Case Study: The Tobacco Deal

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Case Study The Tobacco Deal

Issues

Considering that the tobacco industry is a major contributor to the U.S. economy, what may be causal effect of such severe legislation and punishment inflicted on the Tobacco industry?

If the tobacco industries were eventually forced to close their respective doors due to excessive punitive damages awarded or if they were forced to file for bankruptcy due to costs associated to civil lawsuits, what would happen to the economy? It added over $55 billion annually to the gross domestic product. Taxes collected from the sale of cigarettes as well as other tobacco products in the U.S. alone totaled $1.1 billion in 16. Taxes have steadily risen since then. The industry also plays a big part as a major employer in some states. The industry spent $6. billion a year in advertising. I'm sure this has decreased today as advertisement of tobacco products has been banned from TV and billboards. However, the decrease could not be that significant as the industry needs to continue the advertisement of products in order to continue to remain a profitable business. The industry also played a big part of employment for attorneys and public relations.

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Terms of the Deal

1)Tobacco industry payments. The industry will be required to pay $68.5 billion for the first 5 years and $15 billion each year after indefinitely.

The proposal states that MOST of the money would go to the states to compensate the cost of health care for people with tobacco related illnesses. $5 billion would go towards health care for uninsured children. "Funds" would also finance antismoking education as well as advertising and enforcement of the settlement. A percentage would pay the fees of attorneys who negotiated the settlement. Who will guarantee that MOST of the money will compensate the costs of health care? I agree that "funds" should finance antismoking education and programs, however the proposal does not specify the amount of funds to do so. I do not agree that this funding should pay attorney fees. The industry should pay the attorney fees.

)Advertising. All billboard and/or outdoor advertising of tobacco products, the use of cartoon or human figures in ads, Internet advertising, product placement in TV or movies and sponsorship of sporting events would be banned.

This is acceptable to me. This has already been implemented in California. I have not seen any billboards advertising tobacco. There are no ads of cartoon or human figures on TV or movies. Brand name sponsorship of sporting events does not exist.

)Warning labels. Warning labels on cigarette packs would include statements that cigarettes are addictive, can cause cancer; smoking can kill you as well as cause fatal lung disease.

This is also acceptable to me. Warning labels exist on cigarette packs. As a matter of fact, I recently purchased a carton of cigarettes and each pack had a small pamphlet attached.

4)Government regulation of nicotine. The FDA would be allowed to regulate the quantity of nicotine levels in cigarettes.

I found this interesting. FDA's regulation of nicotine in cigarettes could be very profitable for the tobacco industry. For example, if the FDA chose to reduce the levels of nicotine in cigarettes, the consumer would more than likely smoke more cigarettes in order to achieve the "nicotine high" that smokers are addictive to. After all, nicotine is the reason that most smokers cannot kick the habit. Why is it that the FDA could not ban nicotine until 00? The industry needed the additional years to boost the levels of nicotine in order to recruit more smokers? Also, the FDA would have to prove that this action would significantly reduce health risks, was technologically feasible, and would not create a demand for black market cigarettes. I do not believe that we honestly and truthfully know what it is in cigarettes that cause cancer. I think we know and believe that nicotine is the reason that smokers are addicted. However, there more than likely is another substance in cigarettes that causes cancer. What does "technologically feasible" really mean? We have so much technology, it's coming out of our ears! I also do not believe that the FDA can control the black market. Today's society has black markets for a lot of illegal products.

5)Cap on liability. The tobacco industry would be protected from future litigation, punitive damages, class action lawsuits, and consolidated litigations.

I do not agree to this portion of the deal. If the industry knowingly boosted the levels of nicotine in cigarettes in order to make smokers addicts, then they should be totally held accountable for whatever the cost of damages the court awards. Like Shane, this is a violation of our constitutional rights. There should not be a liability cap in order to favor the tobacco industry.

6)Access to children. The sale of cigarettes through vending machines or licensed tobacco dealers to minors will be banned.

I agree with this proposal, however I do not see how this will be enforced. In the state of California, there are no vending machines that dispense cigarettes. It is illegal to sell tobacco products to a minor under the age of 18 years. Vending machines have been removed, however my 17-year-old son has been able to purchase cigarettes from local liquor or food markets. He was cited with a violation of a minor in possession of a cigarette and attended court proceedings. I recently received a fine in the mail (as the parent or guardian of this child) for $60 because he did not fulfill his obligations to the court. His driving privileges will be denied until this fine is paid. Do you honestly think that revoking his driving privileges will discourage his need to smoke? He has told me that quitting smoking is a hard thing to do. And he has only been smoking (according to what he tells me) for less than two years. I do not buy my child cigarettes. I have discouraged him from smoking. This "case example" also proves that we and/or the FDA have no control of smoking as a pediatric disease. I began smoking in my teen years. I still smoke today, even knowing of the dangers of smoking related illnesses.

7)Public smoking. Smoking in public places and workplaces would be prohibited. Restaurants, bars, casinos, and bingo parlors would be exempt.

This is another law that has been implemented within California. There is no public place such as workplaces, restaurants, or bars that allow smoking in California. I'm not sure of casinos or bingo parlors though. I can pretty much bet that smoking is not allowed indoors in a public place within the state of California.

8)Smoker assistance. Smokers would receive modest payments for smoking-cessation treatment and monitoring of smoking related illnesses.

This I do agree with, however "modest payments" more than likely would not cover the costs. There is no commitment as to how much would be paid.

Our plan of action was

a.The outcome of these actions should be the resolution of all litigation.

b.Currently, these companies have the financial means to meat the requirements of any proposed settlement that is within reason. They also have the ability to raise prices on their product to offset the cost of the settlement.

c.What should be done is to get all affected parties together to create a settlement.

d.This should be initiated by the tobacco companies since they have the most to gain from settlement

Rick has stated that our plan should have included a timetable of implementation of our plan of action. I believe we all have agreed that settlement is the only realistic option for the tobacco industry. Some of the proposals of the tobacco deal have already been implemented. I really cannot think of an ideal time to implement the rest of the plan other than immediately. There is no reason to delay any further.

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What leads okonkwo to his demise

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Chinua Achebe, in his text Things Fall Apart, presents the demise of a well-respected and recognised African Tribal legend named Okonkwo. Okonkwo is an intrepid, independent and impetuous man. To some extent we find Okonkwo's strengths are also his weaknesses and cause his eventual breakdown. It is Okonkwo's thoughts of failure that express his sensitivity and drive his fury over the edge leading to his suicide. The fury suffered from his son, Nwoye conversion to Christianity and the establishment of new surroundings, cultures, beliefs and tribal life influence Okonkwo's reflection into his future and introduced him to a new frame of mind that made him realise that no one will sacrifice to him and that he would be forgotten in the near future. These key influences, his father, Nwoye and the reflection in his future led to Okonkwo downfall.

Okonkwo is a dominant, hard workingman, brutal and unforgiving. He wants to become a leader in his tribe, to gain the most titles, a well respected and remembered man, grow the most yams and produce the most sons. It is the wellspring of such ambitions that cause his demise. It was the dominating fear of turning out like his father, a 'failure' and loser that controlled his life. Okonkwo was embarrassed by his father. He did everything in his power to prove to his society that he was nothing like him. He constantly carried out tasks to prove his man hood. The killing of Ikemefuna is an example of this. The killing of Ikemefuna, a boy that called him father unbalanced Okonkwo's emotions. Okonkwo loved Ikemefuna. Ikemefuna was everything Nwoye (his son) was not, strong and "a real man" (pg 87). Achebe exposed Okonkwo's sensitivity in the death of Ikemefuna. Okonkwo was quite upset and mourned the death of Ikemefuna.

" Okonkwo did not taste any food for two days after the death of Ikemefuna" (pg 55)

The humiliations and pressures of being thought weak over powered Okonkwo's emotions. He could no longer handle the embarrassment of not being able to fulfil his ambitions successfully or of being thought a failure like his father. His sensitivity became a strong cause in his suicide as it created thoughts of failure in his mind. Okonkwo struggled to deal with his emotions and felt as if there was no other option but to put his embarrassment to rest. This was a key reason why Okonkwo chose to end his own life.

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Achebe portrays Okonkwo as an impatient man, one of short temper and fury. Okonkwo's ferocity gets out of control and over powers his view on tribal life. The introduction of new surroundings eventually builds up the sense of terror and threat for Okonkwo and pushes his temper and fury to breaking point. This drives Okonkwo to his death. Okonkwo does not want to accept the fact of change or attempt to understand it. The threat of change and starting all over again has a negative impact on Okonkwo. He does not like it and wants to dismiss it.

