Sunshine coast, queensland

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Just north of Brisbane lies a stretch of coastline known as the Sunshine Coast. From Caloundra in the south to Fraser Island in the north and out to the scenic Blackall Ranges in the west, this beautiful part of Australia provides a great family holiday destination.

There are hundreds of kilometres of magnificent beaches, Fraser Island, the worlds largest sand island and the beautiful hinterland including the Blackall Ranges.

There is plenty of family friendly accommodation available, from reasonably priced quality lodgings to world class resorts.

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Some of the attractions available on the Sunshine Coast include Australia Zoo, Underwater World, The Big Pineapple and Aussie World.

The Sunshine Coast is about 1- hours drive north from Brisbane on the Bruce Hwy.

This page contains facts about the Sunshine Coast, tips for families, and some places to visit. The accommodation page lists the family friendly accommodation available with details of family facilities available, basic room prices and a link to each resorts web site.

Sunshine Coast Facts

Getting There

The Sunshine Coast is a one to two hour drive (depending where youre staying) from Brisbane along the Bruce highway.

The Sunshine Coast has its own airport just north of Maroochydore and is about 1 hour 0 minutes from Sydney by air and just over hours from Melbourne. The airport is serviced by Qantas and Sunstate Airways and (until recently) Ansett. Bus services run frequently from Brisbane Airport to locations along the Sunshine Coast. The region is also serviced by Queensland Rail with the Tilt Train from Brisbane or Rockhampton.

Climate

The Sunshine Coast enjoys a fantastic climate year round with one of the highest sunshine readings in the world (average from 6-8 hours sunshine each day). Summer temperatures range from a low of 0 degrees Celsius to a high of 0 degrees Celsius. It can get warmer away from the coast. Spring and autumn temperatures range from 14 to 6 degrees Celsius. Winter has a low of 10 and a high of 0 degrees Celsius.

Beaches

The Sunshine Coast offers a variety of beaches, from world famous surfing beaches to safe family beaches with gentle surf. Most of the main beaches are patrolled and netted.

Some of the better beaches include Coolum, Mooloolaba, Sunshine, Maroochydore, and Noosas main beach (north for surf, south for the kids). Bulcock Beach and Golden Beach (near Caloundra) are ideal for young children. At some of the beaches, you are able to hire equipment like umbrellas, boogie boards etc.

Always swim between the red and yellow flags (half red/half yellow) and a safe eye on the kids. A plain red flag means no swimming and a plain yellow flag means caution.

Clothing

Casual light clothing for most of the year with something warmer for the winter nights. The sunshine coast is a casual place so theres no need to dress up, however smart casual dress may be required in restaurants, clubs and hotels at night.

Because of the high sunshine reading you will need to bring clothing that will protect you and your children from the sun.

The hinterland areas can be a lot cooler than the coastal areas so you may need to wear something warm.

Attractions

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There is plenty to see and do around the Sunshine Coast. These are some of the attractions on offer

Australia Zoo (Beerwah)

Home of the Crocodile Hunter this private zoo features crocodiles and other Australian native animals.

Aussie World and the Ettamogah Pub (Palmview)

Have a beer or meal in the pub then visit Aussie World with plenty of rides and attractions for the kids. Free entry.

The Big Pineapple (Nambour)

Find out everything you need to know about pineapples. The kids can visit the animal nursery or feed the kangaroos. A train ride takes you through the pineapple plantation. Free entry.

Underwater World (Mooloolaba)

Excellent oceanarium well worth a visit. Plenty of marine life to see including face to face meetings with sharks in the underground tunnels. A simulated underwater rollercoaster ride (for kids 7+) is included.

Superbee Honey Factory (Tanawha)

Sample the different types of honey or stroll around the grounds and visit Snow White, the house that Jack built or the Three Bears Cottage. Free entry.

Nostalgia Town (Pacific Paradise)

Take a ride on the Enchanted Rail or Alberts Incredible Time Machine. Other attractions include putt putt golf and car rides. Free entry.

Bli Bli Castle (Bli Bli)

A medieval castle featuring a torture chamber and a doll museum with over 00 dolls. Climb to the top of the tower (4 metres up).

