendations for an optimum population for Australia

To achieve an optimum population in Australia it is important to

·determine what is an optimal population, which can be sustained in the long-term without degrading the natural resource base, noting that recent studies have shown that the Earth has already exceeded its regenerative capacity by at least 0 per cent

·Keep in mind that Australia has only a limited capacity to alleviate the social, economic or political problems of more populous countries through immigration, but can and should do more to help others through increased and better directed foreign ai

4. Recommendations for Government to achieve the optimum population

It was recommended that the Federal Government

·implements an integrated population policy that is based on environmental sustainability and encompasses immigrant intake, natural increase, biodiversity protection, aspirations of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders, tourism, foreign aid, internal migration, and education.

·establishes and funds an Institute of Population Research that will address all environmental, social and economic aspects of population policy

·maintains non-discriminatory immigration to Australia but at significantly lower levels than at present, with most of the costs of the non-humanitarian program being met by the migrants themselves or by those with a vested interest in such migration

·gives higher priority to the Humanitarian Program within this overall reduced migration program, focusing on those who cannot be supported by direct aid in their own countries or in countries of refuge, and on environmental refugees, such as those from South Pacific islands most at risk of inundation from global warming

·adopts an integrated population, training and labor market strategy

·ensures that Australia's educational and training institutions provide all the skills needed for the functioning of the economy and for the welfare of its citizens to minimize the need to import skilled workers

·adopts social and taxation policies (e.g. maternity allowances) that allow couples to provide adequately for their children but at the same time discourages them from having more than two children

·through taxation and housing policies, ameliorates the present situation where land speculators reap excessive profits from population growth

·ensures that the family planning component within ODA is at least 4 per cent, and that greater priority is given to other measures that reduce the birth rate, particularly primary health care and education of women

·maintains measures to deter illegal immigrants who are unlikely to be accepted as refugees under international law or who are pre-empting official channels for gaining refugee status, where such channels exist and can be seen to be fully functional

·supports humane, rapid and equitable treatment of asylum seekers

·takes steps to reduce our national economic dependence on tourism recognizing its vulnerability to rises in the world price of oil and the pollution caused by air and road travel

·adopts a consumption strategy that will encourage lower levels of resource and energy use while retaining a reasonable material standard of living

·provides incentives for energy efficiency to reduce Australia's total greenhouse gas emissions and thus its ecological footprint

·ensures that sex education programs in Australia are adequately funded and that a wide variety of contraceptive measures are available and affordable to all who need them

·promotes the education of children about ecological footprints

·counts New Zealanders in the overall Migration Program.

5.0 Conclusion

The current Australian population is over 1 million. . Australia's capacity to sustain a large population is limited because the continent is largely arid with old, nutrient-poor soils and a variable climate. Australia had a few attempts to regulate its population through the development of a population policy.

For the benefit of the future Australia it is necessary to keep in account the natural resources such as oil, lumber, water and nutrient rich soils and not exploit these ever decreasing resources by overpopulating. By reaching an optimum population the natural non-renewable recourses will be left to support the population in many generations to come.

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MONEY AND FREEDOM IN BRONTE NOVELS

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MONEY AND FREEDOM IN BRONTE NOVELS

In Jane Eyre, by Charlotte Bront, Wuthering Heights, by Emily Bront, and The Tenant of Wildfell Hall, by Anne Bront, the desire for freedom is a constant theme. Although freedom in Victorian society is usually associated with having money, it is actually much more complicated than thatat least in these Bront novels. Freedom comes in different forms, and usually with a price.

In Jane Eyre, Jane is continually yearning for liberty and independence, but she cannot make up her mind about what kind of freedom she desires. Throughout the novel, she is offered several different types of freedom. As a child, she dreams only of freedom from Mrs. Reed, yet she already understands that with it there comes a priceeven though she is miserable living with the Reeds, she would rather remain with them than live with poor relations "Poverty looks grim to poor; still more so to children they have not much idea of industrious, working, respectable poverty …poverty for me was synonymous with degradation…I wasn't not heroic enough to purchase liberty at the price for caste" (8). At the time, her limited material comfort seems more important to her than freedom.

