Oral tradition and NAGPRA

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North American Indians did not have a writing system present prior to the arrival of the Europeans. Instead they used oral tradition as an instrument to preserve their culture, beliefs and knowledge about their past. These traditions were passed on verbally either in narratives or in songs from generation to generation. Today, these oral traditions are highly controversial. With the rise of modern archeology, archeologists are keen in reconstructing the aboriginal past. There are two extremes of archeologists in dealing with oral traditions there are those that believe oral traditions can be used to discover the aboriginal past and their counterparts deny the validity of oral traditions. This paper will present oral traditions in its dynamic relationship with archeology.

Roger Echo-hawk, an aboriginal historian, presented his perspective on the role of oral tradition in his paper entitled, ¡§Ancient History in the New World Integrating Oral Traditions and the Archaeological Record¡¨. In it he suggests that oral traditions are useful in that they could be a model for piecing together the strands of archeological discoveries. Echo-hawk discourages the continuance of the term ¡§prehistory¡¨ to describe oral tradition. The concept of prehistory as Echo-hawk defines it, ¡§presumes in the absence of firsthand written records before a specific point in time¡¨. This according to Echo-hawk is simply biased and creates propaganda against oral traditions. He acknowledges that there is no writing involved in the oral traditions but term ¡§prehistory¡¨ can easily mean there was no known history prior to European arrival. Therefore Echo-hawk suggests that the name be changed into ¡§ancient history¡¨ because he claims there is history in these very oral traditions as well with written documents (000).

One of the major events in Canada revolving around the issue of the validity of oral tradition is the Delgammukw case. In this lawsuit versus the province of British Columbia, the Gitksan had a land claim based on their oral tradition that they argue dates back to over 10,000 years. Heather Harris in ¡§Remembering 10,000 Years of History¡¨ wrote in support of these oral traditions and brought into play, the backing of modern science to affirm their legitimacy. The Gitksan people claimed that their oral traditions extend far back to the ancestors came to the Northwest when the ice was receding, creating glacial lakes at the Skeena valley. According to geomorphology, a branch of geology that studies the evolution and configuration of landforms, the creation of glacial lakes in British Columbia in the Skeena valley dates back around ,500 to ,00 B.P. In correlation to the arrival of the ancestors, it may be possible that the Gitksan have lived in their area for nearly 10,000 years (17 11). In addition, the Gitksan claimed to have many oral traditions recording seismic events that caused catastrophes in which some were correlated with geological dated events (17 11-14). From this evidence, it can point towards the legitimacy of the Gitksan claims. After a lengthy lawsuit the Supreme Court of Canada ruled that oral traditions can be legally recognized for their accounts (McMillan and Ian Hutchinson 0061)

McMillan and Hutchinson had slightly different interpretation. In ¡§When the Mountain Dwarfs Danced Paleoseismic Events Reflected in Aboriginal Traditions in Northern Cascadia¡¨, they wrote about oral traditions from the Northwest Coast region in relation with seismic events. Geologically, the Northwest Coast is part of the Cascadia subduction zone, is a highly seismically active region (00 44). The article itself documented very interesting yet distinct myths with each particular group and earthquakes deeply rooted in their cultural traditions. As well in oral traditions, each aboriginal group had a different perspective in explaining why earthquakes occur. Like the Gitksan, in Harris' article, McMillan and Hutchinson also featured the oral traditions from different groups that documented what happened during these events. Although these oral traditions claim to be historical, according to McMillan and Hutchinson, they ¡§float in time¡¨, and lacked dating. Because there is no dating, one possibility may be that the multiple past experiences may have been combined into a single oral tradition. As well these traditions are fused with religious or moral codes so it is difficult to separate truth from fiction. McMillan and Hutchinson said these oral traditions ¡§must be considered primarily as general awareness of periodic destructive forces rather than as historic accounts of specific events.¡¨ (00 5)

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In the United States, archeologists are bound by the Native American Graves and Repatriation Act of 10 (NAGPRA). This act mandates integration of oral traditions when reconstructing the aboriginal past, which was what Echo-hawk supported. Also published at the same time as Echo-hawk's article, Mason's article was against the use of oral tradition in archeology. His reasons in discontinuing the use of oral tradition in archeology is as follows

1)Dependant on memory and verbal transmission, oral traditions are simply not trustworthy

)The genre by its nature is more an artifact of contemporary culture than a record of the past.

)Oral traditions are closed belief systems, beholden to authority and impervious to external challenge.

