Begining Philosophy

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Beginning of Philosophy

The word philosophy comes from the two Greek words philein, which means "to love" and sophia, which means "knowledge" or "wisdom".

Thales One of the first known Greek philosophers, was doing speculative physics when he claimed that everything in the natural world was made of water.

Leucuppus and Democritus Arrived at the conclusion that all matter was made from tiny particles (atoms) that were similar except for their size and shape; differences in larger bodies were accounted for by means of their different arrangements.

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Early thinkers thought of physics as a part of philosophy, and this view persisted over 000 years. The full title of Isaac Newton's Principles, in which Newton set forth his famous theories of mechanics, mathematics, and stronomy, is Mathematical principles of Natural Philosophy.

Philosophy The definition of philosophy as the love or pursuit of wisdom, but this is too vague and general. What philosophy is it self a philosophical issue, and the issue has not yet been settled. Philosophy is not an empirical science. Facts are often relevant to a philosophical question, but they cannot by themselves provide us with an answer.

Many philosophical questions concern to norms.

Normative questions ask about the value of something. These sciences are interested in finding out what things are, but they cannot tell us how things ought to be.

Ethical or aesthetic norms are standards of one kind or another and we apply them when we decide for example what is right or wrong, good or bad…

When we voluntarily choose to do something, nothing makes us choose. Given the state of the world at the time you chose to extend a helping hand, you might have chosen not to do so. If this is tru- if nothing made you choose- then it follows that the choice cannot have been caused. If it had been caused, then given the state of the world at the time the cause happened, you could not have chosen not to make the choice. The problem is voluntary choices happen. They seem to be real things. So the theory that voluntary choices are not caused runs counter to another belief we have, that everything that happens was caused. Worse still, if your choice was not caused to happen, then you did not cause it to happen. That conflicts with yet another belief we have- namely, that for a choice like this we deserve praise. If you did not cause it to happen, what sense is there in praising you?

David Hume argued that really mean that cause C had effect E is that C made E happen. But Hume's view seemed paradoxical at the time he stated it, and many who read Hume are still far from conviced he was right.

The Divisions of Philosophy

Metaphysics Which studies the nature of being. What is being? What are its fundamental features and properties? These are two basic questions of metaphysics.

Epistemology The theory of knowledge. What is the nature of knowledge and what are its criteria, sources, and limits?

Ethics or moral philosophy The philosophical study of moral judgments, which includes, most importantly, the question Which moral judgments are correct?

Social Philosophy The philosophical study of society and its institutions. This branch of philosophy is concerned especially with determining the features of the ideal or best society.

Political philosophy Focuses on one social institution, the state, and seeks to determine its justification and ethically proper organization. Political philosophy is so closely related to social philosophy that it is common to treat them as a single area, social-political philosophy.

Aesthetics The philosophical study of art and of value judgments about art, and of beauty in general.

Logic The theory of correct reasoning, which seeks to investigate and establish the criteria of valid inference and demonstration.

So philosophy has seven major branches. However, the various main branches of philosophy do not each contain and equal number of theories or concepts or words.

Philosophy view Historically

Ancient philosophy Sixth century B.C through, approx, the third acentury A.D.

Medieval philosophy Third through sixteenth centuries, approx.

Modern philosophy Fifteenth through twentieth centuries.

Contemporary philosophy Twentieth century.

Philosophy can also be divided geographically, Eastern philosophy an d Western philosophy being the main divisions, with further subdivisions…

In the twentieth century the predominant interests and methods of philosophers in the West have tended to separate philosophy into two fairly distinct traditions

Analytic philosophy Analytic philosophers believe (or are the intellectual descendants of those who did believe) that the proper method of philosophy is what is called analysis. Generally (but with exceptions) this is the predominant tradition in English speaking countries.

Continental philosophy Several approaches to philosophy fit under this heading, including principally what are known as existentialism, phenomenology, hermeneutics. Generally but with important exceptions this is the predominant in Continental Europe.

Arguments

When someone supports a belief by giving a reason for accepting the belief, he or she has given an argument. Setting forth arguments is the most basic of philosophical activities and is one of the activities that distinguishes philosophy from merely having opinions.

The conclusion of a person's argument is the point he or she is trying to stablish; the reason the person gives for accepting the conclusion is stated in the premises of the argument.

There are just two ways in which an argument can fail or be incorrect. On one hand, one or more of the premises might be questionable. On the other hand, even if none of the premises are questionable, they might fail to stablish the conclusion. Logic, the theory of correct inherence, is concerned with the second type of failure.

Fallacies are common mistakes in reasoning of the second type, and one important contribution of logi has been identification, classification, and analysis of fallacies. Obviously, everyone concerned with sound reasoning, inclusding philosophers, tries to avoid fallacies, but even philosophers are not always successful in doing so. Some fallacies are frequently encountered in philosophical discussions.

Argumentum ad hominem (Argument to the person). Frequently people have the mistaken idea that they can successfully challenge a view by criticizing the person who holds that view. Ad hominem arguments are surprinsingly common, and it can take a special effort to remember to evaluate a person's views on their merits and not on the merits of the person whose views they are.

Appeals to emotion Arguments that try to stablish conclusions solely by attempting to arouse or play on the emotions of a listener or reader.