Ginger Factory (Nambour)

Tour the worlds biggest ginger factory. Taste the ginger in the Ginger Shop or visit the Ginger Factory to find out how the ginger products are made. Take a ride on the Historic Cane Train. Free entry.

Forest Glen Sanctuary (Forest Glen)

Drive through the animal sanctuary and hand feed the deer from you car window. Plenty of kangaroos and wallabies to feed and pat and koalas to cuddle.

Eumundi Markets

Open every Saturday and Wednesday these markets offer a large variety of stalls from pottery to paintings, clothing etc, etc. Plenty of food stalls available and rides for the kids.

Noosa Harbour Markets

Open each Sunday morning these markets are much smaller than Eumundi. Much easier to walk around and plenty of stalls to pick from.

Fraser Island

The worlds largest sand island with beautiful beaches, rainforests and freshwater lakes. Day tours of Fraser can be arranged from anywhere along the Sunshine Coast with pick up and drop off from your resort.

Blackall Ranges

Located just behind the Sunshine Coast with dense rainforests and majestic ranges. The mountain villages of Montville, Flaxton Mapleton and Maleny are famous for their local art and craft galleries, restaurants and beautiful scenery.

Check out the Sunshine Coast Attractions review page to learn more about some of these attractions.

Tips For Families Visiting the Sunshine Coast

The Sunshine Coast is not as centralised as the Gold Coast so you will probably need a car if you want to see all the region has to offer. Car hire can be arranged through the major hire companies and can be collected from Brisbane Airport on arrival. Bus transfers can be arranged from Brisbane Airport but are reasonably expensive (probably a couple of days car hire to get to your destination and back). If you can arrange a flight to the airport at Maroochydore you will save on bus transfers. Qantas fly to Maroochydore but VirginBlue only fly to Brisbane, however you are more likely to pick up cheaper air fares flying into Brisbane rather than Maroochydore.

Expect to pay between $45 to $60 per day for car hire. We used Budget and had no problems. (tip check out the Budget rates on their .com.au site then compare this to the rates on their .com site)

Some of the attractions offer free entry but once you get inside they can charge you plenty. Check out the Sunshine Coast Attractions review page for prices at some of these places.

There are plenty of restaurants around the Noosa area but most arent suitable for young children. Two that stood out were the Harbour Master restaurant at Noosa Harbour, Tewantin which offered $ meals for the kids, colouring books and pencils and great food and Fattys pizza and pasta restaurant in Thomas Street, Noosaville which provided the kids with paper and crayons, friendly staff (and pizzas). The Mooloolaba Surf Club is also worth a visit.

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Chosen Topic: How effective have legal and non-legal measures been in overcoming the disadvantages faced by migrants?

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Since the beginning of European settlement in 1788, the Australian community has had to deal with the issue of having migrants in society. Though there are many long-term benefits of this situation, both socially and economically, they are often cancelled out by the disadvantages faced by the migrants themselves in Australia. Three such disadvantages are difficulties concerning social services, the law itself and housing. These often prove very difficult for migrants, particularly those with few English skills, and those that had recently arrived in the country. Although assistance is available from governments as well as community groups to assist with these problems, many migrants continue to experience difficulties in these areas.

When migrants arrive in Australia, the problem they immediately face is that of housing. Low-income earners have difficulty renting accommodation for a number of reasons often they are unemployed or on low incomes, they have poor English skills, and discrimination can occur in tenancy matters. Borrowing and saving is often difficult for migrants, and public housing waiting lists can be very long.

However, there are several mechanisms available to migrants in addressing the housing problem. Charitable organisations, such as St Vincent de Paul and the Salvation Army provide shelter, clothing and emergency food. Migrant Resource Centres are run by community groups, though sponsored by the government, and offer information and support to newly arrived migrants.

The Refugee Resettlement Advisory Council was established in 17 to advise the government on migrant settlement issues, and the National Integrated Settlement Strategy is a planning framework with the objective of improving and coordinating settlement services to both refugees and migrants throughout Australia.

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The Community Refugee Scheme community organisations meet refugees upon their arrival to Australia, arrange accommodation that is close to essential services and transport, encourage English language tuition, and provide information about all relevant services available for migrants. While these mechanisms certainly do have their place, access to satisfactory housing continues to be a major obstacle faced by recently arrived migrants.