4)All or parts of oral traditions ma be considered sacred, only partly or not all accessible to outsiders; guardians of such lore determine what may be released and how it may be used. (000)

His first argument is simple, stating that memories cannot be trusted. In addition Mason claims if there were any changes from the original oral history, nobody would know because it is impossible to compare the current oral tradition to the original. The second argument states that only the culture (religion, beliefs, and traditions) can be taken from the oral traditions. The third con argument is loosely based on the continuance of religious beliefs as recorded in the traditions. Mason's final argument is that some tribes consider their oral traditions to be sacred. Therefore sometimes only parts of it will be allowed for research, instead of the whole. In this way, certain beliefs and cultures can be preserved in a world where science conflicts with culture. Mason argues that, ¡§There is no room for the consideration of private information as data in any archaeology aspiring to scientific status.¡¨ (000)

Oral traditions have a very dynamic relationship with archeology. Once considered as ¡§prehistory¡¨, the term is now considered a politically incorrect. The peoples that have used oral traditions for centuries claimed that it is historical. Nevertheless the only thing that was clear was that oral traditions reported of seismic activity but there is no precise dating on it to make any of their claims, historical. The current status of oral tradition in Canada and the United States is backed by the Supreme Court and NAGPRA. Hence it is law in both countries to give some consideration when making any archeological connections. However has caused major opposition like that of Mason, who deny that oral traditions hold any truth alongside archeology.

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East Timor/Indonesia conflict at November 1991

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On Tuesday, 1 November 11, almost 00 East Timorese were killed or wounded in an awesom display of military might. There were reports of wounded people being beaten and shot at point blank range.

They were amongst up to 000 mourners and protesters at a memorial service for an East Timorese student who had been killed a fortnight before. This student was killed when Indonesian soldiers attacked a Catholic church where pro-independence supporters were meeting and seeking refuge from the security forces. It is believed that the church was targeted because it was a voice for the East Timorese longing for an end of sixteen years of Indonesian occupation and violent violation of human rights.

The protesters were also marching against the biased manner in whiche the Indonesian government was reacting to a planned visit by a Portugese parliamentary delegation. This visit, to begin on 4 November 11, was suspended when a member of the delegation, an Australian journalist based in Lisbon, was denied entry on account of Indonesian Government beliefs that she was a biased journalist and a propagandist for the Fretilin guerilla movement. Once the visit was suspended there were claims of strong military crackdownss on dissidents and pro-independence supporters who had been identified in the East Timorese preparations for the visit.

There has been no respite from the tensions between Indonesia and East Timor since 175 when East Timor, a former Portuguese colony, was invaded by Indonesia. At the time the United Nations unsuccessfully called for Indonesia to withdraw form East Timor and in 11 still recognised Portugal as the legal administrator of East Timor.

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In 178 Australia, New Zealand and members of ASEAN recognised Indonesian sovereignty over East Timor. However the East Timorese people have never accepted their forced incorporation into Indonesia.

Over the few weeks after the nNovember massacre there were reports of further action by the Indonesian army against the pro-independence supporters. There have been claims of execution of East Timorese witnesses to the November 1 massacre and the capture and imprisonment of other pro-independence supporters.

The Indonesian Government has maintained that they did not order nor initiate the attack nor any further retribution against the East Timorese independence movement. The Government has announced that an inquiry will be set up to investigate all claims and punish, if necessary, the perpetrators.

This response has not satisfied many. The United States Senate has proposed a resolution calling on President Bush to press for an independent United Nations investigation into the massacre. THe European parliament has also made calls to the UN and to the European Community Government to place an arms and aid embargo on Indonesia as a protest against the killings. THe Netherlands, which last year gave $A86 million to Indonesia as development assistance, has suspended all new aid until an investigation produces an acceptable result.

The Australian Government responded in a subdued manner. IT did not support calls for a UN sponsored inquiry into the massacre. However the Australian Prime Minister called on the Indonesian Government to conduct a fair and thorough investigation. This is dispite the knowledge that Indonesia has never undertaken a thorough and unbiased investigation of the many claims of human rights violations in East Timor in the years since occupation.

THere were differing opinions amongst the Australian people about what should have been done to resolve the conflict. Some would have an immediate suspension fo official ties with Indonesia, a cessation of defence co-operation and trade embargos to let the Indonesian government know that their actions are deplored. There is also the view, supported by Australias then foreign minister, Gareth Evans, that Australia should work with the Indonesians and East Timorese to give guidence and exert a gentle pressure to enable a peaceful resolution to this long term conflict.

Australia could not afford to break all ties with our closest northern neighbour by doing the right thing for East Timor. Nor can it allow the continuation of human rights violations.

Australias diplomatic relations with Indonesia have been spasmodic since 175. Australian journalists have been barred from Indonesia a number of times and in 17, 6 Australian journalists were killed. THis seems to be a result of Indonesia objecting to international reporting that does not fit the Indonesian view of events at the time they were annexing East Timor and further claims of unjust treatment of East Timorese.

Yet despite the deaths of the journalists, Australia was the lone UN member to recognise Indonesian sovereignty of East Timor. Since the Australia chose to pursue a moderate path in its dealings with the Indonesian Government. The signing of the Timor Gap Treaty in 10 was an example of the Australian Governments desire to keep Indonesia on side, perhaps with a view to enabling gentle persuasion in relation to human rights.