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When she is sent away to school, she is freed from the awful Reeds, who treated her with cruelty, only to enter a new form of imprisonment and dependency at Lowood Institution. After several years, she wishes for something more "I tired of the routine of eight years in one afternoon. I desired liberty; for liberty I gasped" (151). She accepts a position as a governess at Thornfield Hall, where she meets and falls in love with the extremely wealthy Edward Rochester. With his proposal of marriage, Mr. Rochester offers her emotional freedom and financial well being, but she refuses to accept it on his terms. Jane tries to keep her identity intact by resisting Edward's attempts to buy her new things and insisting on dressing the same as before. She resents being dependent on him "It would, indeed be a relief…if I had ever so small an independency; I can never bear being dressed like a doll by Mr. Rochester…if I had but a prospect of one day bringing [him] an accession of fortune, I could better endure to be kept by him now" (54). She will not become someone else, even for the man she loves. This is a somewhat modern way of looking at things, as it was commonplace for women of that era to rely financially on their husbands, as well as to become whatever it was their husbands expected of them.

Mr. Rochester's fortune was acquired through the machinations of his father and brother "I must be provided for by a wealthy marriage…They thought only of the thirty thousand pounds, and joined in the plot against me" (6). He had been sacrificed by his father's greed. As a result he had money and independence, but he was tied forever to an insane woman he could not love. To him, Jane is an opportunity to free himself from the chains of his past. He feels he has suffered enough, that is misfortunes in the past have given him the right to feel he deserves the freedom to love and marry again "travel yourself to what clime you will, and form what tie you like. That woman, who has so abused your long-sufferingso sullied your name; so outraged your honor; so blighted your youthis not your wife; nor are you her husband" (). He is willing to defy the laws of man and god to serve himself.

Jane, however, feels differently. She refuses to become Mr. Rochester's mistresswithout the sanctity of marriage, she risks losing Mr. Rochester's respect "to become the successor of [his former mistresses], he would one day regard me with the same feeling which now in his mind desecrated their memory" (40). To stay with Mr. Rochester would mean surrendering her integrity, her morals, and her principles, which have thus far guided her through life "Laws and principles are not for the time when there is no temptation…they have a worthso I have always believed" (408). She forfeits his love, which would make her a "slave in fool's paradise", to be "free and honest" (455). While Jane's motivating force is her search for love and autonomy, she refuses to sacrifice herself in the process.

St. John Rivers is Mr. Rochester's opposite. He takes Jane in after she is left with nothing and offers her a job as a teacher in a poor school. Although Jane still harbors the same fear of poverty she had as a child, she swallows her pride and accepts the position, despite the initial degradation she feels. After all--it enables her to be self-reliant "It was independent; and the fear of servitude with strangers entered my soul like iron" (450). She learns to overcome her snobbish feelings of disgust for her students, and becomes a part of the community. It is then that Bront decides to award her heroine with an inheritance of 0,000 pounds "It is a fine thing, reader, to be lifted in a moment from indigence to wealth…independence would be glorious" (47-480). Jane has finally earned her precious freedombut she is still unfulfilled. After striving for liberty at every opportunity, when it is at last granted to her, it is still not enough. She attributes her feelings of emptiness to being separated from Mr. Rochester. When St. John pleads with her to accompany him to India, she realizes that she must move on. She submits to his requests, with the exception of his marriage proposalshe will not be his wife. Once again, Jane refuses to sacrifice her needs "I will give the missionary my energiesit is all he wantsbut not myself" (505). With St. John she would have her integrity and her morals intact, as well as an abundance of money, but no love.