The government in Australia have made social security and other relevant welfare benefits available to most migrants upon their arrival so they could survive until they became established and independent of them. In the past, the provision of these benefits has been an effective mechanism for achieving justice for newly arrived migrants. Presently, however, changes made to the laws regarding social security payments have severely reduced the effectiveness of this mechanism.

One of these changes is the introduction of the Waiting Period. In 16, the Federal Government, under Howard, announced that social security payments would not be given to migrants within the first two years of their Australian residency, unless they are refugees or are placed in the humanitarian category. This waiting period applies to all migrants who arrived in Australia after the 4th of March 17. Some payments, such as the age pension, are not available to migrants until they have resided in the country for 10 years.

This action has caused enormous community uproar, however, with clear evidence of migrants returning to their home country after their inability to survive in Australia. As a result of this, the Special Benefit was established. It is a payment given to migrants who are suffering financial hardship. This Benefit can be given without the two-year waiting period, however it is necessary for them to show a substantial and unforeseen change in circumstances beyond their control, as well as financial hardship.

People seeking asylum in Australia may obtain financial assistance under the Asylum Seekers Assistance Scheme. This is funded by the federal government, though administered by the Red Cross.

While there are processes to obtaining social security benefits, they are often confusing and sometimes frustrating for non-English speaking migrants. The process of appealing decisions about their social security payments is extremely difficult for Australian-born, English-speaking residents, let alone migrants.

Accessing the legal system can sometimes be complicated for migrants to access. Apart from the obvious language barriers, there are many factors contributing to this; in particular, unfamiliarity. Many migrants come from civil law countries where the inquisitorial system operates. This is quite different to that of Australia, where the adversary system runs.

Many migrants, especially those who have been persecuted in their home country fear the police and are reluctant to report crimes, even in cases where they have been the victim. Migrants' previous experiences of those in authority may make them fearful or sceptical or authority figures in the legal process.

Ignorance of the law is no excuse for breaking it. In cases where migrants are unaware of a particular law and are prevented by cultural barriers to finding it out, it can seem like a harsh rule. Criminal law in Australia does not recognise the different ways in which people of diverse cultural heritage have of responding to difficult situations. The difficulty with taking into account cultural differences is that the law may be applied differently to the wrong people.

In order to overcome these barriers several measures have been put in place. The Australian Law Reform Commission (ALRC) in 1 released a report entitled "Multiculturalism and the Law". The report made recommendations concerning various issues, including access to independent police complaint programs; the channelling of funds for education and support services through existing community organisations; the necessity for the provision of interpreters; and wider judicial and police discretion to consider culture in prosecution, recording an offence, and sentencing.

While the implementation of these recommendations would certainly give migrants more assistance when dealing with the law, it is still necessary for the legal system to recognise and acknowledge the cultural diversity of Australia.

Overall, it can be seen that significant changes have been made to the legal system and social workings, however more action is needed. Reforms that could be introduced to assist migrants in Australia could be providing better information and interpreting services, which includes increased funding; increasing funding to language programs; and promoting public education about the migrant community.

Excel Preliminary Legal Studies Book.

www.abs.gov.au

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Grapes of wrath- movie review

If you order your cheap essays from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on grapes of wrath- movie review. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality grapes of wrath- movie review paper right on time.

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In 140, John Steinbeck's controversial novel, The Grapes of Wrath, has been made into a film directed by John Ford. Ford's brilliant selection of actors accompanied by the superb script and cinematography skills illustrated the story and emotions of the migrants that were forced to abandon their lands due to the Dust Bowl and the Great Depression. The Grapes of Wrath portrays the tale of the Joad family's dispossession of their unfruitful land, and their struggle to survive a cross-country journey for the "promised land," California. Ford's emotional and artistic film is by far rated as the "best film of all years."