Over the weeks following the massacre the question has been asked why did Austrlaia condone the invasion/annexure of East Timor and yet provide military support to the US/UN outrage over the Iraq invasion of Kuwait? Some could say that as Kuwait was a sovereign state and a member of the UN, we must show and provide our support against agression by one nation over another. But in the 160s when Malaysia was being intimidated by Indonesia, Australia sent military assistance to the Malaysians to repel any advancement by Indonesia. This was despite the fact that Malaysia was not a soverign stat nor a member of the UN. East Timor was never a sovereign state nor a UN Member. However, during World War II 40,000 East Timorese were killed providing assistance to Australian soldiers aginst the advancing Japanese. Successive Australian Governments do not seem to have shown a consistent attitude to international conflicts. There is no excuse for any sort of distinction between conflicts, rather, any and all acts of oppression should be condemned no matter what nation is the perpetrator or victim.

The Australian Government must bee seen by the international community to reliably offer diplomatice guidence and pursue a peaceful conciliatory approach without condoning human rights affronts and without causing a defensive response from either party.

THe November 1 11 massacre was made so prominent due the to the proposed Portuguese visit. Whether the tension would have escalated if the visit went ahead is not to be known, but as a result of the proposed visit there were many western journalists on the scene to report what happened and therefore expose to the world a picture of Indonesion occupation of East Timor. A picture that has not always been as innocent as the Indonesians would portray it.

This incident should not be viewed as a one off event, but an opportunity to allow international unity against human rights violations and to work as one towards understanding and resolving conflicts of this nature.

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Breaking the Wall or The Pursue of an Ideal in "The Picture of Dorian Gray"

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They say Oscar Wilde wrote about Dorian Gray's life in his novel entitled ¡§The portrait of Dorian Gray¡¨, but I tend to believe he wrote about the character's stolen life, his death state in fact. My paper will attempt to prove this argument in order to reach a more general conclusion regarding the real main theme of the novel ¡§The Picture of Dorian Gray¡¨.

The painted portrait of the main character stands for a work of art first of all and, as we know, one of the main characteristics of art is that it is created by human beings; the creators of art, human beings, are said to ¡§acknowledge their self-consciousness when confronted with their own image offered by art¡¨(Dan Grigorescu ¡V ¡§Prefata¡¨). We may try to apply this when discussing the main character's (Dorian Gray's) reaction on watching his portrait's transformations too. But can we? Is his portrait what a portrait generally represents, accordingly, a static image of oneself?

As we know, the picture becomes alive, it is the one that alters in time, adopting this typical human characteristic. A reciprocal change of state has occurred at a certain point in the novel, which can be called the ¡§mad prayer¡¨ moment the alive ¡V Dorian - becomes dead and the dead ¡V the portrait - becomes alive. From this symbolical process on, whenever Dorian Gray looks at his portrait he doesn't in fact acknowledge his self-consciousness, but the lack of that! He cannot acknowledge a feature that belongs only to the portrait and not to himself. Art has gained life while he won eternal life, the main characteristic of a piece of art. Since his ¡§mad prayer¡¨, Dorian isn't alive anymore.

He gradually becomes aware of this state as he ventures through life, experiencing all the sins a human life implies and coldly observing their influence ¡V more precisely their lack of influence ¡V on him. First, he notices his incapability of offering love in return to a woman's love, during his relationship with Sibyl Vane; it is also impossible for him to feel any remorse as a normal consequence of this misbehavior ¡§She explained it all to me. It was terribly pathetic. But I was not moved a bit. I thought her shallow.¡¨ This obvious lack of compassion is a clear proof of the inhuman. And the paragraph continues as follows ¡§Suddenly something happened that made me afraid. I can't tell you what it was, but it was terrible.¡¨ My interpretation of this fearful ¡§something¡¨ does not concern, as one may infer, Dorian Gray's ¡§acknowledging of his self-consciousness¡¨ (I have already proved it to be impossible), but his first acknowledging of his own death, an eternal and inescapable life. Neither his infatuation with Sibyl, nor his cruel rejection of her signal feeling, the natural human reaction.

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This experience pushes him further into verifying his newly discovered feature, his lack of humanity, of life. Sins, the very substance of human life, do not influence him but the portrait ¡§Eternal youth, infinite passion, pleasure subtle and secret, wild joys and wilder sins ¡V he was to have all these things. The portrait was to bear the burden of his shame that was all.¡¨ When analyzing this quotation, I noticed that the two verbs, ¡§to have¡¨ and ¡§to bear¡¨ are very relevant to my demonstration from a semantic point of view. The first actually implies lack of participation in the action, a certain passiveness ¡V to have, to own something, to receive something ¡V while the latter clearly indicates emotional implication. Dorian Gray travels through life passively from the emotional point of view; the real active participant is the portrait.

Going further into the plot, Dorian's committing of sins like indulging into luxury (buying most valuable things), running after fame, consuming drugs, getting involved with easy women, and finally murder are desperate trials to feel remorse, to feel alive. He cannot (only the portrait does) ¡¨I must admit that this thing that has happened does not affect me as it should. It seems to me simply like a wonderful ending to a wonderful play. It has all the terrible beauty of a Greek tragedy in which I took a great part, but by which I have not been wounded.¡¨ Indeed, as the quotation clearly points out, Dorian is in fact the passive spectator of his own life whereas the portrait is the real actor, another proof of the reciprocal change of state which has taken place between art (the portrait), normally a simple unaltered witness to life, and human being (Dorian Gray), always an actor in the play called life.