In Jane eyes, any sacrifice of her self, or self-worth, is another form of imprisonment. She is determined that her "heart and mind [remain] free" (507). Yet, in her refusal to St. John, she understands that her need to love and be loved are just as important. It is this realization that leads to her decision to return to Thornfield Hall, where she is reunited with the widowed Mr. Rochester. Jane finally finds fulfillment when she realizes that there can be equal balance between love and independence without losing herself in the process. Although marriage in itself is compromise, it is on Jane's terms. Most people would consider it burden to take care of a disabled husband, but it is one Jane takes on with pleasure, because it is equally reciprocated "I am my husband's life as fully as he is mine" (554). It is interesting how Bront depicts these two characters as being one person "No woman was ever nearer to her mate than I am ever more absolutely bone of his bone, and flesh of his flesh" (554). It is almost identical to the attachment described between Heathcliff and Cathy in Emily Bront's Wuthering Heights.

In the novel, Cathy sacrifices her love for Heathcliff as well as her true nature for a higher class status and money. She loves Heathcliff, but also feels to marry him would degrade her "If Heathcliff and I married, we should beggars" (174-5). She would like to be "the greatest woman of the neighborhood" (171) and marry the rich and handsome Edgar Linton. While Jane Eyre was firm in her unwillingness to compromise herself for the sake of monetary freedom, Cathy is not so noble. Although she struggles with her love for Heathcliff and her desire for money, she chooses money. She knows it is the wrong choice "In whichever place the soul livesin my soul, and in my heart, I'm convinced I'm wrong…I've no more business to marry Edgar Linton than I have to be in heaven" (17-), but she makes it anyway. The result is she is now rich, but not happy. When Heathcliff returns after an absence of three years, a jealous Edgar assumes his rights as her husband tries to force her choose between himself and Heathcliff. She had not counted on this "Every Linton on the face of the earth might melt into nothing, before I could consent to forsake Heathcliff…I shouldn't be Mrs. Linton were such a price demanded" (174). Where as Cathy thought having money would enable her to free Heathcliff from Hindley's control, it only serves to divide herself from him forever, something she believed impossible "My love for Heathcliff resembles the eternal rocks beneath…I am Heathcliff…don't talk of our separation againit is impractical" (175). She in turn begins to starve herself, exercising what little freedom she has on her body. She understands the restrictions of being a wife for the first time, and longs for the freedom of childhood "I wish I were a girl again, half savage and hardy, and free" (0). Having a rich husband is not exactly what she hoped it would beshe selfishly thought she could have everything money, class and independence, while staying true to herself in the process. She realizes her marriage to Edgar should never have happenedit is the catalyst for all that transpires with Heathcliff from that point on, even after her death.

Whatever remnants of a conscience that may have once existed as a boy in Heathcliff are now gone. He is utterly ruthless neither morals nor sentiments will impede him in his pursuit for revenge. He cheats Hindley out of his fortune, and takes over Wuthering Heights. He is becomes rich, but he derives no pleasure from his new status. He is so bitter over losing Cathy, and so driven towards revenge that he uses the money only as a tool in his vengeful plans. The money permits him to seduce Edgar's sister Isabella Linton, thus enabling him to rob Hareton and young Cathy of their rightful inheritances as well. Heathcliff may benefit from financial independence, but he is never able to enjoy ithis only enjoyment is the misery he inflicts on others. His desire for the money of his enemies has turned him into a monster. He is a prisoner to his hatred and obsession. Only when he is finally able to let go of them is he able to be content "I repent nothingI'm too happy" (47). He dies shortly after with a look of exultation on his face.

Another example of the price of fortune is the class barrier it creates in The Tenant of Wildfell Hall, by Anne Bront. Helen Huntingdon is desperate for freedom; her husband Arthur exercises his control over her to make her stay with him. After much torment on her part she runs away from her alcoholic husband and earns a "lowly independence" (55) by selling paintings. Her husband eventually dies and she is rewarded with freedom and independence. She has inherited Arthur's estate, but her elevated status creates an obstacle between her and Gilbert. When Gilbert hears the news, he hesitates to contact herhe is a farmer and she is an heiress to a large estate "Doubtless there was a wide distinction between the rank and circumstances of Mrs. Huntingdon, the lady of Grassdale Manor, and those of Mrs. Graham the artist, the tenant of Wildfell Hall; and it might be deemed presumption in me to offer my hand to the former" (4). Gilbert's worries of financial inequality are similar to Jane Eyre's she initially refuses to even hope that Mr. Rochester could love her, only a governess. Both couples do overcome their problems and have their happy endings.