" They (rulers, ancestors, orders) did not want them (missioners) in their clan, so they made them an offer that would soon get rid of them" ( pg 10)

Okonkwo illustrated the negativity to change in his exile.

Okonkwo's time in exile originally impacted positively on his life as he took the time to rebuild his life and settle his confused emotions. However the white mans introduction of change created feelings of terror and threat, which brought back Okonkwo's mixed emotions. Okonkwo began going 'crazy' and his thoughts were too doubtful to be altered. Okonkwo did not have the mental capacity or support to handle the change. Achebe demonstrated change as being to dominate in Okonkwo's life and something he could not deal with. The introduction of change drove Okonkwo's short temper and fury to breaking point. The introduction to change was a major influence in Okonkwo's decision to suicide.

Okonkwo's anger was fuelled when his only son Nwoye made a conversion to Christianity. Okonkwo was very disappointed and embarrassed about this decision.

" His father (Okonkwo) suddenly over with fury, sprang to his feet and gripped him by the neck" (pg 1)

Nwoye's conversion to Christianity meant that he would not follow and sacrifice to his father Okonkwo or the ancestors. Okonkwo is in fear of loosing his existence. He was becoming a failure like his father. Okonkwo is realising that no one will sacrifice to him and that he will be soon forgotten. The reflection of his future dominates his decision to suicide. This was displayed when Okonkwo sat by a fire reflecting on what was happening around him,

" Suppose when he died all his male children decided to follow Nwoye's steps and abandon there ancestors…Okonkwo would wipe them off the face of the earth (pg14)

Okonkwo reflected into his life and thought of all the negativities that were going to happen in the near future. This was too strong for Okonkwo. Okonkwo's anger about Nwoye's conversion to Christianity dominates his decision making and provoked his collapse. On a number of occasions Okonkwo carried out crimes influenced by his anger and fury. The killing of the Christian messenger, the beating of his wife Ekwefi and the burning of the Christian church are examples of this. Okonkwo's short temper and range continued to increase. His anger was too strong and the reflection of his forgotten future dominated his decision to end his own life.

Achebe presents an image of a small whole in a wall. It is through this hole that Achebe expresses Okonkwo's true identity. Fowls go in and out of the hole in their endless search for food (survival). Okonkwo went out of the hole in his endless search of acceptance. Okonkwo took the cowardly option to end his own life. Life became to tough for him and instead of trying to fix it he took the easy way out and killed himself. However he might of felt a lack of acceptance by the white men, whilst it was the white men who were the fools by never understanding the ways of African life. Even though they thought they knew it all, they really learnt and knew nothing. Okonkwo's life was fine until the white men introduced change.

" This man was one of the greatest men in Umuofia, You drove him to kill himself" (pg 18)

The white men never understood the life of the black man. They just came and took over trying to over power every ones life. Little did they know they destroyed many lives? They were so ignorant about the happenings and so blinded on the effects they caused on peoples lives that they just continued to implement what they thought was right. It is the 'know it all's' in life that drive people emotions to the edge resulting in their downfalls. People feel so little and unaccepted in life and have no other choice but to suicide.

Achebe in Things Fall Apart asserts a statement about human beings that demonstrates we are only remembered by our achievement and beliefs. He illustrates this statement in Okonkwo. We find that our worst enemies are usually ourselves. Our downfalls are a result of our actions. Okonkwo, just like any human being has his own life pressures of acceptance and pride. Okonkwo's fear of failure and humiliation drove his fury to a point where he could no longer continue. Together with the fear of being forgotten and not worshiped as a ancestor, his fury was a consequence of his committing crimes and his suicide. All human beings have different pressures on life. We hold different thoughts and opinions. It is because of these different thought and opinions that cause a lack of unacceptance. This lack of unacceptance lowers individual self-esteem and producers the sense of fear and threat. It is these feelings that discourage people's enthusiasm for life and their self-esteems and raise feelings and factors of stress and depression etc. that result in people's downfall. Okonkwo in Achebe's novel is a prime example of how life pressures of acceptance and pride dominate human life.

Please note that this sample paper on what leads okonkwo to his demise is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on what leads okonkwo to his demise, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom research papers on what leads okonkwo to his demise will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Catcher In The Rye Essay

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In J.D Salingers book The Catcher in The Rye the question "Who was Holden Caulfield's antagonist, was a question that struck me, and was a question that was not really emphasized on in the book. It was unsure of who it actually was until you thought about his relationships with his teachers, friends and peers through out the book. In the dictionary, antagonist is defined as one who contends against another. I believe Holden is his own antagonist. Holden proved through out the book that yes, indeed the antagonist can be yourself. Through Holden's experiences, the reader was able to learn how Holden dealt with a lot of his problems, although they weren't always handled rationally or the way he wanted to, they were done and after each one of these you knew he was only critical on himself and was only mad with himself.

The first conflict dealed with Stradlater. Stradlater was Holden's roommate at Pencey, the school he was attending at the time. Stradlater was looked at as a womanizer, always able to get the girls. Although it might not say exactly this, you could tell that Holden was very jealous of him and his accomplishments and his reputation of being the tough rich guy. When he went out on a date with Holden's good old friend Jane, he became very jealous and took it to offense because he knew that Stradlater would most likely use her or corrupt her in some way. Holden really Jane. The fact that it was her that he was going on date with killed Holden even more. Holden was always very critical of Stradlater. Always trying to find all of his faults, even if there wasn't a problem with them, he was still able to point out every negative thing about him. You can tell with Stradlater's relationship that Holden is one to criticize other people, to make himself look better and feel better. Holden never really felt good about Stradlater. Holden always seemed to look down on him, thinking of him as the cruel womanizer who would corrupt all the girls he went out with, especially Jane. He knew that Stradlater was what he always wanted to be, but would never be able to achieve. A quote that described Holden's feelings about Stradlater is on pg. 44, "That's just the trouble with all you morons. You never want to discuss anything. That's the way you can always tell a moron. They never want to discuss anything intelligent." He brings all these problems on himself because he always looks at himself as the better person, he never wonders, could I be the one making the problems and am I bringing them all on myself.

Ackley, the roommate next door to him at Pencey, was not one of the coolest people, he most likely had a lot of trouble making friends and wasn't very social. Holden would always put Ackley down and act superior to him, even though sometimes, it was as if they had the same social status anyway. Holden gave Ackley a lot of grief and made him feel bad about himself a lot. They both stayed home on weekends, didn't go out much and didn't participate in social activities. Once again, Holden was putting Ackley down to feel better about himself, because Ackley was a weak person and he sensed that. So with that in mind, he jumped all over Ackley all the time, making fun of him, using him, and making Ackley feel less superior to everybody around him.

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Sally, was an old friend of Holden's. They used to be very close but they began to drift apart and rarely talked. One night when Holden was very drunk he called her up and began talking to her again. This was the start of their once again friendship. Holden and Sally decided to go out on a date one night and the fight began when Holden would start criticizing her about the guys in her life, how she is doing and everything and about her being "phony." He was always calling everybody else phony, but then he tells us on page16, "I'm the most terrific liar you ever saw in your life." Basically he is coming across as a hypocrite and is really describing himself a lot in the book. Through out the date with Sally he was not being respectful or honest with her. The reason he seems most mad with her is because Sally is a very pretty girl, it mentions that in the book and she has a lot of male friends that she knows in the city.

One night, Holden went back to his hotel room and on the way up to his room the bell man noticed Holden not in the greatest mood. Maurice (the bell man's name) suggested he sent up a female prostitute that night. Holden agreed to it and was waiting in his room for Sunny ( the prostitute) to arrive. The conflict with Sunny and Maurice began when Maurice had told him a different price then Sunny had. Sunny had arrived up in his room, however, when she got there, Holden decided that the whole idea of losing his virginity to a prostitute made him feel kind of bad and didn't really amuse him. Holden told Sunny he just wanted to talk, nothing more. When asked what Sunny did during the day, it sounded like she didn't have a full time job, so being a prostitute just about got her the money to keep her going, and going to the shows and everything. When Sunny was about ready to go, she asked for the 15 dollars that had been expected all along. When Holden didn't pay her with all the money, and only gave her a 10 for the night she stormed out of the room, calling him a "crumb-bum." Through out this chapter, you are able to understand Holden a little better, and realize some of his sensitive side. Even though it seems as if he was being a phony and really just wanted somebody to talk to, he got rejected and yelled at. When Maurice and Sunny confronted him about not receiving all the money, he got very scared and was unsure of what to do or say. He began crying when Sunny went into his wallet and took the other 5 dollars she wanted all along. Although, this was not kind at all, Holden pretty much brought this all on himself, having her sent up and everything. That is another reason to say that Holden's antagonist is really himself.