Straw man Sometimes people (even philosophers) will "refute" someone's view by refuting what is actually a mispresentation of that view. If we aren't carefull we may think the original view has been refuted rather than the "straw man" that actually has been attacked. When the Irish philosopher George Berkeley maintained that physical objects are really just clusters of sensations existing only in the mind, the English writer Samuel Johnson "refuted" Berkely by noting that some physical objects are so hard that things just bounce off them. Johnson then kicked a rock, trying to demonstrate that rocks are too hard to be mere sensations. But Johnson had in fact misrepresented Berkeley, for Berkeley had never maintained that rocks are not hard. Johnson had set up a straw man that was easy to knock over.

Red herring To address a point other than the one actually at issue; that is, to bring in something that is off the point. You chose to act is not equivalent to the fact that you could have acted differently.

Ad hominem arguments, appeals to emotion, and straw man arguments might all be said to be read herrings because they all seek to establish something that is not quite the issue.

Begging the question One premise rests on an assumption that is more or less identical to the very thing you are trying to prove as your conclusion. The argument begs on the question.

Black-or-white fallacy Arguments that limit us to two options when in fact more options exist commit the black-or-white fallacy.

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Socialism: How can it benefit the African Americans?

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Socialism How can it benefit the African Americans?

Could one ever imagine a world where a small percentage of people do not dominate in the cooperate world but every individual, even an African American, is practically equal? Could one imagine a world where Bill Gates' worth is as much as the poorest African American individual? Could one ever imagine a world where African Americans would benefit and be instrumental as much as other races in the economy? There would be no dominate individual or race, but the nation will be stronger and the economy would be stronger financially. This may only seem as a dream at first, but such a world is possible and closer than one may think. A world where no one person has more power than the next and money has virtually no value may seem as a ludicrous idea to some, but it is a great idea to others. This great idea is called Socialism.

Socialism is defined as the ownership of exploitable capital and means of production by the government, not by individuals or by private enterprise. This means that no one person could benefit personally within the economy. Common ownership will do away with the need for exchange, so that money will have no use. In the African American community, money is a major issue. Young African Americans often sale drugs for the need of money and other African Americans kill one another for the want of money. If the idea of socialism came into an existence, money would no longer be an issue and drugs and murder for money will decrease in the African American community.

People on the basis of social need, not profit, will determine the production of products in a socialist economy. At the moment people may need wealth but, unless they can afford to buy it, they must go without it. If money was no longer an issue in the economy, the poorer families could benefit more and could be provided with a lot more than what they are able to have now. African Americans who are poor are poor because of the lack of jobs, the minimum wage work and unequal opportunities. With socialism, the means of producing and distributing wealth - factories, farms, mines, docks, offices, transport - will belong to the whole community. This means that African Americans could benefit because everyone is equal and works for the needs of the community.

Work in a socialist society will depend on cooperation and the voluntary decisions of men and women to contribute to society in order to keep it going. This means that if the community as a whole does not work to keep the socialism alive within their community, everyone will suffer. Just as an individual could not survive if he or she did not eat, drink or take basic health care, so a socialist society would not survive unless the people in it acted cooperatively in a spirit of mutuality. This will encourage African Americans to work and be able to provide for themselves and their families. It will also encourage them to be cooperative within the community and work for a common goal. Today, many African Americans try to compete with each other, not realizing that this is harmful in the long run. Competitiveness causes jealously, greed and often leads to harm to those involved. With socialism, competition will not be an issue because everyone will be on an equal plane.

Currently, African Americans have a high rate of infant mortality. Every year, fifteen million children under five die of starvation. Many times in these cases, a family could not provide the proper necessities to support a healthy environment for their children. With socialism, a society based on production for use, would not tolerate such obscenity. Those families with infants and children too young to work will want to provide for their children and infants and therefore, will be motivated to do so. In some cases with child starvation, people are too lazy to provide for their families and rely on the aid of others. But, within a socialist community where everyone is offered an equal opportunity, those people will feel more instrumental in the economy and will be more willing to work and in turn, will be able to provide for their families.

Critics of the socialist proposition often tell us that socialism would be confronted with millions of men and women who would refuse to do their bit to make society run efficiently and, for some time, African Americans have carried the stereotype of being lazy. Unfortunately, in a socialist society, unpleasant work will still have to be done. Of course, much of the dirty work of the profit system, such as killing and conning and counting bank notes, will be dispensed with immediately in a socialist society. Other unappealing work can probably be taken care of by labor saving machines. Dirty work such as work in factories, farms, mines and docks, would have to be done, but in an organized fashion. The community, as a whole, would have to come to a consensus to provide a schedule of work so that the work would not have to be done by the same people all the time. This way, everyone would equally be able to contribute to the community and would not feel that they work unfairly within the community.

Critics who oppose socialism fear that human greed will lead people to consume all the wealth of society within one month. A problem within the African American community is the unemployment rate. If individuals did consume all the products within one month, the community would have to work to provide for their families. The unemployment rate will increase as a result of supply and demand. African Americans would become more instrumental in the economy than ever before. This is one way that African Americans could finally come together and make a difference within America. This, in turn, will encourage cooperation and inspire togetherness within the African American community.

Critics are also worried that in a society of free access, people will take more than they need. It is quite true that if the stores were opened tomorrow and workers were invited to go in and take as much as they want without having to pay, there would be a mad rush and the stores would be empty within a day. But why should this be the case if the stores are always open for free access? With socialism, African Americans would appreciate the necessities more and would adapt to using products sparingly and not over indulge in the luxury of such products. They will become more resourceful and responsible. Socialism will heighten and expand the morals instilled in African Americans.