In all three of these Bront novels, the most evident similarity is that money and freedom are linked, but one does not define the other Catherine Earnshaw marries for money but loses her freedom in the process. Another theme is that freedom is earned, usually after a period of suffering or sacrifice Although both Jane and Helen inherit large fortunes at the end of each novel, neither has had an easy time of it. Charlotte and Anne both chose to have their respective heroines endure many trials and tribulations before they finally are awarded with money and a husband. In contrast, Cathy tried to win it the easy way, by marrying a man she did not love for money, with disastrous results. Even Mr. Rochester must lose an eye and a hand before he is freed from Bertha. However, the main lesson to be learned from the Bront's is that while money and freedom are essential to one's well being, without love they are worthless.

Please note that this sample paper on MONEY AND FREEDOM IN BRONTE NOVELS is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on MONEY AND FREEDOM IN BRONTE NOVELS, we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on MONEY AND FREEDOM IN BRONTE NOVELS will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Switzerland

If you order your cheap custom essays from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on Switzerland. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality Switzerland paper right on time.

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CULTURAL ANALYSIS

Originally inhabited by the Helvetians the territory comprising modern Switzerland was conquered by Julius Caesar during the Gallic wars and made part of the Roman Empire. It remained a Roman province until the 4th century AD. Under Roman influence, the population reached a high level of civilization and enjoyed a flourishing commerce. Important cities, such as Geneva, Basel, and Zurich, were linked by military roads that also served as trade arteries between Rome and the northern tribes.

After the decline of the Roman Empire, Switzerland was invaded by Germanic tribes from the north and west. Some tribes, such as the Alemanni in central and northeastern Switzerland, and the Burgundians, who ruled western Switzerland, settled there. In 800, the country became part of Charlemagnes empire. It later passed under the dominion of the German emperors in the form of small ecclesiastic and temporal holdings subject to imperial sovereignty.

Switzerland adopted a federal constitution in 1848, modeled in part on the U.S. Constitution. The Swiss amended their constitution extensively in 1874, establishing federal responsibility for defense, trade, and legal matters. Since then, continued political, economic, and social improvement has characterized Swiss history. The Swiss did not participate in either world war (www.brittanica.com).

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From a climate point of view, Switzerland is located in a transition zone. In the west, there is a strong influence of the Atlantic Ocean. Winds bring a lot of moisture into Switzerland and cause rainfall. In the east, there is an almost continental climate, with lower temperatures and less precipitation. On the other hand, the Alps - which run from east to west - act as a climatic divide. South of the Alps, there is an almost Mediterranean climate, with significantly higher temperatures but also a lot of precipitation.

Generally speaking, spring is wet and cool, April is well known for fast and often changing weather conditions. Summer is supposed to be warm and dry, while fall is usually dry, but cool. The temperature will drop significantly in September or October. Winter is supposed to be cold and dry. In the Alps, they usually get a lot of snow, but even at lower elevations, there is a good chance that they will get a foot of snow every now and then (www.cia.gov).

INSTITUTIONAL

Family

People marry relatively late. They concentrate on their training and career before they start a family. The majority of couples have only one or two children. Surveys have shown that parents put financial difficulties as the main reason for restricting family size. Large flats are expensive, and there is a shortage of affordable child care.

Women complain of the difficulty of combining motherhood with a career, and as a result, many give up work. Women still tend to look after the house and children while the man is normally the main breadwinner. The number of women continuing to work after starting a family increased dramatically during the 10s, but most of them do so part time.

Switzerland has a higher rate of both marriage and divorce than the average across the European Union. Far fewer babies are born out of wedlock than in most other European countries, although the percentage is rising. Most Swiss couples now live together first, often only getting married shortly before the birth of their first child.

Education

Since Switzerland has no natural resources, education and knowledge have become very important resources. Therefore Switzerland claims to have one of the worlds best education systems. In Switzerland, most children go to public schools. Private schools usually are expensive and people tend to think that students of private schools probably didnt make it at the public school.