Nunnally Johnson, the film's scriptwriter, did an intelligent job abridging the lengthy novel into a filmable version. Johnson clearly disordered the chronology to soften the novels pessimistic message. In the film, the Joad family gradually came upon better housings as they traveled further north of California, "the land of plenty." They first lived a communal life in crowded tents, then in labor camps with wooden houses, and finally in democratic government camps. Having the Joad's journey end in the organized and sociable government camp foreshadows a blooming future for the Joads. The Joads also symbolize the whole migrant family that "will keep on going." Contrary, the novel's chronology is more wavering and discouraging. After the Joads leave the Government camp, they travel further north into camps full of famine, despair and unemployment. In addition, Johnson also changed the shocking ending of Rose of Sharon, played by Dorris Bowdon, breast feeding a starving old man in a railroad car. The novel's ending sentimentally affirms the strength and human dignity of the migrants. Steinbeck reinforces the theme of the migrants changing from "I" to "We." The Joads no longer think for themselves but for the whole migrant community. Also illustrating this theme, Johnson ends the film in a more optimistic manner. Tom Joad, played by Henry Fonda, realizes that he must leave the family so that he can be committed to struggling for social justice. He has come to believe in Casy's (John Carradine) thought on universal love and respect for all people. Despite the differences between the film and the novel, they both picture the altruistic Joad family and their determination to search for a new home.

As thematically rich as The Grapes of Wrath is, it would be a dry and uninteresting film if the characters and their situations were less compelling. Contradicting to the gloomy atmosphere of the Dust bowl, the casts' performances were anything but depressing. Each cast member had his or her own contribution to this impulsive and thought provoking film. Jane Darwell, who plays Ma Joad, is marvelous as the strong center and backbone of the Joad family that must leave their ancestral land. Ma Joad is the moral center of the Joad family and her optimistic faith will uphold the family despite the hardships they have endured and the inequalities they have suffered. With a decisive attitude Ma knows that the migrants are the "people that live." Yet Darwell's most memorable spectacle is an additional scene to Steinbeck's novel. Before the Joads take off to California, Ma looks through her possession box wordlessly and burns all her letters and souvenirs. Accompanied by tremendous visual power and passion, Darwell holds up two earrings to her ears and looks at her own reflection melancholy, thinking back to the lost past. In this scene, Darwell completely illustrates Ma's strength and courage for giving up her past to start a new life. Along with Darwell's outstanding performance Henry Fonda's act was also no doubt remarkable. Fonda, who plays Tom Joad, is perfect as an distressed "Okie" that refuses to be beaten and crushed by misfortune. Tom is a hot-tempered ex-convict who returns on parole just in time to join his family on their job hunting voyage to California. Fonda strongly portrayed Tom's bravery especially in the ending scene of the movie where Tom decides to leave the family to fight for the migrants' social justice. Fonda's tearful but assured eyes truly convinced the audience as he said some of Tom's most memorable lines "I've been thinkin' about our people livin like pigs and good rich land layin …maybe I can do somethin." The audience is persuaded that Tom is striving to fight for the migrant family, to fight for equality. The mesmerizing acting of the Henry Fonda and Jane Darwell along with the other cast members enriches the audience's understanding of the migrant families struggle to survive.

Besides the superb cast, the cinematography by Gregg Toland, makes The Grapes of Wrath visually appealing. Steinbeck would have favored the movie's cinematography as it has forceful visual powers that illustrate the themes and symbols of his novel. The sorrow and catastrophe that surrounded the migrant community further charmed the audience. In a flashback, which is greatly effective at pulling the audience's response, Muley Graves (John Qualen) and family helplessly watch their destroyed house by a tractor. The camera is in deep focus of their scrawny faces, and then slowly moves to the motionless afternoon shadows. Complemented by melancholy music, the family are no longer people anymore, but migrants looking for food and shelter they are the "Okies." The farmers are easily taken advantage of by the injustices of society. To furthermore show how the impact of Great Depression affected the families of that time, the film was taped in black and white style. This helped create a strong feeling of poverty and realism to the audience. The setting of the novel was very realistic with frequent scenes of the barren land, dark skies, dusty winds, and crowded shelters. Whats more is that the appearance of the family's clothing, possessions, and their car added to the effect that Steinbeck created when his wrote his novel. The clothing of the migrant community was simple, soiled, and ragged, contrary to the clean cut suits of the rich Californian business people. The portrayal of the Joads car is the most significant as it clearly symbolizes the family. Like the truck that is over weighed, rusty, and breaking apart, the Joad family is also burdened with their desperate search for jobs. Facing adversity, the Joads are having difficulty maintaining their family as Grandpa (Charley Grapewin) and Grandma (Zeffie Tilbury) die. Hence the cinematography has intensified many themes of Steinbeck's novel by bring the words into life.