Socialism is not difficult to understandit simply means directly producing what is needed, without the need for monetary exchange, as in capitalism. Throughout human history there has always been production solely for use, starting with food gathering and tool making in hunter-gatherer societies. Socialism will bring about and create a new form of unity within the nation and amongst the African American communities nationwide. This is one of the things that is lacking within the African American community. With socialism, everyone will have to work together to provide for his or her family. They will also be more motivated to work with each other because they are striving for the same, simple goal survival. To be unified for a cause is one thing that is dreamed and yearned for within the African American community; socialism has the potential to bring such unity about. Socialism will probably never exist anytime soon, if ever, but it should be understood that it could be have a very positive influence and change on the nation. African Americans are in a need for a more effective, positive change and socialism could definitely bring this about. It will encourage African Americans to work harder and in turn, will be able to provide more for their families. With socialism, African Americans will become more powerful and highly respected than ever before. Socialism should be supported more within the nation because with the support of socialism, there is the support of a united nation.

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The Little Prince, Saint Exupery's Visionary Heart

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A Visionary Heart

.

In the story, The Little Prince, the author, Antoinne De Saint-Exupery, is the narrator who is ostensibly recounting what occurred when his plane put down in the Sahara Desert, six years earlier, due to engine trouble. The story is written in simple, short sentences, as would be suitable to use to tell a tale to a small child, making it sound deceptively similar to a Peter-Pan-like a fairy tale. Briefly, a young prince from a distant planet comes upon the stranded author, and tells him of his experiences, in the form of parables, as he wandered among the planets seeking wisdom. One of the characters encountered by the Little Prince, the fox, reveals a "secret" to the prince, "It is only with the heart that one can see rightly; what is essential is invisible to the eye." After a week, which turns out to be the Little Prince's last week on the earth having arrived exactly one year earlier on that spot, the little prince is bitten by a snake and "appears" to die, although his body disappears, in order to return to his planet. The author, with his repaired plane, is left sad but enlightened and relates the story, complete with child-like drawings which are accompanied by explanations that encourage the reader to see the meaning in the drawings, more than the literal sketches. By illustration and by words, Saint-Exupery draws the reader into his vision and subtly exhorts the reader to lift his focus from that of an adult, critical reader into the realm of fantasy and enlightenment.

One of the first stories, told in chapters related by the narrator, is a story about an occurrence before he, the narrator, landed in the desert and encounters the Little Prince. The narrator, while ostensibly pointing out the limitations of his artistry, encourages the reader to see more than is on the page, that is Saint Exupery exhorts the reader to see the sketches less literally, to "see" the meaning in the drawings. In order to achieved this, Saint-Exupery describes the callous, concrete minded adults who have been unable to understand that what appeared to them to be a drawing of a hat was actually a boa constrictor which had eaten an elephant. This drawing becomes a litmus test. The Little Prince, of course, can immediately see the elephant within the boa constrictor, which signals to the reader that the Little Prince and the Narrator are of the same understanding of the significance of things, and that the Little Prince is definitely not one of the literal-minded "grown-ups." Throughout the story, the narrator reminds the reader that his drawings, particularly that of the boa constrictor, have always been misperceived by "grown-ups," and includes many other examples of adult literal-mindedness, such as preoccupation with numbers. Ultimately, if the reader would prefer to not be classed with one of the philistine "grown-ups," he or she needs to be able to "see" what the author describes as being contained, but not seen by the eye, in his sketches.

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The Little Prince asks the narrator to draw a sheep for him and is rather specific about how the drawing should be not too big, not too old. Finally the Prince is surprisingly very pleased with the narrator's irritable production of a picture of a box with three holes, within which is the sheep. The Prince is delighted with the narrator's artistic production, seems to treasure the drawing and there is something of an implied therapeutic value as the narrator's relationship with the Prince goes on, since he seems to elaborate less about how bad his drawings are. In fact towards the end when the narrator is producing a drawing of a muzzle for the sheep for the Prince, the Prince reassures the narrator concerning his drawings that, "Oh that will be all right, the children will understand." It is implied that the children, not the adults are ultimately the more knowledgeable. Also as his relationship with the Little Prince grows, the life on the Prince's planet, the possible use of the sheep in eating the baobabs (which need to be cut back regularly to protect the planet) and the safety of the rose grow as matters of interest and concern to the narrator. In short, the narrator comes to share his friends concerns as if they were his own.

Another parable related by narrator about the Little Prince's planetary encounters involves a fox. The fox asks the Little Prince to "tame" him and goes on to describe in a very sagacious way, that taming means " to establish ties." The fox tells the Little Prince, ". . . if you tame me, then we shall need each other. To me, you will be unique in all the world. To you, I shall be unique in all the world." The fox outlines how "taming" is done by ritualistically spending time together, coming to be reminded of the other person by seemingly unrelated visual fragments, and developing expectations of being together, wordlessly ". . . words are the sources of misunderstanding." Finally, just before the Little Prince goes off the explain the rose bushes once he realizes that his one rose is more important to him because they have "tamed" each other, the fox offers the Little Prince a present of a secret. The secret is that, ". . . It is only with the heart that one can see rightly; what is essential is invisible to the eye," and that ". . you become responsible, forever, for what you have tamed."