Mr. Antolini, Holden's English teacher at one time, had been called by Holden the night he went to his house to visit Phoebe, his little sister at home. Mr. Antolini seemed like a great guy and welcomed him even though it was very late into the night. Mr. Antolini was trying to help Holden out, with school and with all of Holden's other problems. It almost seemed if Mr. Antolini treated Holden like his own son. He was a very good listener and seemed to have good advice for Holden also. He handed Holden a piece of paper that said " The mark of the immature man is that he wants to die nobly for a cause, while the mark of the mature man is that he wants to live humbly for one." He states that these are wise words and that once he figures what that means, it will help him out a lot. Mr. Antolini was just a nice guy who thought he could help Holden out a lot with his kind words and everything, the night was then blown out of proportion when Holden woke up to Mr. Antolini patting his head. Holden took it as a "gay" pat, and got too scared about it and left. Holden seems to take things out of proportion to much. He always looks for the bad things in a person when they are truly just trying to help him out.

In conclusion, Holden is the kind of person that wont admit to his own faults because in his world, he just doesn't have any, or so he thinks. He turns to the weaker, more non sociable people in his life to make him feel better about himself. When he is able to let someone down or catch them when they are doing something wrong and make them feel a tad bit worse. When he is able to do this, his problems in his life don't seem to be so bad, but then in the long run, it just makes things all for the worse. He doesn't realize that he causes a lot of the problems for himself, and by doing this he is just being his own antagonist. No one really picks on him but himself. He's always noticing his peers, his families, his friends and his own mistakes and faults rather then being nice about things.

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Videogame Violence

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Despite all of the controversy, videogames do not cause violent behavior in mature players. Many studies have proven that videogames do not directly cause violent behavior. For many years not, psychologists have been studying how videogame violence affects kids. Leave the Pong to Grandma. Research has shown that videogames affect kids more than adults. These violent videogames are not aimed towards kids. The developers of these games make them for mature minded adults. ESRB ratings are used to prevent kids from purchasing mature rated games. If a game is rated mature, a customer must be at least seventeen years of age. Many games like Max Payne, Counter-Strike, and the ever popular game Grand Theft Auto are some of the most violent games on the market right now. List Targets Violent Games. These games may be violent, but they do not teach violence. In all of these games, a player uses weapons of mass destruction, but none of these games teach a player to accurately fire a high caliber sniper rifle. Video games are not bad for mature players, but shouldn't be played by children.

The ESRB rating system is now required for every game to hit the shelves. The ESRB rating system helps consumers purchase a game for a specific age group. ESRB-FAQ. The rating may be placed to aim for mature players, but it is the parents' responsibility to judge what game is appropriate for the child. Leave the Pong to Grandma. The staff that rates the games is not a permanent staff. People sign up to rate a set of games then return to their normal jobs. ESRB-FAQ. "The individual reviewers of games are not revealed to the developer." ESRB-FAQ. Much is done to accurately rate each individual game based on game play and the game material. Each individual game package reveals the contents such as drug use, violence, sexual themes, etc. So if the parents do not approve of violence, they know which games to avoid, and which to buy. When ESRB first started, they were an optional rating for game developers to have. Now, it is required by law. ESRB-FAQ. The government clearly supports the use of the ESRB rating system and does everything possible to keep violent games out of the reach of young kids.

Some games, more than others, receive more media attention due to excessive gore, use of drugs, violence, or in Max Payne's case, all three. Max Payne received a lot of controversy when it was first released. Max Payne is a very popular game and has been released for Microsoft's Xbox, Sony's Playstation , and the PC. The developer of Max Payne is Rockstar, who is constantly under suspension for releasing violent videogames and affected the minds of young kids. "Max Payne's game engine is like no other". Playing with Firearms. Max Payne uses a system called Bullet-Time. Bullet-Time slows down the game play to enable the player to make the character have faster reflexes. While in Bullet-Time, players can see the bullets actually impact the enemy. Bullet-Time enhances the gore level immensely. Bullet-Time is what is accused of being the game's magnet to media. The storyline consists of a cop that has been framed for killing his ex-partner. He then comes home to his wife and child brutally murdered. He then goes on a quest to find his family's killer and the person who framed him. Playing with Firearms. Not only is the storyline interesting, but also everything is done to make the game look real. Rockstar used an incredible graphics engine on the game. They used software that enabled the developers to take digital photographs and use them for textures in the game. So while walking around in the game, the wallpaper, ceiling fans, etc, seems more real. Although the storyline is violent and the graphics are realistic, it does not realistically teach kids to kill people. It does not show where to get guns or how to dive in slow motion. The game is unrealistic and as long as the players know that, children will not believe that they can do these things and will not act violently due to this game. Max Payne is appropriate for any mature action fan.

The popular game Counter-Strike is a mod to the 18 PC Gaming Magazine game of the year. A mod is a patch of gaming code that gets latched on to a full version game. The game was the first of its kind. The health system is the closet to real life ever made. Playing with Firearms. Although you are supposed to kill enemies, you are punished for killing friendlies. The game consists of two teams, the Terrorists and the Counter-Terrorists. Playing with Firearms. There are separate objectives for each team on all the maps. "Terrorists are encouraged to set bombs, or kill hostages". Playing with Firearms. The Terrorists may be encouraged to place bombs and kill the hostages, but the Counter-Terrorists are required to save the hostages and stop bombs from blowing up. Many aspects of the game mod are considered realistic, but the most realistic aspect of the game is the guns. Many of the weapons are actually used by SWAT and the Navy SEALS. There are also very popular Terrorists weapons such as the AK-47 and the Desert Eagle. Some examples of Counter-Terrorists weapons are MP5 and the Berretta. Although you can purchase the weapons in the game, you are not instructed how to properly and accurately fire any of them. Media is too fast to blame this game for violent behavior, it only promotes real life action and strategy.

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Grand Theft Auto is one of the most controversial games ever made. The city is a real virtual acting city.Violence yields to pacman. Everything that is in real life, exists in the city. Some of these objects are like schools, traffic lights, cops, walking pedestrians, trains, etc. Every single object can be interacted with. "Health can easily be replenished by simply picking up a prostitute and drive into an alley way". Violence yields to pacman. This is a foolish part of the game that no one takes seriously, health is easier to gain by going to the hospital. There are no sexual animations shown, the car is the only thing that shakes. Killing cops is an inevitable part of the game. Violence yields to pacman. The majority of cop killing is done accidentally by running them down over with a car. Although it is possible to run into the cop station and start shooting, it is suicidal. Breaking any law results in a penalty, the more laws that are broken, the more the cops come after the player. Killing cops is part of the game, but is not done freely without punishment. Every player realizes the seriousness of committing these crimes and would not take it seriously.

Games like Max Payne, Counter-Strike, and Grand Theft Auto are extremely violent and are not meant to be played by all audiences. Each game carries a rating for a purpose. That purpose is to advise the consumer about the product they are considering to purchase. Many studies have proven that violent videogames affect the behavior of young people, but studies have also shown that violent videogames do not affect the behavior of mature players. The clear solution is to try to prevent kids from getting these games.

1) Website

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Leave the pong to grandma

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www.BoltGames.net

) Website

Unknown

List Targets Violent Games

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www.msnbc.net

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Christina Cardoze

Pacman Yeilds to Violence

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www.jrn.columbia.com

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Senator Herb Kohl

Videogame Violence Statement

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www.senate.gov/~Kohl/press/110.html

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Unknown

Videogame Ratings

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www.cnn.com/00/TECH/1/10/hln.wired.video.gane.ratings/

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Unknown

Videogames and Violence

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www.socsi.mcmaster.ca/soc/courses/stpp4co/classEssay/videogames.html

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Unknown

ESRB-FAQ

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www.esrb.org/esrbratings_faq.asp

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Unknown

Violent Videogames

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www.nbc.com/news/181151/detail.html

) Website

Unknown

Playing With Firearms

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Racism

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Racism is but one of the largest problems in our society. It is used in so many different ways that many people are not aware. When will there be an end to this, many of us may wonder. In my opinion, it will go on forever. There does not seem to be too many people who really want to put an end to this controversy. Most of us do not realize how serious racism is and what it is doing to our society. In addition, if people do not begin to realize the seriousness of racism, it just may go on forever.