The paradoxical consequence of this ¡§interchange¡¨ process, if I may call it that way, is that the main character has the opportunity to enjoy life to the full but he is not alive anymore. Thus this state of ¡§eternal youth¡¨ is in fact a synonym to the state of death. Eternity means in fact death.

Under normal circumstances, art enjoys ¡§eternal youth¡¨, eternal life, art stands for death, the eternal prison of a moment in time. It imprisons time, which stops within its frames. When the moment is preserved, it cannot continue its flow anymore but dies inside that piece of art. Because art means death, eternity, ¡§eternal youth¡¨, the reality, as opposed to art, represents life, the transient but never stopping human life. Reality means in fact life.

According to my previous demonstration regarding the interchange process between art and human being, we cannot interpret Dorian's final act, his suicide as a consequence of the character's powerful remorse feelings after having killed Basil Howard, the creator of his portrait; Dorian has proved to be incapable of such or any feelings for that matter. His suicide is a desperate attempt to unite life and death, reality and art. The ¡§mad prayer¡¨ represents thus a distorted expression of this ideal. This is in the end Dorian Gray's true tragedy, his impossible ideal BREAKING THE WALL BETWEEN ART AND REALITY, between death and life. This third alternative (after life and death) does not exist.

The wildean ideal of perfection, this unification between life and death or their representatives, reality and art, cannot be achieved as it has been proved through Dorian's death.

The main issue of the novel ¡§The Picture of Dorian Gray¡¨, this permanent and indestructible relationship of opposition between art and reality has been thus demonstrated by telling the story of a picture called Dorian Gray.

¡§Ach, Gott! Die Kunst ist lang

Und kurz ist unser Leben¡¨

Goethe, ¡§Faust¡¨

(act I, scene I)

„_ Wilde, Oscar ¡§Portretul lui Dorian Gray¡¨, Editura pentru Literatura, Bucuresti

16

„_ Grigorescu, Dan ¡§Prefata¡¨ la ¡§Portretul lui Dorian Gray¡¨, Editura pentru

Literatura, Bucuresti 16

„_ Source of quotations the Internet.

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"A Rose For Emily" Symbolism

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"A Rose For Emily"

Traditionally, authors use symbolism as a way to represent the intangible qualities of the characters, places, and events in their writings. In his short story A Rose for Emily, William Faulkner uses symbolism to compare the Grierson house with Emily Griersons physical deterioration, her shift in social standing, and her reluctance to accept change.

When compared chronologically, the Grierson house is used to symbolize Miss Emilys physical attributes. In its prime, the Grierson house is described as white, decorated with cupolas, spires, and scrolled balconies in the heavily lightsome style of the seventies (Faulkner 15). This description suggests that the house is built not only for function, but also to impress and engage the attention of the other townspeople. Similarly, the wealthy women of the era, Emily Grierson not withstanding, were dressed in a conspicuous manner. This is because their appearance was perceived as a direct reflection on their husbands and/or fathers. This display of wealth was designed by men to give an impression of wealth to onlookers. Her father regarded Emily, as property. Her significance to him was strongly decorative, just as their overly lavish home was. As the plot progresses, the reader is clearly made aware of the physical decline of both the house and Miss Emily. Just as the house is described as smelling of dust and disuse, evidence of Emilys own aging is given when her voice in similarly said to be harsh, and rusty, as if from disuse (15-18). Ultimately, at the time of Emilys death, the house is seen by the townspeople as an eyesore among eyesores, and Miss Emily is regarded as a fallen monument (15). Both are empty, and lifeless; neither is even remotely representative of their former splendor.

Just as their physical characteristics, Faulkner uses the Grierson house as a symbol for Miss Emilys change in social status. In its prime, the house was big, and squarish, and located on Jefferson's most select street (15). This description gives the reader the impression that the residence was extremely solid, and also larger than life, almost gothic in nature, and seemingly resistant to the petty problems of the common people. The members of the Grierson family, especially Emily, were also considered to be strong and powerful. The townspeople regarded them as stately. Moreover, Emily, as the last living Grierson, came to symbolize her families, and possibly the entire souths, rich past. The townspeoples revelation of Emily soon decayed, however, once it was rumored that she was left no money, only the house, in her fathers will. Also, her scandalous appearances with Homer Barron further lessened her reputation in the public eye. The prestige and desirability of the Grierson house fell right along side Miss Emilys name.