Throughout the story, the Prince worries about his love object, a rose who has been left behind on his planet. The Prince has one rose on his planet and is in love with it. He describes his efforts to provide it protection from cold and predators, putting his rose under a glass bell jar for protection from drafts at night. Although the rose may have been responsible for the Prince's journey, throughout the book, while the Prince is telling of his travels and traveling with the narrator, the Prince worries about the welfare of his rose, his relationship to her, and the rose come to symbolize an abandoned, and longed-for love. "She cast her fragrance and her radiance over me. I ought never to have run away from her. . . I ought to have guessed all the affection that lay behind her poor little stratagems. Flowers are so inconsistent! I was too young to know how to love her." By the end, after the snake bites the Little Prince and he appears to "die" or is back to his planet unencumbered with his body, the narrator picks up the pieces of his friend's concerns and worries about whether or not the muzzle which he has drawn has a strap to secure it onto the sheep which presumably traveled with the Little Prince. It is significant of the growth of their friendship, that the narrator has also comes to worry about the rose ". . . and for me, nothing in the universe can be the same if somewhere, we do not know where, a sheep that we never saw has yes or not?-- eaten a rose. . . And no grown-up will ever understand that this is a matter of so much importance."

Towards the end of the book, "The Little Prince," Saint-Exupery has one of the characters encountered by the little prince, the fox, reveal a "secret" to the prince, "It is only with the heart that one can see rightly; what is essential is invisible to the eye." In order to understand the narrator's investment in the Little Prince's concern for his rose, the reader must suspend grown-up thinking. Indeed, throughout the entire book, in order to appreciate Saint-Exupery's fantasy, the reader is required to suspend critical, literal, left-brain, judgment about the implausibility of various occurrences in order to appreciate or "see" the impressive wisdom about life, love, friendship, responsibility, understanding, knowing the truth and death which is woven into the deceptively simple story.

THE THING THAT IS IMPORTANT

IS

THE THING THAT IS NOT SEEN

SHUT YOUR EYES AND SEE THE TRUTH;

YOU'LL GET THERE FASTER

BIBLIOGAPHY

Saint Exupery, Antoinne De. (14) The Little Prince. New York,

Harcourt, Brace & Company

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Are we a nation of guns? or are we just nuts?

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Bowling for Columbine

A documentary by Michael Moore

HST 06 Extra Credit Option

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Are we a nation of gun nuts or are we just nuts?

Violence, easy access to guns, rebellious adolescents, nuclear weapons, racism, fear, warped freedom, and everything that is considered wrong with America today is critically analyzed in the documentary, Bowling for Columbine, created by Michael Moore. This documentary was created following the September 11th tragedy, when two terrorist hijacked planes crashed into the World Trade Center in New York City. Moore traveled all over the United States, interviewing typical civilians, and those in the public eye about their thoughts and answers to problems dealing with gun related violence in America. Moore starts out his documentary in the state of Michigan, then visits Colorado, Utah, California, and those in their paths. The documentary included a lot of interesting clips of critical events in U.S. history involving any type of gun involvement, including the popular reality television show, "Cops", and cartoon "Southpark". Michael Moore does an excellent job of finding a variety of people to display all areas of the spectrum on feelings towards gun control, and doesn't let anything get in his way. No place is too far, and no person is too unreachable, no question is too inappropriate.

Michael Moore is from Flint, Michigan. It was surprising to hear him call Michigan "gun country". Before viewing this documentary I had no idea that the amount of guns carried in Michigan was so large. I always knew that hunting was a popular sport but I didn't realize how easy it was for anyone to purchase a gun, in fact the first subject Moore hit was a bank that when one signed up for a checking account they received a free gun. To demonstrate how easy it is to get a gun, Moore went in the bank, and only an hour later came out with a new gun. The state of Michigan was made famous for its popular Michigan Militia, and its connections with Timothy McVeigh and the Nichols brothers, James and Terry, responsible for the Oklahoma city bombings. McVeigh was executed and Nichols is serving time in prison. James Nichols, who unlike his brother, was not proven to be related to the Oklahoma City bombings, and was interviewed by Moore on his Michigan farm about his feelings on gun ownership. James sleeps with a fully loaded rifle under his pillow every night because he feels that he is expressing the freedom of his second amendment right to bare arms. He also admits that he like his brother, has created bombs and has the materials to do so on his farm. He ironically later comments that there should be some restrictions on who can get guns because "there are crazy people out there". Crazy people such as himself, I believe!

Moore then travels to the town of Littleton, Colorado where the school shooting at Columbine High School occurred. Included were several disturbing clips of 11 calls from inside the school, and security camera footage from inside the school showing the murders of innocent teenagers. Several people were interviewed, including two girls who were in the two shooters bowling class that morning, hence the movie title Bowling for Columbine.

After the brutal shootings at Columbine high school, analysts frantically tried to explain what lead to the actions the two young men, Harris and Klebold, took that horrible day in Colorado. Many suggested the breakdown of the nuclear family, video games, violent films and television shows, and most of all, music. Marilyn Manson is possibly the most attacked musician in America, accused of having a negative influence on the nation's youth. Moore interviewed Manson when he came to Littleton to give a concert and was heavily protested. Manson defended himself saying that the boys just needed someone to listen to them and that music was not the reason for the murders. He made an excellent point that on that very day that the Columbine shootings occurred, our president was launching the greatest missile attack overseas in history, yet no one was saying that the president, who has greater influence on the country than Marilyn Manson, a rock musician, was influencing violence in America. Also, Moore took note on the fact that officials were quick to say that music and media were reasons for youth violence, but couldn't something such as bowling, which the two boys did the morning of the massacre have merit to be just responsible for their actions also? This questions the basis of the reasoning for blaming things such as rock music.