In Switzerland, every child must at least go to elementary school. Unlike school, children are not required to attend kindergarten, but most children do go to kindergarten. They do not learn to read and write but develop their social capabilities and get used to sitting quietly for a while and pay attention to the teacher. Children may attend kindergarten for one year or two years.

After elementary school, kids may either choose to go to secondary school or to start an apprenticeship. In the later case, after finishing the apprenticeship, it is still possible to start an academic career at either a secondary school or a so called Fachhochschule (technical college).

In Switzerland, most kids start a Berufslehre (apprenticeship) after elementary school. Depending on the profession, an apprenticeship takes two to four years. Apprenticeships include all kinds of professions, from handicraft to office worker. Apprentice will get trained at a company or organization, but also attend school for one or two days a week. Some companies also provide additional classes on their own. After apprenticeship and depending on their education, young people can either start a job or join other schools for further education.

Political System

Switzerland is divided politically into 6 cantons. There are German-speaking and French-speaking cantons, one Italian-speaking canton and cantons in which both German and French are spoken. There are cantons which are virtually made up of just one city and there are cantons consisting almost entirely of mountains and valleys.

Each canton has its own constitution, its government, its parliament, its courts and its laws, though they must, of course, be compatible with those of the Confederation. The cantons enjoy a great deal of freedom of decision-making. They have independent control over their education systems and social services, and each has its own police force. Each canton also sets its own level of taxation (www.cia.gov).

Legal System

Day-to-Day Living

Housing

The Swiss enjoy one of the highest standards of living in the world, and an

exceptionally high cost of living to match. Switzerland has a large number of one and two person households. Many older people live alone or in retirement homes, rather than with their children or relatives as they used to. However, children are staying in the same house with their parents for longer, often living there with their first partner.

Families with children prefer to live outside the big cities, if possible buying their own homes. However, the proportion of owner-occupiers remains the lowest in Europe. Two thirds of people in Switzerland do not own a home.

Diet and Nutrition

In Switzerland, breakfast typically includes bread, butter, marmalade or honey, maybe some cheese or cereals, plus milk, cold or hot chocolate, tea or coffee.

Lunch may be as simple as a sandwich or it could be a complete meal. Depending on what people had for lunch, dinner can be a full main course or just some bread, cheese, maybe some dried meat or any other light meal. Drinks range from plain water to different types of soft drinks including most internationally well known brands plus some local products, to a great variety of beers and wines. Hot drinks include many different flavors of tea and coffee.

Recreational Activities

There is a huge variety of recreational activities and sports in Switzerland. The country's geographical structure and small size is very beneficial for these activities. Among the activities are biking, skiing, hiking, ski diving, boating, windsurfing, and golfing.

The boom in adventure sports has arrived in Switzerland with a vengeance and dozens of companies are offering canyoning and bungee-jumping, as well as aerial sports such as paragliding, air gliding, and a host of others.

Swimming and watersports have big followings at all the lakeside resorts, and almost everywhere is clean enough. Boats and equipment for windsurfing are for rent on almost all lakes, but getting enough of a breeze can be a problem. Rowing and canoeing are also popular, especially on the Rotsee near Luzern. Cycling is massively popular. To complement the country's many cycle routes, there are also currently three long distance inline skating routes of around 00 km each.

Official Language

There are as many as four different official languages with German being the most used at 74 percent, French at 0 percent, Italian at four percent, and Romansh at one percent. The remaining one percent speaks other languages.

The term German speaking Swiss is not really correct, they actually speak Swiss-German. Swiss-German is very different form the German spoken in Germany or Austria. Even more surprisingly, there is no written Swiss-German at all. People in Austria, Germany and Switzerland share the same written German language, known as high German. However, the term written German is far more accurate. The written German is very different form the Swiss-German. It is almost a foreign language itself.

Business Customs and Practices

While some American businessmen may find their Swiss counterparts somewhat conservative in such things as dress and the formal use of family names, conducting business in Switzerland is quite similar to how business operates in the United States. Punctuality, particularly in German-speaking areas, is highly valued. Allowing ample lead time in setting up business appointments is also considered polite. One should not expect to drop in without an appointment on a business acquaintance. Swiss are punctual for all appointments, both business and social, and expect you to show the same courtesy. Most Swiss business people will entertain you in restaurants rather than at home, usually for lunch.