Blacks continue to struggle for equality and freedom, many racist whites feel that blacks does not deserve to live as well as them. They do not want to see them accomplish anything. Moreover, they will do whatever it takes so that blacks will not succeed. Instead of blacks standing up for themselves and making it their life dream to accomplish something, many of them settle for less. Although we have to work harder to make our dreams reality, it is worth the time and effort.

During the year of 15, there was a Million Man March held in Washington D.C. This was the largest black march ever. There were buses arranged to transport our black men to and from, the black women supported them. Although this was only for the men and there was some that were unable to attend, they previewed it live on television. This along with other black movements will go down in history.

This march was held to bring all the black men together in peace and educate them. Many times, we may hear people say that this is the white man's world and a black person will never get ahead. Well, that is not true. This world does not belong to the white man it belongs to God. I agree it may be hard for blacks to get ahead. However, one needs to know how to get ahead. This march helped the blacks as a race see where they were going wrong and what they need to do to correct themselves. I hope this march helped some of our people realize what type of world they are living in. It is time that blacks take a stand.

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I have come to notice many racist people, black and white, are not well educated. However, they tend to think they are because their skin is a certain color. To be as smart as they claim to be, they are not aware of the ignorance racism brings about. They do not understand the problems it brings forth in our society. If they were actually educated, they would find a way to get rid of the problem.

Many racist people do not understand how ignorant they sound when they say the reason they hate blacks is their skin color. They call them niggers and try to degrade them to the best of their ability. As being an African American, I do not get offended. Many of them do not know what a nigger is. They use the word as if it was another way of saying black. If they knew the proper definition, they would realize from their foolish behavior that they are prime examples of the word.

When many people think about racism, they simply think about someone not liking a group of people because of skin color or their cultural background. No one actually thinks about the other things that go along with it. We are all human and I feel that everyone, despite race, color, or cultural background deserves the same amount of respect.

Racism is very deep. It goes further than calling someone a nigger or a redneck. Churches have been burned to the ground, as well as homes, and people have been beaten and/or killed. While watching a talk show about racism, many whites say that blacks burn down their own churches just so they can blame it on them. However, what about the time when whites would only spend three days in jail for raping and beating a little child of black color. Many feel they do not deserve that. Whites have been able to get away with many things just because of their color. Things of this nature still go on today.

Many people are racist because they were either taught or raised that way. Some may have also had a bad experience with a person of a different race. Many whites do not want to see others get ahead; they feel they are the dominant race. They feel they are better than everyone else and no one deserves to have as much as them. Although they may not have finished high school or went to college, they feel that they are more educated than those who have finished school and have a degree.

Racism is not something you are born with; it is something you learn. For many people, racism was taught in the home. Parents teach their children to hate people of another race. They teach them to say bad things and call people bad names. Are these parents right for teaching their children to hate? They may think so because this may be the exact way they were raised. However, it is wrong. Children should be able to make their own decisions about whether they want to like or dislike people of other races. The reason most parents teach this is that they know if they do not instill this hatred into their children, mostlikely, they will not have a problem with people of other races. Some parents go as far as threatening to disown or kill their children if they see them with a person of black color.

There are many of us, who are still trying to figure out why the white race is considered, to some, as the dominant race. Many whites feel they are superior and they deserve the best. Because blacks were once slaves, owned by them do we not deserve to live compatible and/or better than them. Times have changed the world has changed, when will people change?

America is a country that consists of people of many races, colors, and cultures. Hating a group of people is not going to make them disappear. It is surely not going to make life any easier for you or much harder for them. What we all need to do is realize that we are in this world together and learn to deal with it.

Racism is not something that will eventually go away. It has been a part of our world since one can remember. There have been several blacks who stood up for our race to try to make it as equal as others. Such as Martin Luther King, Jr., Malcom X, and Minister Louis Farrakhan, to name a few. These strong black men stood up for what they believed in to help blacks educate themselves and be strong. Although many blacks may know of these people, they do not know the things they went through for our race.

Martin Luther King, Jr. spoke out so that we would have freedom. Freedom is one of the rights we have today. If it were not for Mr. King, where would we be? Minister Farrakhan spoke at the Million Man March. He helped the black race realize where they were going wrong and what they need to do to get on track. Malcom X tried to educate us and teach us about the society that we are living in today. We need more strong leaders, whether they are black or white. We need someone to speak out to the people and let them know that we are all in this world together.

While reading Gordon Allport's book "The Nature of Prejudice," I noticed that he talked about the feelings of prejudice and non-prejudice people. He stated also that prejudice people feel they are superior. Many non-prejudice people feel there is only one race, the human race. If non-prejudice people can learn to deal with the world the way it is, I am sure prejudice people can do the same.

When will we realize it is not what is on the outside that matters it is what is inside. We need to stop treating people as if they do not deserve to be on this planet. We are all the same. We may have differences in our personality but as a race there is no difference.

"Racism demeans both the hated and the hater, because racists, in denying full humanity to others, fail to humanity in themselves. Like tribalism, fundamentalism, homophobia and all other shallow responses of one person to another, racism concentrates on WHAT you are, and ignores WHO you are. Racism sees only the label--not the person wearing it. Racism loves "us" and hates "them", without ever discovering the true identity of "them". Racism, like cruelty, is nothing more than a failure of the imagination,"

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The Great Stock Market Crash in 1929

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The Great Stock Market Crash in 1

It might be accurate to say that the New York stock market crash in 1 is one of the most memorable affairs in American economic history. During the period from after the First World War to the stock market crash in 1, about one decade, the US had experienced an unprecedented economic boom because it came out of the war with less damage than European countries (Harris, 188). What is more, mass production and innovation helped make many things such as cars and electrical appliances generally available and affordable. The higher the economy soared, the more the price of stocks went up. Therefore, it was widely believed at that time that people could get money by simply investing in stocks. As proof, a person who had General Motors stock worth $10,000 in 10 could have received no less than $ 1,500,000 by 1 (Blumenthal, 00). The selling and buying of stocks was nearly unrestrained in the United States. Although several people anticipated that a crash was just around the corner, a good many of the Americans never thought that the American economy could plunged into a profound recession. At last, the bubble economy collapsed on October in 1. At the Wall Street exchange alone, 16,8,700 sales were recorded on October , 1; the number of sales stood for a loss of about $10 billion in stock value, which was double the sum of money in circulation in the US in those days (Thomas & Morgan-Witts, 17). Thus, the Wall Street stock market crash of 1 was a devastating loss, and was a symptom of a deep-rooted recession that required immediate and effective solutions.

The New York stock market crash in 1 created many serious consequences. The Great Depression, which affected on not only America but also almost the majority of countries in the world, had begun. It was a more obstinate and harsher adversity than even World War II for a number of Americans in those days (Harris, 188). J.K. Galbraith (154), a historian of the NY stock market crash and also the author of The Great Crash stated that the number of stockholders was approximately 1.5 million, a very small percentage of the population. Therefore, most of the laborers, agriculturists, and tradesmen did not consider the breakdown of Wall Street as a serious problem for them (as cited in Harris, 188). However, in the aftermath of the crash, American people started to be worried about their bank accounts. During the 10s, since business had been consistently improving, banks had easily accommodated many enterprises demanding a great deal of money to expand their businesses. Not only that, many people who needed money to buy shares could get a bank loan far easier than before, even though they had not had collateral to secure the loan. For this reason, after the price of stocks slumped, most of the borrowers could not pay back their debts. This forced the banks to face hardship. Indeed, 46 American banks closed their doors in 1. Furthermore, because of the weak structure of the banks, one bankruptcy caused other bankruptcies (Galbraith, 154). In 1, over 5,000 banks failed (Aaseng, 001). Because of bank failures, a great many ordinary Americans gradually had to encounter sufferings, the worst of which was mass unemployment.

This was the beginning of an economic gdomino effecth. Since the unemployed could not afford to pay for what they had already bought on credit, and also to purchase what they needed in their daily lives, many goods and services were in much less demand than before. As a result, industries needed to be conservative about production, and wanted fewer laborers, so many workers were fired. By 1, the number of unemployed reached 1,000,000 (The Wall Street, n.d.).