Soon after the Columbine shootings the National Rifle Association held a scheduled rally in Littleton. Citizens were outraged that the NRA, an enormous promoter of the weapon that had slain so many innocent youths, was celebrating its presence in American life so soon and so close to Columbine. There were protests and the mayor of Littleton even sent Charlton Hesston, the well known president of the NRA and famous actor, a letter asking for the rally to be cancelled due to the terrible change in events in Colorado. Charlton still persisted and held the rally, saying that he had the right by the constitution to do as he pleased.

In Flint, Michigan the youngest school shooting in history, a six year old boy shooting a six year old girl in first grade, sadly occurred. To further aggravate anti-gun activists more, the NRA came to Flint shortly after the grade school shooting and held another rally. Michael Moore, who himself is from Michigan and a member of the NRA, scheduled an appointment to speak to Charlton Hesston in his mansion. He asked Hesston why he thought that the amount of deaths due to gun related violence was so dramatically higher in the United States than in any other country and Hesston could give no answer. He also could not explain why even though his life was in no danger he had a room full of fully loaded firearms. Moore then proceeded to question how he could come to Flint and Littleton so shortly after their communities were rocked by the loss of innocent youths due to shootings. Hesston got upset and walked away from Moore, completely ignoring his comments and questions. These were questions that a lot of the population needed to know not only of Charlton Hesston, but the other thousands who have firearms for no reason and have no answers to the escalated gun problem in America.

The documentary never actually seemed to find a solution to the problem. Why are there so many more firearm related deaths in America than any other place on this Earth? America has had no more bloody of a history than other leading countries who have a much lower number of gun fatalities per year. Moore suggested things such as easy access to firearms and ammunition and the long standing issue of racism. Americans are living in a state of constant fear he noted. While in one year the murder rate dropped by 0% the news coverage of violence increased by 600%. Americans are untrusting of their neighbors and many feel they need firearms for protection. Every time you turn on the news there is coverage of rape, robbery, murder, and riots. There is no escaping this worry over protecting oneself and their family.

In conclusion, allowing more guns to be accessed in the United States is not making the nation a safer place to live. If having more guns meant more safety, than the nation would not lose so many to gun violence daily. The right to bare arms is guaranteed the constitution but so it the right to life and protection. In this day these to freedoms we have as Americans seem to be contradicting one another. As history and each day in America continues to prove, gun control is not strong enough. Until people can be free of fear of gun violence there must be an effort made to put an end to the wrongful use of firearms in America. Moore did a great job of presenting a delicate subject to the American people and was deserving of the Academy Award for the project.

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Change

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Change may occur due to a number of reasons, and may also be described as a number of things such as a journey or a transformation. We see numerous changes in our society everyday, and our perspectives change as we broaden our horizons and open up to new things. We see a change in perspectives through texts such as the play of Cosi by Louis Nowra, The Dead Poet's Society Movie, by Peter Weir, the stimulus text Sky High, by Hannah Roberts, and the film The Sixth Sense. Many different types of changes occur throughout these texts, but the main change is through perspectives by individuals, and the journey they make through change to get to the arrival.

Cosi, by Louis Nowra, is a play, which examines the capacity of human beings to change, and it demonstrates the benefits of change in our society and as an individual. The play is based on many attitudes and viewpoints. The characters Lewis and Roy especially see a change and transformation. These characters change their perspectives on life and also their perspective of other individuals around them.

Lewis is a young, inspiring stage director who gets given the job of directing a play for people from a mental institution. Because of where the actors are from mental asylum, Lewis believes that directing a play with them is too hard, and is very doubtful about whether it will work. Lewis goes through change because the character Roy influences him. Roy is a patient who has many problems and self-doubts, but is excited about performing in a play.

As the play develops, Lewis gradually starts to transform and change into a character who is positive towards the play and is more than capable of directing a succeeding play. The other patients transform Lewis as he uses a mixture of laughter and madness to create success in the play. Lewis gradually starts to love the patients and love what he is doing.

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Lewis realises that his girlfriend Lucy, is not the most important thing in his life, and they break up as Lucy believes that "working with these people has changed you". Lewis believes that life is more about the important things such as "love and fidelity".

In Act , there is a complete role reversal between the characters Roy and Lewis. At the beginning, Roy had a very optimistic view towards the play, as it had been his dream to perform in the play/opera "Cosi Fan Tutte". Throughout the play we discover more about Roy and his insecurities, and the changes he goes through on his perspective of life and on the play. He no longer wants to be in the play because he is jealous of Lewis and his success with it and believes he isn't as successful. "I'm not leaving, I'm quitting".

Changes occur in the play Cosi, and are shown through various techniques. One is by having a play-within-a-play. By dressing the characters up and letting them step into someone else's life, they start to forget about their problems and beliefs, and their character is brought out more. The changes, which occur in Cosi, go through a journey to discovery. The journey in this play is just as important as the arrival, if not more.

Sky High by Hannah Roberts, is a short story in which many changes occur. These changes are natural and gradual, from being young and innocent to being in the adult world. Hannah has undergone change physically through a journey of life. The "smooth, sweat-damp hands" have become hands "beginning to accumulate the line-etched story of life".