Swiss calendars fill up weeks, even months in advance. Allow plenty of time when seeking appointments. It is important to always make clear the purpose of any meeting. All correspondence should be typewritten.

In Swiss business culture, clothing is formal and conservative. All clothes should be subdued in appearance, yet pressed, clean, and in perfect condition. Clothing styles for both men and women are more subdued in the German north than in the French and Italian speaking regions. Standard attire for men includes finely tailored suits, starched shirts, and ties. Standard attire for women includes suits with skirts of a conservative length. Pantsuits, in classic styles, can also be acceptable. Dress well, but modestly. The Swiss dislike showy displays of wealth. Any jewelry that is worn should be elegant, but very simple and understated.

Economics and Income

Switzerland has one of the highest per capita rates of gross domestic product in the world. Switzerland has virtually no mineral resources and a restricted surface area. It depends for its wealth on foreign trade. The relatively small size of its domestic market is another factor which has encouraged Swiss manufacturers to look abroad. They need foreign markets in order to make investment in research and development worthwhile.

The Swiss economy is not built on mass production, but on highly-qualified work and well-trained workers. Many businesses have followed what they call a niche strategy, concentrating on a small range of high-quality products. As a result even some small enterprises have been able to corner the world market in their own specialty.

Overall, the important areas for Swiss exports are micro-technology, high technology, biotechnology, the pharmaceuticals industry and banking and insurance know-how.

What people earn is a private matter. It is seldom discussed, even among friends. Switzerland is a rich country and most people can live well. Although some are better off than others, they act modestly and dont flaunt their wealth.

Three Swiss families were included in the 00 list of the 100 richest people in the world drawn up by the US magazine Forbes. The magazine put a total of 1 Swiss residents among the worlds 47 dollar billionaires.

In Switzerland, poverty means not having what others take for granted. The official poverty line in 1 was ,100 francs per month for a single person household, or 4,000 for a family with two children. Under this definition, 10.6 percent of the population was poor. Single parent families and men living alone are the most likely to experience poverty. Contrary to popular belief, poverty among the elderly is no more widespread than across the population as a whole.

Please note that this sample paper on Switzerland is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Switzerland, we are here to assist you. Your cheap research papers on Switzerland will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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An analysis of the macro-environment of South Africa

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An analysis of the macro-environment of South Africa

POLITICAL SYSTEM

a) Political structure

·Government type Republic

·Head of state/government - President Thabo Mbeki

b) Political parties

·Since the transition to democracy in 14, South Africa has been ruled by the left-leaning African National Congress (ANC). The ANC was the major source of opposition to the minority white governments of the Apartheid era, and has reaped the rewards in terms of solid electoral mandates in both the general elections held since the transition to democracy in the early 10s.

·The Democratic Party has become the most vocal source of liberal opposition to the ANC, under the leadership of Tony Leon. However, the party remains a predominantly white organization, and is unlikely to gain in influence unless it is able to broaden its appeal. The other significant player in South African politics is the Zulu nationalist Inkatha Freedom Party (IFP), which won 4 seats in the 1 election.

·The ANC was led to victory in 1 by Thabo Mbeki, the former president Nelson Mandela having fulfilled his vow to hold power for only one term. Mbeki had been effectively running the country for two years prior to the poll, so the end of the Mandela era has had few effects on the direction of policy.

d) Stability of government

·Politics in South Africa has struggled to shake off the divisive language of race and ethnic grievance. The ruling African National Congress (ANC) continues to scare off white support, and even within the black communities divisions between Xhosa and Zulu groupings are reflected in the animosity between the ANC and the Zulu nationalist Inkatha Freedom Party (IFP).

·Nevertheless, the political situation has proven remarkably stable, and there was a marked decrease in political violence during the 1 election, in comparison to the political assassinations and violence during the country's first proper democratic contest in 14.

e) Special taxes

·The macro-economic policy adopted by the South African Government in 16 demonstrated its commitment to open markets, privatisation and a favourable investment climate, moving away from the former governments strategy of import substitution and industrial development that protected local industries with high tariff barriers.