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Perhaps the most significant comparison occurs when the Grierson house is used to symbolize Emily Griersons unwillingness to accept change. Emily Grierson held tightly to her familys affluent past. A good example of this occurred when representatives were sent to her home to collect her late taxes. She completely rejected her responsibility to the town by referring the men to a time when the since departed mayor, Colonel Sartoris, remitted her taxes (15). Miss Emily and the house show further examples of their disregard for progress when Emily denies the Grierson house a number, and a mailbox, just as Emily herself refused to be labeled or to be associated with anything as modernistic and common as a mailbox. Even when she was left alone, a pauper, and humanized, she absolutely refused to be viewed with pity (18). In fact she demanded more than ever the recognition of her dignity as the last Grierson (1). Likewise, just as Emily held herself a little too high for what she was, the house is presented as Lifting its stubborn and Coquettish decay above the cotton wagons and gasoline pumps (15). The cotton wagons and gasoline pumps in this description are used to symbolize what Emily must see as the mostly unimportant and purposeless townspeople. This single comparison provides evidence that Emily Grierson and her familys house are strongly related with one another.

Faulkner creates a problem in the story when he "…assigned a different date to the remission of Miss Emily's taxes and a specific date to her father's death…" (Moore 18). Critic Gene Moore devises a solution to the chronological problem by fixing the date of Emily's father's death (15). This solution will help solve all the problems of time.

One of the main conflicts in the story is the "…pragmatic present against the set mores of the past" (Faulkner 150). Miss Emily had no intentions of changing her ways to please the people of the present. In the story, there was a generation that corresponded with each time period. In Miss Emily's generation she "…had been a tradition, a duty, and a care; a sort of hereditary obligation upon the town…" (7). She was well respected and liked in the community. The conflict developed "when the next generation, with its more modern ideas, became mayors and aldermen…" (7). They did not understand the ways of Miss Emily and therefore they disapproved of it. As the story progressed "…the newer generation became the backbone and the spirit of the town…" (44). This left Miss Emily and her generation in the dark. Along with the difference between the generations, there is "…the difference between the attitude of Judge Stevens and the attitude of the young man who comes to him about the "smell" at Emily's place" (West 14). The difference in age causes the conflict. Miss Emily's reputation in the town had vanished with the past. Another conflict of the story is the different views of the North and the South. Miss Emily is said to be "…postwar South" (Montenyohl ). She grew up in the generation that followed the war. Homer represents the north as a Yankee (West 14). On the other hand, "…Emily is a 'monument' of Southern gentility" (14). In this example, Faulkner is describing the relationship between the Southerner and his past, the Southerner of the present, and the Yankee from the North (14). Each of these pairs has their own views and beliefs that cause conflict in the story.

So, it should now be clear to the analytical reader that the relationship between the Grierson house and Miss Emily Griersons, physical deterioration, shift in social standing, and reluctance to accept change, is too precise to be viewed as coincidental. It is precisely this open usage of symbolism, and expert use of foreshadowing, that earned both William Faulkner and A Rose for Emily, their places among the classics. Works Cited

Faulkner, William. "A Rose for 'A Rose for Emily.'" Literature for Composition. Ed. Sylvan Barnet, et al. New York HarperCollins, 4th ed. 16.

Moore, Gene M. Of Time and Its Mathematical Progression Problems of Chronology in Faulkners A Rose for Emily.' April 1.

West, Ray B., Jr. Atmosphere and Theme in A Rose for Emily. Readings on William Faulkner. Clarice Swisher. San Diego Greenhaven, 18.

Montenyohl, Eric L. Folklore and Faulkner Toward an Expansion of the Relations of Folklore and Literature. Motif 7. February 18.

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Theory of Interpersonal Communication

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Nietzsche told that the concept of me, comes after the concept of you. He said that the, "The Thou is older than the I." By saying this he meant that we get to know other people before we get to know ourselves.

When an infant is first born he leans about things from his caregiver. A baby is born with no conscious sense of self. A baby learns about themselves from others, than the world. In the movie, "A Baby's World", it showed the world as portrayed by the baby. The movie told as that imitation was one of the best techniques a baby has. When the baby would see his mother or other people around him smiling, he would then smile. The smile is internally motivated in the beginning, meaning the baby smiles because of something that causes him to smile from within the body. The baby then starts receiving positive responses to the smile and because of this he now knows that smiling is a constructive thing for him to do. When a baby cries this lets others around him know that he is in need. Therefore, crying is an insurance policy for the baby, motivating others to look after him.

In the movie, "Love's Labor", we learned that the baby imitates the caregiver's emotions. For example, when the music was played the baby was first frightened. After seeing that the mother was okay by the music, the baby then became okay with it. The baby was thus looking to his mother to see her reaction first and then based her reaction on his. Another clip from the movie shows us how babies imitate the actions of their caregivers. When the father would smile the baby would smile back at him. When the father hid from the baby, he started to cry, signaling his discomfort in that situation.

The baby first learns about others, than the world and then the self. The baby is born with the inter-personal abilities of showing his needs to his caregiver. He is born with the ability to cry, when he is in discomfort and the ability to suck and swallow to take in food. From the first minutes after birth, babies are already capable of seeing, hearing, tasting, smelling and responding to touch, temperature and pain. Within weeks a baby will know the difference between his mothers face and voice and that of others, and will show distress or pleasure according to the expression on her face or the tone of her voice. Young infants see the world as blurred colors, but they can sense movements and changes and brightness.

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As the baby grows his inter-personal behaviors do also. The baby now has the ability to smile.