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"The film is definitely the best film I have acted in." Expressed Henry Fonda, " Tom Joad is a hero for making the decision to fight for equality. John Ford is a great director and Nunnally Johnson's script was truly striking."

"Ma Joad is definitely a powerful character." Stated Jane Darwell, " She the matriarch of the Joad family. I never realized how severe the Great Depression was and this film has indeed made an impact on my life."

"I'd like to thank Nunnally Johnson's and Gregg Toland's input into this film. They have definitely made Steinbeck's novel come to life." Said director John Ford.

Steinbeck would be please to hear that the messages in his novel, The Grapes of Wrath, have been convincingly produced onscreen as a viewer says " this film definitely gave me a great perspective of the Great Depression. John Ford and the cast have done a remarkable job. Everyone should go and watch it."

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Otherness Experience

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ARTS 50

For the past two weeks I have been volunteering at South Bethlehem's Neighborhood after school program. For an hour and 15 minutes 4 days a week, I helped elementary school kids with their homework. The experience has been quite rewarding as well as challenging. My initial reaction was culture shock, since most of the children are Hispanic or Black. Most of them can speak Spanish, and some of them can only speak Spanish. I am the youngest person in my family and I have not been around elementary school kids since I think I was in grade school. Walking into this classroom definitely brought me back to my childhood. Being the youngest I can remember my mom help my brother with his homework and actually wanting homework of my own to do. Call me a big nerd but I thought homework was fun in elementary school, fun stories and coloring books is all I remember. I had forgotten about the frustrations and difficulties I had learning grammar, spelling, and basic math skills like times tables.

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Watching these kids struggle to complete these simple tasks made me think about how different their home life is from mine. Some of these kids should be in 5th grade, but are stuck in nd or rd. I sat there racking my brains trying to find ways to break concepts down and show one little boy how to figure out times 8 without writing +++++++. I finally remembered the tables rule that every product has digits that add up to . It helped him figure out problems faster. I think I learn a great deal about patience and realizing that not everyone always understands what you're talking about. That some kids don't understand and are afraid to say they don't know so they keep quiet and never figure it out. You have to think of different ways of explaining things. For example, one Spanish girl asked me what the word, "rolls" meant. I was at a loss for words; all I could do was motion rolls like a bowling ball, rolls. It was strange because when you're the older one, youre suppose to be all knowing, and everything you say is taken as the right answer, you are the beholder of the truth. I never had anyone look up to me that way, and put so much trust in what I said. I have always learned from others growing up the youngest. It was weird to think others were learning from me. I had to remember all the little grammar tricks, like "change the y to an i and add es for pluralizing words that end in y and i before e except after c.

Another issue I encountered was being the enforcer. It was easy to get off track and play with these kids. It was easy to listen to them go on and on about their friends or family. It was hard to say ok, you need to do your homework. I wanted them to like me; I didn't want to be the spoiler of fun. It was hard to take away toys or other distractions and make them work on their assignments. I remember being a little procrastinator in my day. The last thing I wanted to do was sit still and practice my cursive.

With some kids it was harder then others to get them to listen or pay attention. There were signs of ADHD all over the place. The first day I sat at a table with a boy whose only homework was to write 1 sentences with simple words like, try, cry, fry, sky…etc. He had trouble keeping on task, he was involved with everyone else's homework and conversations but his own. He looked around, starred off into space, played with a plastic cup. I ignored him until he called out, "I'm telling cuz youre not helping me!" I responded with, "I would if you take that cup off of your mouth." Finally, I took the cup away from him and he threw a fit. He put his head down and pretended to cry and whine about his cup. He kept reaching across the table for it and I didn't give into his negative attention seeking tactics. I told him that I would give it back to him when he finished a sentence. I ignored the rest of his whining. Soon enough he finished his sentence, and then got on a roll and did 5 more sentences. Though they were very elementary and all similar, I was glad he was as least trying to write them. He got them done and I praised him for doing accomplishing so much without distractions. I still had his cup, which he had forgotten about. Next to me was an interesting character, a no more then year old black boy with a motor mouth. He was the main cause of the other little boy's distractions, it took me forever to get him to finish the rest of his homework. When it was time to go, I gave him his book and he said no, I have to finish these, and I was like yes you do. And very quickly he wrote his last 4 sentence. It was a trying event but he finished his homework