·Since 15/6, South Africa has reformed and simplified a complex tariff structure, reduced its average tariff rate considerably and terminated most import controls and trade restrictive practices.

ECONOMIC STATISTICS AND ACTIVITY

a) Gross Domestic Product (GDP)

·Following two years of sluggish growth in 18 and 1, brought on by the emerging markets crisis, the South African economic outlook improved considerably as from 000. In the year 000 Real GDP was 11. and Real GDP growth improved to .4% from .1% the previous year.

e) Principal industries

·Mining, automobile assembly, metalworking, machinery, textile, iron and steel, chemicals, fertilizer, foodstuffs

·Tourism - Within five years, tourism's contribution to the economy will outstrip that of mining. The government, which sees the sector as a great way to create jobs and woo foreign currency, has launched an intensive marketing campaign and tourism skills development project.

·Mining - Mining accounts for only 6% of GDP, but gold exports provide one-fifth of South Africa's foreign exchange reserves. The country also produces 75% of the world's platinum, an important component in cars' catalytic converters. South Africa's global role in mining also continues to grow.

·Manufacturing and cars - Manufacturing is the largest contributor to GDP, at 18%. It is dominated by engineering and metal products but food and tobacco processing remain important. Manufacturing output has revived in the last six months, helped by stronger exports to Europe and Asia, as well as a modest upturn in domestic demand.

f) Percent foreign investment/industry

·South Africas reputation as an emerging market suffers from its proximity to the instability and conflicts that have appeared in neighbouring countries. The 000-00 land invasions in Zimbabwe and the controversial Zimbabwean election in March 00 had a negative impact on the value of the Rand and on South Africas ability to attract foreign investment.

g) Principal exports, imports (£ value)

·In 00 the world total export market was 6. billion US dollars, South Africa had an export value of .7 million US dollars, and was ranked 8 in the world in terms on this share. Export performance has been relatively good, and South Africa could reap considerable benefits from recent efforts to liberalize trade both with the EU and with its African neighbours.

·Principal export commodities included gold, diamonds, platinum, other metals and minerals, machinery and equipment (18 est.)

·In 00 the world total import market was 6.5 billion US dollars, South Africa had an import value of . million wand was ranked 40 in the world based on this share.

·Principal import commodities included machinery and equipment, chemicals, petroleum products, scientific instruments, foodstuffs (000 est.)

h) Balance of payments

·In 001 the current account deficit totalled R1.7 billion, or 0. percent of GDP, compared to a deficit of R.1 billion in 000. The marked improvement in the current account balance resulted from a substantial increase in merchandise export earnings, which rose by R41 billion or 0 percent in 001.

·The financial account balance, which covers transactions in financial assets and liabilities with non-residents, changed to a deficit of R1.5 billion in the fourth quarter of 001 after surpluses were recorded during the second and third quarter of 001. In 001 as a whole, the financial account registered a surplus of R7. billion, compared with R.1 billion in 000 and a R.5 billion surplus in 1. Both the absolute level and composition of these flows are generally regarded as inadequate in view of the country's long-term growth and development needs. Foreign direct investment into South Africa, which had been positive in the first three quarters of 001, turned negative to the value of R1. billion in the fourth quarter. South African companies exported capital valued at R5.4 billion during the fourth quarter of 001. They did this by acquiring interests in the equity capital of foreign companies and also by extending trade credits to foreign subsidiaries or other associated companies.

i) Exchange rate

·The volatility experienced in the Rand exchange rate in recent years, not only continued, but increased during 00. The weighted exchange rate of the Rand, which had declined by 1.5 percent from the end of June 001 to the end of September, fell further by 4.0 percent from September to the end of December. On balance, the nominal effective exchange rate of the Rand declined by 4.4 percent from the end of 000 to the end of 001, following a decline of 1.4 percent in 000.