The clothesline of her adulthood is personified. It is "age warped" with "sagging wires" which is much like herself who has aged over a journey of years. The use of oscillation shows Hannah's journey from childhood to adulthood. Hanging washing, which she remembers as a child, seemed "like coloured flags in a secret code". The items on the line seemed mysterious, where as now as Hannah is older, they are explained as "semaphore secrets". Rationality and experience has supplanted inclination and the imagination.

"It is unlikely the washing line could support me this time". Hannah acknowledges that as an adult she too has many responsibilities, which are keeping her from participating in her childhood activities. With age and experience and as our life goes through a journey of time, our perspectives change. In Cosi, Lewis experiences the real world. This leads him to having a changed perspective on himself, his society and his values. This is also like in Sky High, Hannah starts to experience the real world as she goes on a journey through life and grows older, and realises that she is no longer a child anymore.

The Sixth Sense is another text in which there is a change in perspective through a journey of experiences. This change is mainly seen through Cole Sears, a young boy who can see dead people. Both Cole and his counsellor Malcolm go through many changed throughout the film. Cole Sear changes his perspective from being scared and running from his sixth sense, to realising that he can use it to help the dead people find closure and for the families of them to gain answers.

Dr Malcolm Crowe, Cole's counsellor, also goes through a change in perspective from someone who is living to someone who is dead. Cole helps Malcolm come to terms with this. His realisation helps him to sort out the problems with his wide and to say goodbye properly.

Lyn Sear, Cole's mother, also changes her perspective especially at the end when she finally understands her son and his perspective. Lyn is also able to have a change in perspective of her mother, after Cole passes on a message to her that allows closure and happiness.

Cole, who was once called a freak and was teased by the other children at school, turns into a hero, as he goes on a journey to change. "I'm ready to communicate with you now…tell you my secrets". Cole has changed his perspective and is now ready to tell his mother his problems and worries.

The use of loud music in the film, and close-up shots of people, shows us to the extent that Cole was scared. Flashbacks at the end of the film show the different perspectives of Cole and how they have changed.

The Dead Poet's Society is another text in which individuals go through a journey towards change.

Mr Keating, a new teacher at an upper class university, has a great influence on the other students. He is determined to teach with absolute passion and desire. Mr Keating changes the student's perspective of school from uninspiring and dull, to an inspiring place where they have a passion to learn. The boys ultimately find their souls as they go through a journey towards change by immersing themselves and finding their inner-self. The boys start to look at life from a different perspective and it allows them to see in a way in which others don't attempt to see.

Two characters in particular go through a journey to change in the film. One is Neil Perry. Neil has changed his perspective to see school and his dreams in a whole new way because of the confidence in which Mr Keating brought out in him. Neil's dream was to act, but his father prohibited it, which resulted in Neil committing suicide. "Don't wait until it's too late to realise your potential".

Another character, which goes through a journey towards change, is Todd Anderson. Mr Keating pushed him to think for himself and to use his mind to create a poem. Todd could not complete it alone because of his low self-confidence and fear of embarrassment, which kept him from showing his creativity. His creativity was then unleashed by Mr Keating's pursuance and Todd's perspective changed to being more confident. "Oh Captain, My Captain". Todd changes from being a quiet boy, to standing on his desk and shouting to Mr Keating calling him his captain. These changes all occur through a journey of self-discovery, through the influence of one man.

Perspectives are changed by a number of reasons. These include the influence in which individuals have on you, as well as the natural and gradual journey towards change. These changes are seen in texts such as The Dead Poet's Society, Cosi, Sky High, and The Sixth Sense. Many individuals in these texts go through a process or a journey towards positive changes, which creative a positive arrival.

These texts all demonstrate a better understanding of change through the nature and the effects is has on change.

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Squatter- Minstry Rohinton

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According to statistics, Canada is one of the countries with the most immigrants. They come from almost every coin of the world and have very different cultures and ethnic backgrounds. A common problem that all of them have to face would be how to adapt to a new culture that is completely different from theirs? In the short story "Squatter", the author Minstry Rohinton has led readers to think about how to answer. By telling an interesting story about an immigrant who cannot go to toilet, Rohinton comes up with the idea that immigrants can feel pull between two worlds, not fully belonging in either. The sense of not belonging could be caused by physical difficulties, social problems, mental pressure and disability of adapting to the changes of old place.

Immigrating to another country means first of all changing the lifestyle. Sometimes it is pretty natural and takes no time. In other cases, the adapting process may be very difficult. Someone could even feel that they have to abandon the old lifestyle in exchange of the new. Anyhow, to get rid of old habits is never easy, and neither is learning new things. Even some little things like different taste of food or different material used in clothing could cause trouble. As a matter of fact, immigrants can feel not belonging to a world due to physical difficulties. In this story, the main physical difficulty the protagonist experience is, ironically, inability of sitting on the toilet. The author describes about his situation on page 15 "We find him (Sarosh) depressed and miserable, perched on top of the toilet, crouching on his haunches, feet planted firmly for balance (…) Daily for a decade had Sarosh suffered this position." Cannot sit on the toilet is probably not a big deal. However, it makes him feel different from the others. He is doing something nobody else in the country does. He is a stranger. This physical inability defends him from becoming a really Canadian. In fact, Sarosh is not the only immigrant suffering physical difficulties. In the story, the officer at the immigration department mentions about several similar cases. There were a man who could not eat Canadian bread; a Sri Lankian woman who could not drink Canadian water; and a Pakistani family who could not swallow since immigrating to Canada. All of these things are just natural for native Canadians, but not as easy as they appear for immigrants from other cultures. Thus, immigrants could be kept outside the society due to these little, not important physical problems they experience.