"As the mother smiles when her child smiles…and clucks in response to his first playful babbling, the child learns the world is a place in which people can reciprocate moods and meaning." (Mead & Hayman 16518)

The baby learns that smiling is a positive thing because of the positive reinforcement he receives when he smiles. By seeing the smile returned to him by his mother the baby knows that she is responding to his actions. When babies start to grow older they begin to discriminate the faces of strangers (even when they are quite similar in appearance) if these are looked at long enough. They start to recognize photographs of their mothers face, and also happy from sad expressions when facial configurations are accompanied by a happy or a sad tone of voice. This aids him in interpersonal relationships because now he can begin to distinguish one person from another. They can now recognize the way their mother is feeling and react to them. Babies are very sensitive to the emotional atmosphere. Although they cannot articulate their feelings, they respond to the feelings of those around them. A mother can communicate with her baby long before he speaks his first word. She communicates to her baby by responding to his needs. Newson says, "All the caretaker needs to do is credit the infant with human qualities and sensitivities and react to them as potential human beings" (p. 10). When the caretaker does this he is communicating to the baby that he will take care of him and his needs.

The baby first learns about others, by imitating their actions. He understands his caretaker far before he understands himself. His caretaker then helps him to understand the world around him. The caretaker shows the baby objects and the baby then assigns meaning to it. By showing a baby a picture of a dog and then telling them that it is called a "dog", the baby will then see a dog and remember what the caregiver has showed him. By learning about others and then the world the baby can then start to learn about himself. A baby is born with no conscious sense of self, but with the help of the other two he will begin to learn about himself. The baby will then start to explore his body and know what his arms, feet and hands are, but he will have to learn about this by others showing him and by looking at things in the world.

Adultomorphism, means that the infant is assumed to have full human control of social responsiveness, with wishes, intentions and feeling which can be communicated to others to meet their needs (Newson, 11). This aids the mother in knowing what the baby wants from his reactions. For example when the infant cries, the mother will assume that he is hungry or needs to be changed. If she does the following and the baby is still crying the mother knows that something else is wrong, thus the mother will try something new. This type of act is reassuring to the mother because she now realizes that her baby can communicate most of his needs in a simple manner (Newson, 1).

Social Mediation happens when the baby responds to something new by looking to the reaction of his mother. For example, when a baby hears a new sound that is unfamiliar to them, such as an airplane flying over his house, the baby will look to his mother to see if the sound is okay. The mother will let the baby know, by showing that she too has heard the sound and is all right by it. Newson says, "The maintenance of communication in an incident of this kind is only accomplished by the fact that one of the two communicating persons is socially sensitive to the effect of what is happening to the other (p. 1). This means that social mediation can only take place if the mother knows what the noise is, by her knowing and sharing the experience with the child, meaning for the noise can be arrived at.

Interpersonal communication plays a huge role throughout the course of a human's life. It allows two people to send and receive message to one another, so that they can from an intimate bond with each other. Interpersonal relationships shape the way we are and allow us to be constantly changing. Past interpersonal experiences shape the way we deal with the new ones. If some relationship to not work for us in the past because of some kind of problem, we will know that when we go into a new one that we can not repeat the actions of the old. Our past relationships give us a learning experience to build our new ones on.

A person gains understanding about themselves, understanding about others and understanding about the world around them from all of their relationships in their life.

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Should Hitler Be Judged By Another Standard Than Everyone Else?

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What is it that makes Adolf Hitler so appealing to the public? When I say appealing I dont mean it in the sense that everyone likes him, but rather that he is of extreme importance even to this day. Arguments can be won or lost at the mention of his name. Call someone a Hitler and people notice. Because they are curious and deep down are part of the cult that surrounds this strange man.

An artist who failed to get into the Academy twice, yet made an entire nation in his image. Adolf Hitler saw himself as an architect and wasnt too far wrong. His designs were impressive (sketch of VW Beetle and his take on the Swastika flag) and his idealism was extremely creative (the Autobahn, Women & Childrens social programs, German Superweaponry). Hitler became so popular in, not only Germany, but German speaking nations that when the Nazis invaded these nations (Austria, Czechoslavia, parts of France) they met him with flowers, kisses and hugs not bullets and bombs. Women cried, girls fainted, men saluted and he was probably the only statesman and national leader to ever experience a rock star-like popularity. No one passed out over Churchill, or fell on their faces before FDR. Even Mussolini was not Hitlers calibur. Ronald Reagan once said that he knew what a rock star probably felt like due to his overwhelming popularity in America, but even he did not equal the cult status of Adolf Hitler. Who did? Who has since?

The popularity of Hitler was as great as an Elvis of his time or The Beatles, yet the King of Rock n Roll and the British Invasion did nothing but a song and dance. Hitler transformed the world in both a positive and negative way. With the popularity of a superstar, a saviour...Hitler also brought a destitute nation, humiliated and downtrodden to become a World power with the greatest military force in the world. Doubt it? It took the Big (US, UK, & USSR) over half a decade to stop one nation. The blitzkrieg smashed entire countries in weeks. Hitlers mistake (war on multiple fronts) is what ultimately stopped Germany, yet it still took another .5 to years (longer for some then others) before Allies even stepped a foot into Germany. His social policies worked faster and on a larger scale overall than FDRs New Deal. He executed the fastest recovery of a nation from poor to World power in history. It has not been repeated since.