·Rand per US dollar - 10.5407 (00), 8.60 (001), 6.8 (000), 6.105 (1), 5.58 (18)

k) Labour forces, unemployment rates

·Real wages and productivity have increased by over 0 per cent since 14, bringing rising living standards to millions of people and strengthening the competitiveness of industry.

·However increasing substitution of capital for labor has created the specter of 'jobless growth', and unemployment remains stubbornly high, at around 40% by official figures. With low rates of labor market participation, the true level of unemployment is far higher.

l) Inflation rates

·As a result of the Rands performance and also because of a rise in international oil prices, inflation began to accelerate in December 001. South African inflation had declined considerably in recent years. However, due to new inflationary pressures, the South African Reserve Bank was only just able to bring the rate within the target range for 001 of between and 6 percent. In the year 000 the inflation rate was 5.%.

Infrastructure

·Fiscal consolidation over the past five years has afforded government the opportunity to deepen its commitment to redistribution, allowing consumers significant tax relief, encouraging investment by the private sector and placing a renewed focus on physical infrastructure development.

·For the 00/00 Budget, capital spending is budgeted to grow by 18.1 percent a year over the next three years, including strong investment in both social infrastructure - such as schools, hospitals and housing - and provision for investment in roads, water services, rail infrastructure and other economic assets.

SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT

b) Education

·Literacy definition age 15 and over can read and write

total population 86.4%

male 87%

female 85.7% (00 est.)

·This is lower than in developed countries. The US, Japan and Germany all have a 100% literacy rate.

c) Demographics

·The population grew by 1.4% in 000 to reach 4.6 million.

·Birth rate = 18.87 births/1,000 population (00 est.)

·Age 0-14 years 0% (male 6,460,7; female 6,77,00)

15-64 years 65% (male 1,807,; female 1,70,088)

65 years and over 5% (male 864,441; female 1,88,864) (00 est.)

·Gender - In 001, females accounted for 51.50% of the population in South Africa, while the male population represented 48.50% of the population. South Africa has the same ratio as the UK, and it is close to most Western European countries. However, comparisons differ when the population aged over 60 is considered.

e ) Living standards and leisure

·Housing - House completed since 14 1.1 million. These houses have secured tenure, running water, sanitation and electricity.

Number of people given shelter in the past 5 years 5 million

Number of rented council units transferred to full ownership 70,000

Number of homes still needed to million

Number of people still in need of adequate housing 7.5 million people

·South Africa has made great strides in proving housing and basic services such as electricity and water to the people of South Africa. Despite not achieving its goal of 50,000 houses per year, the government says that its housing delivery surpasses such world leaders as Sweden, Cuba and Singapore. However, much remains to be done overcome the housing backlog and make water and electricity available and affordable.

·Recreation

·South Africas climate is ideal for outdoor sports and recreation all through the year. Soccer, rugby and cricket are the most popular sports in South Africa. South Africans also enjoy tennis, field hockey, squash, badminton, golf, surfing, sailing, running and cycling.

·During the apartheid years many sectors of the South African population were forbidden to participate in certain sports. This changed after apartheid was repealed. Sport has brought the various ethnic groups of South Africa closer together. For example, in 15 during the Rugby World Cup tournament, hosted for the first time in South Africa, the whole nation rallied around the South African Rugby Team. The current government is working to upgrade facilities and make sport accessible to everyone.

·Cinema remains one of the most popular forms of entertainment in South Africa, with over 6 million people going to the movies every year. Other favourite recreational pastimes include music, dancing and socializing. South Africans have a strong musical tradition and dance is considered an important component of recreation and of communicating with others.

TECHNOLOGY

b) Information systems

·Internet users .068 million (00)

Growth of the lingerie sales on the Internet

A survey on retail e-commerce in South Africa conducted by Arthur Goldstuck for technology research house World Wide Worx, found that the single fastest growing retail category by number of sites is Lingerie

·Mobile phones 7.06 million (001)

·Telephone system the system is the best developed and most modern in Africa

Please note that this sample paper on An analysis of the macro-environment of South Africa is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on An analysis of the macro-environment of South Africa, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on An analysis of the macro-environment of South Africa will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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