New immigrants do not only have to adapt to the new environment physically. It seems to be more important to have a good relationship with other people in the society. Again, it may be very easy for some, and very hard for others. Some immigrants may experience the feeling of not belonging due to social problems. In the short story "Squatter", Sarosh, the protagonist is currently facing a difficult situation. Every time he uses a public toilet, the absence of feet below the stall door creates a strange atmosphere. People look at him like a foreigner, who is "not doing things in the conventional way" (p156). Sarosh too detects " the presence of xenophobia and hostility" (156). Nobody is able to stay indifferent if other people look at him as a monster. Their attitudes may let him feel being rejected by the society. Furthermore, Sarosh also has to face problems at work. He spends hours and hours in the bathroom every morning trying to get the sitting position and always fails. This causes him even new troubles. He is late for work for eleven times in a month. And he feel ashamed to tell the supervisor the truth. This leads to his misunderstanding to Sarosh. Later on, Sarosh is not just late in the morning but extends to spend working hours in the bathroom. Lacking communication and convincing explanation, he was finally fired. In this story, the problem of being late for work is mostly caused by problem going to the toilet. Still, it reflects to the entire immigrant population. Every immigrant may have some kind of personal difficulty that makes the communication with other people becoming more difficult. In this situation, immigrants easily become victim of the feeling of being an outsider, because of social problems.

One's emotion is related closely to the kind of life he has. Immigrants often want to fully become a member of the country. Sometimes culture difference and other obstacles may lengthen the time the process takes. It takes respectively a lot of time for them to become emotionally suitable to the new place. If they see themselves unable to well adapt, they may get stressed mentally. In "Squatter", Sarosh is unhappy from the start to the end of the story. At the beginning, the author describes him as "depressed and miserable"(p15). It's the physical inability that depresses him here. He's been living in Canada for a decade and is still not completely a Canadian. He feels that "he (Sarosh) was nothing but a failure in this land (Canada)- a failure not just in the washrooms of the nation but everywhere." From this quote, we understand that this tiny physical difficulty means the complete failure for Sarosh. The sense of failure depresses him and stressed him. It is true that in this particular case, the reason that Sarosh is willing of becoming completely Canadian is mostly because of the promise he made to his mother. But he is still a representative example of the entire Canadian immigrant collective. Since a lot of other immigrants also feel stressed mentally. It can be proved by the travel agent's words. She says " I meet so many people who are going back to their homeland because of problems here"(p16). This shows that there are many immigrants who abandon Canada for varies problems in Canada. They are mentally tired of dealing with them and they finally give up. Native Canadians can never imagine how those problems are hard to be solved. Further more, Sarosh does not always see himself as a Canadian. This can be proved by his words " That's the way THEY talk over there, nothing is ever a problem." From the word 'they', we can see that Sarosh excludes himself from the Canadians. He does not like some of people's attitudes in Canada. He does not see himself as one of them either. It is part of the reason that he decides to return to India. The above arguments all show that the mental conflict of belonging or not belonging can cause anxiety in immigrants.

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Finally, immigrants can feel not belonging to their original place either because of the changes of the place. Sarosh in the short story has come back to his country- India. But he does not feel belonging to there any more, because everything has changed in his homeland. He notices that "during his absence all the brand names had changed- the labels were different and familiar" (p167). He notices that " the people who sat on the parapet (…) were strangers" (p167). He also notices that " they (the tetra pods) were grimy black now, and from angularities rose the distinct stench of human excrement" (p167). These changes are not towards a positive side. Sarosh is not quite prepared for them. A lot of things are new and unfamiliar. He is desperately searching for the old things in his memory but he cannot find them. It is like he has come to another unknown country. And the environment in the new country is not very pleasurable. Plus, people do not look at him the same way anymore. On the welcome-home party, they keep asking him to display the Canadian currency and his Canadian passport and citizenship card. In their eyes, he is a foreigner now. The sense of not belonging disappoints Sarosh, " so forlorn and woebegone was his countenance" (p167). The changes of the old place push immigrants out of their original world.

In conclusion, due to physical, social and mental difficulties, immigrants can feel not belonging in either the new place or the native country. However, many people may be able to well mix the two cultures together. And they argue that immigrating is a process of searching for happiness…

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Discuss and illustrate as far as you can Browning's search, as a poet, for formal and thematic variety?

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In 1851 Browning wrote an essay on Percy Bysshe Shelley, and in it he both praised the Romantic poet who had so influenced him, and also explained how he, Browning differed in his own poetic project. Shelley, according to Browning, was a subjective poet, a poet who wrote from the perspective of the inner self, while Browning wishes to be an objective poet. Browning felt that subjective poetry which is never relieved by objectivity meant that "the world is subsisting wholly on the shadow of a reality". He wanted to present the world from a distanced objective view, not through a haze of abstraction, and to show the world and the people in it clearly and directly. Employed by Browning, among others, the dramatic monologue is one poetic strategy which allows us a vision of both worlds. The character in the monologue tells his or her story in a subjective manner, while allowing the distanced poet and reader to remain objective.