Hitler compared himself to FDR in a 141 speech. Below are some of the excerpts

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Roosevelt comes from a rich family and belongs to the class whose path is smoothed in the Democracy. I am the only child of a small, poor family and had to fight my way by work and industry.

When the Great War came, Roosevelt occupied a position where he got to know only its pleasant consequences enjoyed by those who do business while others bleed. I was only one of those who carry out orders, as an ordinary soldier, and naturally returned from the war just as poor as I was in Autumn of 114. I shared the fate of millions, and Franklin Roosevelt only the fate of the so-called upper ten thousand.

After the war Roosevelt tried his hand at financial speculation; he made profits out of the inflation, out of the misery of others, while I, together with many hundreds of thousands more, lay in hospitals. When Roosevelt finally stepped on the political stage with all the advantages of his class, I was unknown and fought for the resurrection of my people.

When Roosevelt took his place at the head of the U.S.A., he was the candidate of a Capitalistic party which made use of him; when I became Chancellor of the German Reich, I was Fuerher of the popular movement I had created. The powers behind Roosevelt were those powers I had fought at home. The Brains Trust were composed of people such as we had fought against in Germany as parasites and removed from public life.

Yet there is something in common between us. Roosevelt took over a State in a very poor economic condition, and I took over a Reich faced with complete ruin, also thanks to Democracy. In the U.S.A. there were 1 million unemployed, and in Germany 7,000,000 part-time workers. The finances of both States were in a bad way, and ordinary economic life could hardly be maintained. A development then started in the U.S.A. and in the German Reich which will make it easy for posterity to pass a verdict on the correctness of the theories.

While an unprecedented revival of economic life, culture and art took place in Germany under National Socialistic leadership within the space of a few years, President Roosevelt did not succeed in bringing about even the slightest improvements in his own country. And yet this work must have been much easier in the U.S.A. where there lived scarcely fifteen people on a square kilometer, as against 140 in Germany.

An artist, architect, inventor, statesman, military leader, superstar and national savior....He created a work of art and, himself, destroyed it.

Should Hitler be admired or demonized? I say he should be judged like we should judge every man...on his pros and cons. Do his cons outweigh his pros anymore than anyone else?

Should Hitler be regarded as more evil than Stalin because he was a racist? Is racism the worse crime in the world? What about hate of any other sort? What about sexism?

Millions died under his hand, yet millions more have died under the hand of the Catholic Church. Millions have died in Arab-Israeli wars, Asian conflicts, and in Africa, blacks sold their own to the Evil, White man. Jews were killed by Germans, Arabs killed by Jews, Americans killed by Arabs, Japanese killed by Americans and vice-versa. Christians have killed Jews, Jews have killed Christians, Muslims-Christians, so forth and so on. Whites have killed Blacks, now Blacks kill Whites at sixteen times the rate of the reverse. So, is this reparation?

War and Conflict is a natural process. It has always happened and always will. Adolf Hitler was no worse than any other killer in history, he killed people just as others before and after him. Jews are not more important than anyone else regardless of what Judaism and Christianity proclaims about Chosen people. Yet, they did not deserve to be treated harshly and killed either.

Adolf Hitler should be judged on his contributions to society as well as his horrors. Hitler was not a god, but neither was he the personification of evil either. He was a man with lots of charisma, talent, intelligence and also hatred.

Yet today, even though he is vilified multiple times more than he is recognized for his constructive efforts, the vilifiers have fallen to the Fuhrer cult. Hitlers friends and supports created a god, and his enemies have maintained that god through their undying efforts to create a Devil. They have sustained his name and image by demonizing him, and have made sure that Adolf Hitler did become what had always wanted to become--IMMORTAL.

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Pimpin aint easy

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Sunil Dave'

English 5c

May 7, 00

"The Woman"

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Throughout the breadth of all literature, Sherlock Holmes stands as a true icon; his keen understanding of the nature of people and his reasoning of their actions is a trait craved by a number of his readers. Nevertheless, he goes against the societal norms of his time period in his views of women, specifically in the stories "A Speckled Band," and a "Scandal in Bohemia". The two female protagonists in the stories, Helen Stoner and Irene Alder, respectively, fit two vastly different models of their generations. Although Stoner seems to be the perfect match for Holmes based on her unchallenging, submissive house-wife like persona, it is Irene Alder with her extreme astuteness and challenging personality that becomes the fascination of Holmes' desires. Throughout the stories, Doyle uses the central themes, the tone of their respective characterizations, and specific diction to create this discrepancy.