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The United States was not the only country affected. The aftermath of the crash had serious consequences for Europe for two main reasons. First of all, many European countries had borrowed a great amount of money from the US in order to restore their economies, ravaged by World War I. When the US started to call in the debts, these countries plunged into a relentless recession. For example, Germany was the country the most affected by the Great Depression, having borrowed over billion dollars from 14 to 18 (Aaseng, 001). Moreover, by 1 practically two out of five healthy Germans were unemployed. Another reason for the spread of the Great Depression was that the US government imposed a severe tariff on import goods to protect the domestic market. For instance, Britain was severely affected, especially in certain areas such as coal, steel, and shipbuilding (The Wall Street, n.d.). Jarrow, known as the center of these industries, unemployment rose by 80% (The Wall Street, n.d.). Clearly, the Wall Street crash had had a very significant impact on the American economy, leading to the Great Depression, which was a time of great suffering not only in America but also throughout most of the world.

Before 1, a majority of people believed that, gcthe government that governed least, governed besth(Aaseng, 001, p. 4) However, the devastating circumstances of the Great Depression made them ask for government assistance after 1 (Aaseng, 001). Franklin D. Roosevelt, elected as the US president in 1, was a person who actively carried out government intervention in the American economy (Encyclopedia of Marxism, n.d.). The New Deal policy, which Roosevelt applied in order to restore civilian confidence and rehabilitate American economy, was passed. This policy gave the Roosevelt administration power to establish an array of government agencies. The Works Progress Administration and the Civilian Conservation Corps were programs in which the federal government allocated immediate and temporary assistance, and also provided work for the unemployed (Encyclopedia of Marxism, n.d.). The Tennessee Valley Authority was a program in which the government provided a immense public works project building dams in order to distribute inexpensive electric power and keep floods from happening (Encyclopedia of Marxism, n.d.). Thus, the New Deal was designed to focus on reducing unemployment, the chief cause of the Great Depression. As a result, unemployment gradually fell from 1,000,000 to 8,000,000 between 1 and 140 (The Wall Street, n.d.). Although it took a long time to reorganize the American economy, it could be said that the New Deal policy worked out.

In conclusion, it was obvious the Wall Street crash had a devastating effect on the American economy. The staggering bankruptcies of the nationfs banks had produced mass unemployment, which had reduced civilian purchasing power, causing many industries to manufacture less and lay off their laborers. As the number of the unemployed rose, the economy became worse and worse. The Great Depression must have been a difficult problem to solve. Although war is terrible for everyone involved, World War II proved to be a pivotal period in U.S. history. Munitions had to be produced and numerous workers hired. Today, even though stock prices rise and fall, government legislation provides stability to the U.S. economy. Hopefully, the Great Depression will never happen again.

References

Aaseng, N. (001). The crash of 1. San Diego Lucent Books.

Blumenthal, K. (00). Six days in October. New York Atheneum Books For Young Readers.

Galbraith, J. K. (145). The great crash 1 (nd ed.). Boston Houghton Mifflin Company.

Harris, N. (188). The great depression. London B.T. Batsford.

New deal. Encyclopedia online. Retrieved February 6, 00, from

http//www.marxists.org/glossary/events/n/e.htm

Thomas, G., & Morgan-Witts, M. (17). The day the bubble burst. New York Doubleday.

The Wall Street crash. (n.d.). Retrieved February 6, 00, from

http//www.bbc.co.uk/education/modern/crash/crashhtm.htm

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Angela's ashes

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Angela's Ashes The Setting effects the actions of the Characters

The autobiography Angela's Ashes by Frank McCourt tells the life of the McCourt family while living in poverty in Limmerick, Ireland during the 0's and 40's. Frank McCourt relates his difficult childhood to the reader up to the time he leaves for America at age nineteen. The book has many prevailing themes, but one of the most notable is the settings relationship to the family. The setting of the book ultimately influences the choices and lifestyle of the McCourt family in many ways.

Living in poverty and not being able to meet basic needs leads the characters to result to desperate measures such as stopping Frank McCourt's education and taking a job to support the family. Frank is forced to take the job mostly because his father is an alcoholic and uses all the dole money and his wages to buy beer instead of feeding his family. Frank describes this pattern of drinking away the money by saying When Dad comes home with the drink smell there is no money and Mam screams at him till the Twins cry.(4) This situation lasts until Mr.McCourt leaves to work in England and is never heard from again which forces Frank to take a job at fourteen years old. Frank takes on the role of the head of the family proudly and comments Its hard to sleep when you know you know the next day you're fourteen and starting your first job as a man. (p.0) Frank's ability to provide financial stability leads to greater comfort and living conditions for the family.

The members of the McCourt family are also forced to beg and steal in order to help the family's well being. Mrs.McCourt begs charities especially the St. Vincent de Paul Society for help with basic necessities for the family such as food, clothing, and furniture. Mrs.McCourt is even forced to beg for the family's Christmas dinner. The butcher who she begs to tells her What you can have now missus, Is black pudding and tripe or a sheep's head or a pig's head.(7) Mrs.McCourt reluctantly accept the pig's head and is ridiculed walking home it. Also, the children are forced to pick up scraps of coal for the fire from a road on Christmas Day. Frank describes the children's humiliation by saying, Even the poorest of the poor don't go out Christmas Day picking coal off the road. ()

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Unlike their mother the McCourt children would rather steal than beg for what they need. The children are subjected to constant humiliation for begging and receiving goods from charity. Frank and his brothers steal food and money when situations become desperate and their parents provide no support. Frank steals bananas from a store for his hungry baby brothers and describes the situation by saying I make sure no one is looking, grab a bunch of bananas …and we feast on them in a dark corner (p.). Also, Frank and his brothers steal lemonade for their sick mother who begs them for lemonade after a miscarriage. Frank is motivated by his mother's desperation for the lemonade, I try to find the music in my own head but all I hear is my mother moaning for lemonade.(6) Stealing for Frank and his brothers was not their first choice of providing necessities but a last resort.

Living in poor housing also influences the thoughts and actions of the McCourt family in various ways. Most of the houses the family lives in throughout the book are shabby and unsanitary and promote the family's unhealthiness. One of the houses the McCourt family lives in is characterized by the comment dad tells them the lavatory could kill us with every class of disease, that the kitchen floods in the winter and we have to stay upstairs to keep dry (p.104) . Because the lavatory smells so bad and the first floor floods in the winter, the McCourt family moves up to the second floor which they refer to as Italy because it is warm and clean. The charity societies visit the Mc.Courts and realize how desperate the situation is for the family. One charity worker exclaims, That's not Italy upstairs, that's Calcutta. This realization allows for more charity and personal humiliation to be received by the McCourts.

Houses the McCourts live in are also cold, damp and lice infected which leads to sickness and discomfort for the family. Lice bothers the children as described by Frank McCourt telling about his brother's reaction when he first was bitten. Eugene went on crying and when Dad leaped from the bed we saw the fleas, leaping, jumping, fastened to our flesh.(5) The children are constantly cold and uncomfortable because of drafty houses and using coats to keep warm because they had no real blankets. At one point in the story, the McCourts are forced to take wood from the wall to keep a fire going. Mrs.McCourt tells the children One more board from that wall, one more and not another one. She says that for two weeks till there's nothing left but the beam frame.(76) Eventually the landlord discovers the damage to the house and the McCourts are forced to move in with Mrs.McCourt's cousin.

The McCourts find little hospitality in their extended family or the people of Limmerick, Ireland during the depression. Mrs.McCourt's cousin resentfully allows the children and mother to live with him after being kicked out of their home, but insists that Angela do all his chores and wait on him at any time. The only time Mrs.McCourt's family extends help is during times of great desperation and the assistance given is meager. An example of this is the children's Aunt Aggie, who takes care of them for a short period of time when Mrs.McCourt develops pneumonia. She tells the children that she can't stand the sight of them anymore(4) and allows them to briefly stay with her until the mother gets better. Aunt Aggie allows them a little food and is constantly degrading the children by saying thing such as Jesus above, can't you do anything right?(45)when the children ask questions.

Although Aunt Aggie's assistance is given grudgingly, it is more than help given by Mr.McCourt's side of the family. When the McCourt family arrives in Ireland and needs a place to get settled and live Grandpa McCourt tells the family God knows, we don't have room for six more people(50) and that they should move to Dublin. The Grandparents offer to loan the family the bus fare to Dublin (50) but, never communicates with the McCourt family after they leave the house.