The "action" in a dramatic monologue is mental, psychological and verbal. Browning also became adept at indicating physical action and gesture but the important one is the act of speakingof arguing, pleading informing, reminiscing, of thinking aloud or of justifying oneself. The form also allowed him to indulge his fondness for eccentric or often morally reprehensible characters and opinions while, it freed him from the responsibility of bringing his villain to justice. Browning chose the Renaissance as the historical setting of many of his poems because it was a time of great energy and change. However Browning's characters are not famous personages but minor players. They are too busy concentrating on themselves and their own needs to think about their role in history. Through these moments in history Browning discusses such themes as Love, Art, Beauty and Evil. He also shows us that it is very difficult to hear the whole story as it is made up of many different versions.

In 18 Browning's first published poem, the lyrical, confessional form of Pauline looks back to the dominant mode of the Romantic poets rather than forward to his mid-Victorian acheivement. In Paracelsus he abandoned the confessional mode and put many of the same thoughts and feelings into dramatic form. Therefore from now on his poems would be "dramatic in principle". Two poems that Browning published soon after are even more fully dramatic. These poems Johannes Agricola and Porphyria's Lover, are objective studies in morbid psychology. In Porphyria's Lover the world is restricted to a single point of view, to the words of the character who is speaking. This is the source of much of the richness and power of the dramatic monologue. We soon deduce even without the 184 title Madhouse Cells that the speaker in the poem is insane. He reveals himself as a murderer, and a necrophiliac. He believes God's silence indicates that God condones his act.

"And yet God has said not a word!"

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Or is it that God has not yet spoken and the speaker fearfully awaits God's judgement. By giving us only the speaker's version of events, Browning creates a poem that is fundamentally ambivalent. We could say the man's madness extenuates his crime, or was there really a crime and if so, was it committed in such a way. He could just be imaging everything, or perhaps this happened in the past and his mind is trapped within the memory of that night. Once our imagination is engaged by these ambiguities, each line becomes an index to the complex human mind Browning has portrayed. For example, the opening lines tell us that it is the man, not the wind that is sullen and spiteful. Porphyia's Lover is technically a soliloquy as there is no listener to hear the speaker's words. In Browning's later works a listener is usually clearly indicated so that the poem becomes a one-end conversation that the reader is permitted to overhear.

In Pippa Passes 1841 we find Browning using an experimental form which is closer to the dramatic monologue than to legitimate drama. He presents Pippa a child labourer, on her yearly day of freedom walking through her town singing various songs. As she passes Pippa's unconscious singing influences the lives of some of the people in the town. Because Pippa passes through the world her presence changes it, but that is not to say that she unequivocally improves it. Although each character has been changed it is not easy to say if she has been an agent for good, or perhaps the unconscious agent of Gods will or even just an agent of chance.. In Pippa, Browning develops a poetic form that displays that mixture of good and evil, of the beautiful and the ugly which so distinguishes his vision of life. Once again he makes no authorial comment and the reader has to decide the outcome for his or herself.

My Last Duchess 184 represents a definite advance towards the dramatic monologue. The setting is more precise and the Duke's motive for speaking more distinct (to lay down a set of rules for his new Duchess by describing the flaws of the previous one). The language is more natural and the listener, (an envoy from the Count whose daughter will be the next Duchess) is more openly indicated. This device of including a listener seems to account for the greater sense of reality. The style is conversational as the listener is asked to sit and look at a painting of the Duchess while the Duke describes her. Here too the Duke carries on a sort of dialogue with the listener by anticipating his questions and responses. Gestures like drawing the attention of the envoy to the bronze statute stresses the Duke's pride in possession that leads him to treat people as objects and tools to be used. Here Browning seems to be saying that the Duke is representative of the dehumanising forces which were brought on by industrialisation.

The Bishop Orders His Tomb at Saint Praxed's Church 1845 which describes a materialistic bishop giving orders for the decoration of his tomb to his illegitimate sons as he lies on his deathbed brought the dramatic monologue to full and mature expression. Although the bishop is meant to be representative of corrupt Catholic churchmen and was one of the poems written to dispel what Browning saw as wrong-headed nostalgia for the rituals of the Catholic church, by the time the monologue has ended he has become an individual. Sensual, vain, capable of bribery, threats even anger but also appreciative of beauty, the bishop has developed into a realistic character.

In Fra Lippo Lippi 1855 he fused painting, history and religion into a demonstration of , and argument for, realism in art. Set in Florence of the Renaissance it tells of a licentious monk known for his naturalist style of painting. The other monks are shocked at his realistic portrayal of the human body because they see the function of religious painting as spiritual, to help people forget the materialistic world of flesh and blood. However Lippo Lippi believes that art, which attempts to represent things as they really are, is itself a path to the spiritual. Browning too wishes to be a poet who sees and describes "objects for men's outer not inner sight." Therefore Browning is maintaining that if the artist or poet represents things truly and objectively, those things can enter the inner sight of man. Through the use of the dramatic monologue Browning achieved this visionary goal.

Please note that this sample paper on Discuss and illustrate as far as you can Browning's search, as a poet, for formal and thematic variety? is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Discuss and illustrate as far as you can Browning's search, as a poet, for formal and thematic variety?, we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on Discuss and illustrate as far as you can Browning's search, as a poet, for formal and thematic variety? will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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