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Water. If youve got it, you probably take it for granted. But a quick scan of the globe will indicate to us that water shortages are looming.
The World Bank reports that 80 countries now have water shortages that threaten health and economies while 40 percent of the world more than billion people have no access to clean water or sanitation.
About 5 million people die each year from poor drinking water, poor sanitation, or a dirty home environment -- often resulting from water shortage.
China, with 1.6 billion people, is the one area worrying most people most of the time, says Marq de Villiers, author of the recently published Water . In dry Northern China, the water table is dropping one meter per year due to overpumping, and the Chinese admit that 00 cities are running short. They are diverting water from agriculture and farmers are going out of business.
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In India, home to 1.00 billion people, key aquifers are being overpumped, and the soil is growing saltier through contamination with irrigation water. Irrigation was a key to increasing food production in India during the green revolution, and as the population surges toward a projected 1.6 billion in 05, its crops will continue to depend on clean water and clean soil.
Israel (population 6. million), invented many water-conserving technologies, but water withdrawals still exceed resupply. Over pumping of aquifers along the coast is allowing seawater to pollute drinking water.
Mexico City (home to 0 million people) is sinking because the city sucks out underground water faster than the aquifer can be refilled.
Texas is moving toward private, for-profit water sales. The water will be mined from aquifers that are disappearing fast. No word on what the private suppliers, including corporate raider T. Boone Pickens, will do once the aquifers run dry.
Cause of water shortage
A prime cause of the global water concern is the ever-increasing world population. As populations grow, industrial, agricultural and individual water demands escalate. According to the World Bank, worldwide demand for water is doubling every 1 years, more in some regions. Water supply cannot remotely keep pace with demand, as populations soar and cities explode.
Population growth alone does not account for increased water demand. Since 100, there has been a six-fold increase in water use for only a two-fold increase in population size. This reflects greater water usage associated with rising standards of living. It also reflects potentially unsustainable levels of irrigated agriculture.
Some experts claim climate change has the potential to worsen an already gloomy situation. With higher temperatures and more rapid melting of winter snowpacks, less water supplies will be available to farms and cities during summer months when demand is high.
Meanwhile many countries suffer accelerating desertification. Water quality is deteriorating in many areas of the developing world as population increases and salinity caused by industrial farming and over-extraction rises. About 5 percent of the worlds cities still dump raw sewage into their waters.
Water Fights
More frequently water is being likened to another resource that quickened global tensions when its supplies were threatened. A story in The Financial Times of London began Water, like energy in the late 170s, will probably become the most critical natural resource issue facing most parts of the world by the start of the next century. This analogy is also reflected in the oft-repeated observation that water will likely replace oil as a future cause of war between nations.
More than a dozen nations receive most of their water from rivers that cross borders of neighboring countries viewed as hostile. These include Botswana, Bulgaria, Cambodia, the Congo, Gambia, the Sudan, and Syria, all of whom receive 75 percent or more of their fresh water from the river flow of often hostile upstream neighbors.
In the Middle East, a region marked by hostility between nations, obtaining adequate water supplies is a high political priority. For example, water has been a contentious issue in recent negotiations between Israel and Syria. In recent years, Iraq, Syria and Turkey have exchanged verbal threats over their use of shared rivers.
solutions
A technological solution that some believe would provide ample supplies of additional water resources is desalination. Desalination -- the removal of salt from salt water -- would be the ultimate solution to water woes -- if it can be done cheaply enough. Thats a big if The best estimates are $ to $.50 per ton for desalination. Desalination also takes a lot of electricity
Free water is bound to be wasted..
So some of the water researchers argue that a market approach to water management would help resolve the situation by putting matters on a businesslike footing. They say such an approach would help mitigate the political and security tensions that exacerbate international affairs. For example, the Harvard Middle East Water Project wants to assign a value to water, rather than treat rivers and streams as some kind of free natural commodity, like air.
Most water in developing countries, especially in agriculture, is not metered, and you cant charge for volume unless you have a way to measure it. She suggests that rationing or better technology could encourage more efficient use where water cannot be metered.
Agriculture, which uses about 70 percent of total fresh water, offers much larger savings. Drip irrigation, pioneered by Israel, delivers water directly to the crops roots. Although its more expensive to start with, its far more frugal as well in terms of water. And delivering water steadily to the roots improves production as well. Postel writes, Studies in India, Israel, Jordan, Spain and the U.S. have shown time and again that drip irrigation reduces water use by 0 to 70 percent and increases crop yield by 0 to 0 percent compared with flooding methods.
Other strategies to confront the growing global water problem include slowing population growth, reducing pollution, better management of present supply and demand and, of course, not to be overlooked, water conservation. As Sandra Postel writes in her book, Last Oasis, Doing more with less is the first and easiest step along the path toward water security.
Overall, the problem is an unending demand, caused by soaring population and industrialization, splashing up against a finite supply. Rather than continually looking for another river to dam the world should be working more intelligently with the existing supply. We need a fundamental shift to meeting basic human needs and improving efficiency rather than continuing to find new sources. Thats a no-win proposition. Every additional unit we take out of the natural environment causes environmental degradation. We need to do more with less through a focus on policy and institutions.
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