The People of Limmerick, Ireland, where the family mainly resides, have many strong prejudices against the poor. The family is constantly tormented because of shabby clothes or poor housing and having to ask charities for help. The store managers try to cheat the poor out of the full amount of food they are to be given. A friend tells Mrs.McCourt

When you go to McGrath's, keep an eye on her for she'll cheat you on the weight. She'll put stuff on a paper on the scale with the paper hanging down on her side behind the counter where she thinks you can't see it. (66)

Also, the religious of Limmerick discriminate against poor children as in the case when Frank McCourt tries to become an alter boy but is denied. Mrs.McCourt explains why he is denied by saying They don't want boys from lanes on the alter. Oh, no they want the nice boys with hair oil and new shoes that have fathers with suits and ties and steady jobs(14). The Mc.Court family is constantly aware of the discrimination it faces because of the poverty they live in.

The various settings of Angela's Ashes effect the characters' actions and lifestyle in various ways. Living in poverty challenges the family to meet basic needs through begging and stealing as well as children getting jobs to help the situation. Also, the poor housing causes the family to be subjected to disease and coldness. The society the McCourts were part of causes the family to be aware of social prejudice and learn actions to take in order to protect their rights. The setting of the book influences the McCourt family's actions and style of living.

Please note that this sample paper on angela's ashes is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on angela's ashes, we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on angela's ashes will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Alcoholism

If you order your research paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on Alcoholism. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality Alcoholism paper right on time.

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Alcohol is an adult beverage that can be fun and beneficial if used properly. Although if used irresponsible it also can be something that will change your life forever. Whether it takes away every thing you love or possible even cause death to you. I intend to show you the difference between casual drinking and the disease known world wide as alcoholism. The paper will show you some causes and statistics to why some people are more susceptible to alcoholism then others. Also, show what effects it can have on a person's body. Show different ways in dealing with the problem of alcoholism, and show that it does not matter race, financial situation, or even religion.

Casual drinking is where you have wine at church, a beer at dinner, or even having an alcoholic beverage at a social event of some type. When used in moderation it is said that alcohol can help with tension, fatigue, pain, and even help to increase your appetite (Microsoft Encarta 00).

When you start to consume alcohol a variety of different things, start to happen to your body. It starts okay by relieving tension, fatigue, and pain. As you continue to drink, the body starts to go through chemical changes within the body. It starts to slow physical reflexes. In addition, it impairs your judgment to what you think is appropriate or socially acceptable. Situations where you normally would be embarrassed are less threatening to you (Microsoft Encarta 00).

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Within the body, many things start to happen as your drinking continues. Alcohol contains ethanol or ethyl alcohol. When consumed the intestines and stomach absorb the alcohol. After it absorbs the alcohol in the stomach and intestine, it enters your blood stream. From here, it starts to affect your entire body. It starts to depress your central nervous system. When the blood passes through the liver it is broke down into harmless byproducts. Although if you consume the alcohol to quickly the liver cannot stay caught. This is where it starts to impair you. Since your liver cannot stay caught up with what you consume the alcohol has continued affects hours after the last drink (Microsoft Encarta 00).

There is a variety of different reasons to why people start to drink alcohol. Many people start drinking while they are younger because of peer pressure at parties. In some cases, a person may turn to alcohol to help deal with stress. When they start to drink because of stress is when they are most likely going to suffer from alcoholism. They come home after a long day at work and fight their battles with the bottle instead of facing the stress that has accumulated because of stressors.

When looking at statistics of people that become alcoholics there is great distinction between heredity traits. Children of alcoholic parents are three to four more times likely to suffer from alcoholism. In addition, children with relative that has a drinking problem are seven times more likely than general population to have same problem as the relative. (http//www.alcoholismkills.com/alcohoi.htm).

When thinking about alcoholics you think of the drunken smelly person on the street with his brown sack with a forty-ounce beer in it. This common conception is no longer true. These types of alcoholics still exist but alcoholics also live in the big house at the top of the hill. There is no rule that says the more financially successful people cannot suffer from this problem as well. Alcoholics cannot be picked out by the color of a person or even by the size of their bank account. This chronic illness can happen to anyone.

Alcoholism starts to cause many social problems as you continue to drink more and more. It all starts when alcohol changes your lifestyle. It starts to breakdown your relationships with people. It does this because your body starts needing the alcohol to keep it going. Your start to consume in larger quantities and in more intervals. You begin to make excuses to drink. You start to miss work and other appointments.

The development of this alcohol addiction can be broken down into three steps. During the first stage, a person usually drinks during social events, but drinking is not the first objective while drinking. The second stage is where the person starts to drink more heavily just to drink. During this stage, they do not need to have an event at which to drink for. They also start to have withdrawal symptoms, which may encourage them to start drinking in the morning to help get rid of a hangover from the night before. The third stage is very severe. They no longer really have control over his or her drinking. They also start to show signs of illness. Drinking during this stage is priority number one on their list of things to do (Microsoft Encarta 00).

Earlier I talked about how the body reacts when the alcohol enters your body. Now I am going to tell you what happens to your body with prolonged alcohol intake. Alcohol affects many different body processes in your body through time. It can affect the gastrointestinal tract, which causes nausea and vomiting, which leads to vitamins not being taken in properly which leads to nutrient defencies in the body. Also with long term, alcohol causes liver disease called hepatic cirrhosis. This condition is something that cannot be changed. It replaces healthy liver tissue with scared tissue, which does not allow the blood to move freely through the liver. The pressure builds on the liver, which leads to a shut down of the liver to where it cannot process the toxins as well as it did before and leads to a build up of toxins in the blood, which could become fatal (Microsoft Encarta 00 and http//health.yahoo.com/health/dc/00044/0.html).

In addition, prolonged drinking causes problems with your heart. It contributes to making ventricles of the heart enlarge and become flabby. This causes the heart to pump blood less efficiently. The inefficiency causes less blood to go through the kidneys, which in return can cause a fatal build up of water on the lungs (Microsoft Encarta 00 and http//health.yahoo.com/health/dc/00044/0.htm).

There are more than just long-term affects. A male may possible have trouble to have an errection because of alcohol. One of the most direct cases is when a pregnant mother drinks it is likely the baby will have something wrong with it. Some of those problems are fetal alcohol syndrome and possible mental retardation. Also drinking increases the chance of having larynx, esophagus, liver, and colon cancer.

Although alcoholism is, a very difficult problem to deal with there is a variety of different programs set up to help people with their problems. The one leading the way is alcoholics anonymous. Their also are hospitalization programs where you go and stay in hospital away from the environment that has influenced your drinking. On the other hand, some just simply help themselves.

Alcoholics Anonymous is a 1-step program. They meet in groups of 10 to 100 or more. Two Thirds of the members are men. Step one in the program is for his or her to admit that they have a problem. This is probably the most important step in the program because you just cannot help someone if they do not think that they have a problem in the first place.

Alcohol can be a very dangerous thing and the power of alcohol should not be taken likely. The easiest way to spot that you are starting to get addicted to alcohol is simply when alcohol becomes the party. What I mean is it becomes your focus for an evening. So good luck to you and remember there is always someone out there, to help you with your problem.

Alcoholism Kills (1) Retrieved November 10, 00,

From http//www.alcoholismkills.com/alcoholi.htm

Alcoholism, Microsoft® Encarta® Online Encyclopedia 00

http//encarta.msn.com 17-00 Microsoft Corporation. All Rights Reserved.

"Alcoholism," (00) Retrieved November 10, 00

From http//health.yahoo.com/health/dc/00044/0.html

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Synergy of East and West for greater creativity

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The understanding and definition of creativity between the Eastern and Western cultures may differ, as traditional Asian culture is more conservative, while modern culture of the West is more liberal. But in terms of creative thinking, their influences are equally significant.

¡¡¡¡Creativity is a very wide scope that covers all fields. Creativity is the driving force behind the development of technology, the economy, the arts and culture. This article attempts to look at the issue of creativity from the technological, cultural and historical perspectives.