The creation of Helen Stoner's personality is typical of a number of women in Doyle's Sherlock Holmes stories. She fits the model of the "damsel in distress." Unable to decipher the problem that she is faced with, she approaches Holmes looking for him to rescue her. As always, Holmes is able to achieve this daunting task. When viewing their interactions, it is obvious that there is no sense of attraction on Holmes' part towards Stoner. Nevertheless, in the late 1800's a woman such as Stoner would be the ideal compliment to Holmes a submissive woman, who would take care of his fundamental needs as a companion. Her submissive nature becomes apparent from their initial interaction where the imagery of her clothing reiterates this damsel in distress in idea, "dressed in black and heavily veiled (p. 104 "The Speckled Band")." Doyle created Stoner in this manner to support the underlying theme in the novel of her being a truly helpless woman. The tone of her characterization by Doyle adds to this idea in a low voice, changing her seat as requested. (p. 104 "The Speckled Band")."Stoner truly needs the support of another in order to truly survive. Holmes fits the perfect role of that individual. Her dependent nature is also clear via her financial dependence on other individuals. Her inability to pay for Holmes' services initially is the initial clue into this dependency, and is reiterated when she states "it is out of my power to reward you for your services, but in a month or two I shall be married ( p. 105 "The Speckled Band")."

Likewise, Stoner would be a similar ideal compliment for Holmes. She wouldn't challenge his stubborn yet extremely intelligent nature in which he seems to dictate all conversation. Consequently, her submissive nature would allow Holmes to basically dictate her life, a habit he repeatedly showed in his interactions with Dr. Watson. More importantly, Stoner would be the house wife type woman whom Holmes needs to provide for his needs. Stoner is obviously an ideal fit for his role as she seems to understand her " place" in the society of the time as a woman " and for a long time we did all the work of the house (p. 107 "The Speckled Band")." She doesn't seem at all uneasy about taking on these responsibilities in the household. Similarly, Holmes is need of such of a woman in his life. Nevertheless, despite the obvious compatibility between the characters, there is absolutely no chemistry or a possibility of a union between Holmes and Stoner. In Holmes eyes, although she may be fit for him based on his household needs and her fitting of the societal norms of a wife, she does not challenge him intellectually in any manner.

Irene Alder is the distinct bipolar opposite of Helen Stoner. Stoner's specific lacking as a woman are what truly drives Holmes fascination for Irene Alder. Throughout the story, Holmes is attracted to Irene Alder for a number of reasons, and obvious infatuation becomes apparent at the onset of the story. Despite these facts, Alder comes off as someone who would extremely challenge his stubborn, ultra-intelligent nature. It would be assume that Holmes, who is a foreigner to failure or being outwitted, would find Alder repulsive due to this ability on her part. In actuality the fundamental opposite occurs with his fascination developing for her. Alder is the antithesis of the prototypical woman of this time period. The tone and diction used by Doyle to create is a bit mysterious, but also paints the portrait of a truly independent woman from the onset. "Well-known adventuress Irene Alder ( p. 5 "A Scandal in Bohemia")." Alder is almost described as a man for her resolute nature and "soul of steel." One would believe a man of Holmes nature would not want to put up with such a personality, due to the threatening ability of her will and intelligence. Holmes, uneqivalently, is driven to Alder for these exact reasons. In her final act and the sharp wit that Al der demonstrate, provides a pinancle for Holmes' fascination. She is the first woman to outwit the master, and although he can not believe this occurrence at first, he grows the most undying respect for her after its occurrence, "from what I have seen of the lady, she seems, indeed, to be on a very different level ( p 100, "A Scandal in Bohemia")."

Although Holmes should be driven away from an individual such as Irene Alder due to her challenging intelligence, he is in fact driven towards for this reason and another her undying beauty. Similarly, Holmes is once again driven away from Helen Stoner due to her phsyical appearance. There is a bleak imagery that is created in Doyle's construction of Helen Stoner, "pitable state of agitation, her face all drawn and grey, with restless frightened eyes, like those of some hunted animal ( p. 104, "The Speckled Band")." The hunted animal simile is truly telling of how Doyle wanted to create Helen Stoner. Although she may have been an ideal fit for Holmes due to her "house-wife" life nature, her utter dependency and animalesque features make her repulsive to men. Her lack of allurement towards is men is consistent throughout the story, not just to Holmes as seen by her becoming still single at the of 0.

The opposite can be said of Irene Alder, whose physical appearance is the envy of all the men whom she encounters. The tone of one of her descriptions makes this point clear "She is the daintiest thing under a bonnet on this planet. ( p. 6 "A Scandal in Bohemia")." It isn't her physical supreme intelligence and wit that is the envy of the other men in the town; it is her beauty. Nonetheless, this is not true in Holmes' viewing of her, as he truly falls for her charm after she outwits him.

Throughout his stories, Sherlock Holmes is faced with a number of women; many of whom may fit this mold of the perfect companion and ideal house wife. With her subdued nature and deferring personality, Helen Stoner is such a woman. Despite her wretched physical appearance, which doesn't seem to be a critical factor in Holmes judgment, she would provide Holmes the necessary companionship a character like him would need. Irene Alder, on the other hand, would appear to be the least archetypal companion for Holmes. Her "soul of steel" and undeniable wit, would be in constant opposition with Holmes. Nevertheless she is "the woman."

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