¡¡¡¡As an Asian country, we are naturally concerned about the relationship between the history and culture of the East and creativity. In the East, especially in East Asia where Chinese culture was the mainstream, there were many illuminating examples of creativity and inventiveness in 5,000 years of Chinese history. For example, the invention of paper, gunpowder, printing and the compass. There were also great thinkers like Confucius, Mencius, Lao Zi and Zhuang Zi. But these achievements go back a thousand years, or even earlier in the Spring and Autumn Period, the Warring States Period, the Qin and the Han Dynasties. Way back during the Spring and Autumn and the Warring States Periods, the contention among the Hundred Schools of Thought not only created a favourable milieu for the advancement of science and technology, it also laid the foundation for the various categories of ancient science and technology in China, making it a characteristic of tradition.

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However, there hasnt been a likewise breakthrough for the last 1,000 years. What caused this stagnancy is an issue for us to ponder over. Throughout its history, Chinese culture has two obvious historical traits. One is that it had a very long period of feudalism. Only after ,000 years of feudalism from the Zhou Dynasty right up to the early Republican period, did the class-based society with its strict ethical codes began to change. The second trait is that the Imperial Examination System was too rigid and deeply entrenched. Therefore, when we discuss the issue of creativity, we should take these two traits as a historical backdrop, so as to analyse the positive and negative effects of Eastern and Western cultures on creativity.

I share Prof Yu Qiuyus view that it is easier for China to become an economic power than regaining its cultural primacy, which it commanded during the glorious Tang Dynasty (AD 618-07) when it was the most advanced country in the world. During that period, the Chinese language, culture and the distinctive Chinese creed of Confucianism were successfully transplanted in Korea, Japan and Vietnam, providing East Asia with a common cultural heritage. He emphasised that, for a renaissance of Chinese culture to occur, a cultural bridge must first be built for a two-way communication with the outside world. Only through this process can it scale a new peak. Prof Yu lamented that Chinese civilisation did not make a significant world Impact in the past few centuries.

¡¡¡¡The feudal period in Europe was, by comparison, shorter.It was followed by over 00 years (14th to 16th century A.D.) of the Renaissance, a movement spurred on by the call to revive the arts of classical Greece. It was a revolution in intellectual thought and inventiveness. The Enlightenment and the Industrial Revolution that followed caused a tumultuous transformation in Europe. Shaking off its feudal shackles in ideology and social systems, Europe created a brave new world for itself. Under such circumstances, Europe produced many new creations and inventions in the realms of art, science, music, architecture and so on. In the last 00 years, the United States created many new opportunities for self-development. Its favourable conditions attracted many immigrants of high calibre, it was able to achieve many breakthroughs and unearth many new ideas in economics, science and culture, making it the only superpower in the world today. On the whole, the historical circumstances in the West over the past few centuries provided very favourable conditions for creativity and inventiveness.

¡¡¡¡There is a difference in understanding and defintion of creativity between the East and the West. Although Asian traditions are conservative in comparison, and the social climate and ideological make-up of the West are more liberal, each of them has valid contributions towards creativity. The most prominent Chinese scientist in the 0th century, Prof Yang Chen-Ning has more than once mentioned the fact that he was an amalgation of Eastern and Western cultures. His new scientific ideas and theories are a result of the clash of Eastern and Western cultures and the resolution of this conflict. Whether it is Hegels idealism or Engels materialism, they all converge at a common point the resolution of conflict. Creativity is a multi-level and complex thought process, involving many different factors. Prof Yangs idea to glean the best from both the East and the West to resolve the conflict is something we should think seriously about.

¡¡¡¡Modern science originated from Europe. Therefore, we must know the characteristics of Western culture and its effect on creativity. The characteristics of Western culture is reflected in making bold hypotheses followed by the meticulous search for evidence. The basis of science is the experiment. A scientific experiment is to test a hypothetical theory in the laboratory. Not only can the experiment verify the soundness of the hypothesis, it can also improve or debunk it. It is due to these cultural traits that Westerners are more used to making bold hypotheses. As a result, many important and revolutionary discoveries were made. The disadvantage of this is that some of these new ideas and hypotheses may not have solid foundations, but this fault is a minor one where creativity

is concerned.

¡¡¡¡Another characteristic of Western culture is the emphasis on individual contribution. Perhaps there may be some historical or religious reasons, but the mainstay of Western culture is the individual. This trait is manifested in the adulation of individual heroes in Western culture and creativity. The individuals heroic exploits and contributions are placed above collective effort. The advantage of this is that it can spur people on to greater heights. The flaw is that it results in self-centred individualism, which affects creativity indirectly.

¡¡¡¡Up to some level, creativity requires the coordination of all sides. Eastern culture can play a positive role in this. We can look at the issue at two levels

¡¡¡¡The traditional Eastern system emphasises building a solid foundation, and then build up the basic knowledge step by step. However, Eastern tradition places too much emphasis on foundations. The insistence on rote learning robbed the initiative to make bold hypotheses about new situations and new problems. In the modern world, a solid foundation is not a bad thing for creativity. Another trait of Eastern culture is humility in learning.

¡¡¡¡The 1st century will witness an explosion of human knowledge and technology. Students can no longer know everything. Under such circumstances, the unique and innovative ideas that creativity requires, as well as the grasp of new ideas and new situations, are all difficult to come by. They require the full understanding of the problem, sometimes from the surface to its core, from a superficial knowledge to a comprehensive understanding. Humility and prudence will no doubt prove valuable to such a comprehensive thought process and assist creative innovators.

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Leisure and recreation

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Development of the Leisure and Recreation Industry

Since the 160's there has been a rapid development in this industry and this is due to a number of reasons. All industries change over a period of time, but the leisure industry is probably changing faster than any other. There are many factors that influence the development of the industry but these are the most significant.

Increase in Leisure Time

In 161 the average amount of time an individual spent working in a week would be 45 hours. This meant that the individual would not have much time available for leisure as well as doing the essentials that they must do like cooking and cleaning. But over the last 5 years there has been a decrease in the basic working hours meaning today the average amount of time an individual spends working is 40 hours per week, which means an extra 5 hours to participate in leisure activities and chores. Chores are much simpler as increased automation in the home with 'labour-saving' devices such as dishwashers and washing machines also make is possible for extra leisure time.

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Also the amount of holiday entitlement has increased by up to weeks since 161. In 161, 7% of full time manual workers were entitled to weeks holiday per year. In 171 this increased to weeks on average for / of these people. Since 181 the majority of manual workers are entitled to 4 or 5 weeks of paid holiday a year. This means that people spend a lot more time participating in leisure activities nowadays than they did in 160.

Increase in Disposable Income

Disposable income is the amount of money leftover after paying out for necessities such as bills, mortgages and tax. This determines what and how much leisure activities people can participate in. E.g. People who play golf would essentially need more disposable income than those who play football, as golf is the more expensive activity out of the two. A major influence on the amount of disposable income each individual would receive would be the economy e.g. if in a recession, they would receive less and in a boom period they would receive more. The other influences would be things like inflation, interest rates, competition and credit availability.

Mobility

The increase in people owning cars or other vehicles has meant that more people have access to a wider range of leisure activities and opportunities. The general pattern suggests that the amount of people owning cars will continue to increase and as 40% of leisure time is spent travelling to desired locations this plays a large part in the leisure industry.

In 160 a popular destination for leisure would be the seaside but with modern technology we can travel abroad for leisure and holidays or to places in the country that would be unreachable without transport. This is also due to the use of maps and road networks, the advances in rail technology and also the option to travel by aeroplane, bus, boat, barge and many other forms of transport.

Demographic Changes

These are the changes in the structure of the population. Our population is known as an, 'ageing population'. This means that there are more people over 60 than there are under 0 years of age which is a dramatic change since 160. This means that leisure organisations would benefit greatly by providing for older people and accommodating for their needs. A firm that and only exists because they realised there was a lack of facilities and activities available for the over 50's is called Saga who now provide holidays etc for this age group.

Changing Fashions and Trends

Some of the major influences on how we choose to spend our leisure time are-

·Business

The industry has become controlled by large national and multinational corporations. They have a big influence on how we spend our disposable income and what we do. Since 160 small independent businesses provided most of our leisure activities but they have been taken over by major organisations that continue to expand rapidly.

·Media and communication

Since 160 this area has been transformed due to the development of new technology. There is a large amount of coverage in the form of advertising, programming, newspaper and magazine articles and information sheets about certain activities within the industry.

·Marketing

Advances in technology allow marketing to be sophisticated in analysing customer behaviour and modifying or creating new products to suit the current trends. Businesses are able to keep databases of information about consumers and can provide forecasts for future trends.

·Consumerism

Since 160 the main emphasis has been change, consumption and innovation. Change is seen as fashionable so this means people want to try new things and ignore those that were once popular. People used to perform the same routine, go to the same places and do the same things but now people are willing to spend money on new products and services which would be seen as out of date in the near future.

·Politics

Political action can affect the leisure industry. They can do this through legislation, by extending licensing hours to sell alcohol etc, broadcasting regulations and censorship. Businesses have to follow these rules and this may limit activities. They can also do this through policy, e.g. in 170 the policy the government put forward was 'Sport for all' but now this has changed to increased interest in elitism and excellence.

These are not relevant all of the time as there is still the factor of short-term fashions e.g. tennis would be popular in the weeks that Wimbledon tennis is taking place.

Technological Developments

Since 160 there have been rapid advances in new technologies and these influence the extent to which people participate in leisure and the type of activities they take part in. Some of the most obvious being -

·TV

Since 160, advances in technology have meant that now all TV's are in colour rather than black and white, which is more appealing to most people. They have also introduced packages such as Sky and digital TV allowing people to be interactive and have access to more channels, e.g. channels dedicated to Music or Film etc.

·Computers

Since the computer has decreased in size from a big machine to a personal computer, laptops and palm tops, it has turned into an essential for most people. The Internet is now a fast and efficient resource that can be used for communicating, working from home, shopping from home and many other activities.

·Music

Since 160 it seems that music quality and availability has increased. The format in which you purchase music has changed from Vinyl to cassettes to CD's to minidisk and finally MP. It is also possible to download music directly from the Internet to your computer and put it on MP or even CD.

Some leisure organisations benefit from these advances and new inventions but others suffer e.g. the invention of computer games and consoles like the Sony Playstation encourages home based leisure, therefore non-home based leisure organisations suffer.

Out of all of the factors I believe that the most influential ones would be advances in technology, increase in leisure time and increase in disposable income. This is because all of the factors are interdependent and could not exist without these initial factors. All of them rely heavily upon the advances in technology. There can only be an increase in leisure time as 'labour-saving' devices save time and allow for other activities to be performed. Without technology there would be less mobility and therefore less access to leisure activities. Technology is also the cause for the 'ageing population,' advances in technology allow people to have better health opportunities, therefore they live longer. These are a few examples of how they each relate to each other and one would not be possible without another.

Please note that this sample paper on Leisure and recreation is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Leisure and recreation, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on Leisure and recreation will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Seamous Heaney diging

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Seamus Heaney`S Digging

The Modernist theme of mechanization, brought on by the beginning of World War I and the technological revolution of the era, manifests itself powerfully and completely in the language of Seamus Heaneys first poem, Digging. From various literary devices, as well as graphic imagery the mechanization of the human spirit comes to life in the form of his father, and grandfather. The past and present become one, with the common bond the honest work of the Irish poor. In his own way, and with his own pen, Heaney develops the idea of mechanized men who, through the drudgery and repetition of their lives, create a life for them and their families, taking pride in their work, and acceptance of their fate. He develops seamlessly the idea of a man-machine, a hybrid of automation and human, married by toil and tool. Likewise, Heaney writes this as a way to tie himself to his ancestors in the British Isles, illustrating the power that they wielded with shovel and sweat, making their contribution no less enlightened than his own. In his first poem, Heaney develops the image of mechanization and automation that follows the poor of his country, through graphic imagery, sound, and literary mastery. Heaneys imagery throughout the poem echoes the automation of the workers, illustrating the type of work that they do as something that could be done by machinery. Titling the piece Digging immediately highlights for the reader the verbal connotation of the work, and puts the theme of work, and of manual labor into the limelight. As well, Heaneys use of the word gun to describe his "squat pen" in line places the emphasis on machinery allowing a comparison of the human condition to present technology. This theme continues throughout the poem, as Heaney likens his fathers act of digging to that of a machine, "as his father nestled on the lug, the shaft/Against the inside knee was levered firmly." (ll.10-11) These words take the labor out of the realm of man, by using mechanical terms to describe the marriage of shovel and man, creating an altogether different image of a type of robot tearing up sod. While he describes this straining rump, Heaney takes this man out of the realm of men, and into a realm of manufactured workers, a realm of repetition, a realm of stooping workers, their humanity set aside to finish the job at hand. However, while Heaney describes the toil of his father, he also ties it to the alike labor of a past generation, namely his grandfathers, "used to nicking and slicing neatly, heaving sods/Over his shoulder."(-) This juxtaposition of past and present illustrates the monotony of the work involved, and how things take time to change. Heaney creates the transition between his father and grandfather in a two-line stanza that highlights the pride of these men, and how their automation gave cause for praise from their descendant, Heaney. Their legacy of hard work, however mechanized, illustrates the value placed on labor in their society. While Heaney creates the idea of men-machines through visual images and parts, he also creates a very auditory world, one that echoes the act of a factory, or a piece of farm machinery. From the first stanza, with its "clean rasping sound," the readers ear can almost hear the whir of a lawn mower, or something of that nature, cutting and slicing. () The rhythm of Heaneys fathers digging highlights the monotony of the act, the incessant meter of his practiced spade. This coincides with the sounds in the prior stanza, as the authors first recollection is an auditory one. Later in the poem, "the squelch and slap/Of soggy peat", continues the idea of a machine chugging away at the turf, creating again the essence of a machine oblivious to the conditions of the work men. (5-6) Heaneys workers are extremely vivid, both physically and mentally, even after so many years, and the trials and hardships that they endure, day in and day out, add to the essence of their existence, one that lends acceptance to the fact that they are somewhat more than men, that their labor, however menial, is somewhat mechanized, somewhat heroic, and altogether driven by a pride and ethic valued among their people. While Heaney emphasizes the automation of their existence and the tediousness of their work, he still illustrates their humanity with the same type of imagery that likens them to machines. On lines 15-16, Heaney uses the phrase, "By God", something that emphasizes their humanity, for the words "old man" are also used in these lines, perhaps to create the idea of man in the image of God--something that reminds the reader of the essence of mankind, and that even though these men may become mechanized in their labor, nevertheless they retain that very core of their being that makes them men, something that no amount of work can drive out. This two line stanza that ties grandfather to father highlights the faith of this tough people, one untainted by the hard work that is the signature of their existence. Along with his reference to God, to show his awe, and disbelief at the skill of his forebears, Heaney also emphasizes their humanity, when he carried his grandfather's "milk in a bottle/Corked sloppily with paper." (1-0) This moment, where his grandfather gives in to human needs, reiterates the fact that while he may be sublimating his humanity when he is "nicking and slicing", he is nonetheless still a man, needing nourishment--though the image is equally potent as a machine, perhaps a lawn mower, refueling. This double meaning connects Heaneys idea of men-machines nicely, creating the ideal of a hybrid race, one that can drive down all but the base urges of man to get the job done, day in and day out. Seamus Heaney finally ties himself to the legacy of his father and grandfather in the final stanzas. While he cannot pick up a "spade to follow men like them", nevertheless, he is able to dig with his "squat pen." (8-0) This ties him to his relatives, though twenty years removed, and say something about the nature of work in general. In essence, Heaney is saying that any type of labor done causes man to sublimate his humanity, in such a way that each and every man has the mechanical side of a manual laborer. Poetry takes on the same idea of harvesting potatoes, the treasure of Heaneys lavish island. Thus, the tone of this work lends an almost enlightened tone to the essence of these men-machine, in the sense that through their work, they create a poetic dance of sight and sound, one that visually and audibly reflects that of a machine, working day after day in monotony. Thus, Heaney finds beauty in the commonplace, and brings it out in his Digging, creating with his "squat pen", as if it were a spade, and not a gun, as in line , as active as his imagination, not resting in the least, as in the first stanza. Seamus Heaney makes a potent statement about his heritage, and his work, in his first poem of his first book. His forebears, tough as the peat that they cut, take on the image of machines, through repetition and monotony, such that their visual image in his mind, and their sounds echoing in his ears, combine to create his hybrid of man and machine, a marriage recognized by God in its potency. Heaney juxtaposes their images to illustrate the constancy of their hard work, and ties them to him to create the cycle that his heritage lives and works in, active and proud. Through Digging, Heaney captures the essence of the Irish people, a people that works hard, tough, proud, and persistent, unable to be swayed by circumstances not under their control. Theirs is a plight of survival, of walking the fine line between man and machine to survive. Theirs is the plight of the Irish, caught eloquently by the "squat pen" of poet Seamus Heaney.

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