The motor mouth kid was hysterical to watch but definitely more then a handful. He would not even tell me his name. They say that videogame and movie violence don't influence kids…but I witnessed just how much it did. This child was gangster in the making. He could not have been more then a 4th grader, but he was talking a mile per minute on and on about beating people up, about beating teachers up. How his momma would beat anyone up for him and slap kids who where out to stab him. He told stories about how his brother would street race and how cool it was because one time he got to ride with him. I knew most of his stories were embellished and probably not even remotely true. I was exhausted just listening to this kid. How he didn't care about hurting others and how he gets angry and frustrated and wants needs to beat something up. He speaks like he has street smarts, like he could get good grades. I asked him what he wanted to be when he grew up and he said, a cardiologist. He was refusing to do a book assignment and I told him, you know you have to read a lot of books if you want to be a cardiologist, do you even know what a cardiologist is? I let him ramble on about video games and movies, trying to gain his trust. I know I was not going to get him to do his homework but at least I could do was give him a chance. I know many of these kids come from big families and they do not get enough one on one attention so I tried to give them as much of my attention as possible. I think if I show interest in them and listen to what they say, then they'll feel like someone cares. They might make more effort because someone believes in them. It's amazing how showing the slightest bit of encouragement, like "good job, see, you can do it, way to go, awesome," can light up these kids. For example, Marquis is a eight year old black boy, who would not write his sentences. I asked him why not, and he kept replying, "I can't!, I can't!" He sat and pouted with his shirt over his head. I being the artist, picked up some crayons and made him a card that read, Marquis writes the best sentences! Please write more! I gave it to him and asked him if he could read it to me. It took him awhile to sound it out but he smiled when he understood what it said. Still distracted by other kids, he wasn't writing his sentences, until I told him I was going to be upset, since I made him the card, then he decided to knock them out. All he needed was some positive reinforcement and a guilt trip.

Most of the same kids come back day after day and are so happy to see you that I think it will be hard to stop coming back next week. Time really flies bye and I really enjoyed spending time with these kids. I think this was a great experience for me and I would like to continue to help out these kids for the rest of the school year.

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Oral tradition and NAGPRA

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North American Indians did not have a writing system present prior to the arrival of the Europeans. Instead they used oral tradition as an instrument to preserve their culture, beliefs and knowledge about their past. These traditions were passed on verbally either in narratives or in songs from generation to generation. Today, these oral traditions are highly controversial. With the rise of modern archeology, archeologists are keen in reconstructing the aboriginal past. There are two extremes of archeologists in dealing with oral traditions there are those that believe oral traditions can be used to discover the aboriginal past and their counterparts deny the validity of oral traditions. This paper will present oral traditions in its dynamic relationship with archeology.

Roger Echo-hawk, an aboriginal historian, presented his perspective on the role of oral tradition in his paper entitled, ¡§Ancient History in the New World Integrating Oral Traditions and the Archaeological Record¡¨. In it he suggests that oral traditions are useful in that they could be a model for piecing together the strands of archeological discoveries. Echo-hawk discourages the continuance of the term ¡§prehistory¡¨ to describe oral tradition. The concept of prehistory as Echo-hawk defines it, ¡§presumes in the absence of firsthand written records before a specific point in time¡¨. This according to Echo-hawk is simply biased and creates propaganda against oral traditions. He acknowledges that there is no writing involved in the oral traditions but term ¡§prehistory¡¨ can easily mean there was no known history prior to European arrival. Therefore Echo-hawk suggests that the name be changed into ¡§ancient history¡¨ because he claims there is history in these very oral traditions as well with written documents (000).

One of the major events in Canada revolving around the issue of the validity of oral tradition is the Delgammukw case. In this lawsuit versus the province of British Columbia, the Gitksan had a land claim based on their oral tradition that they argue dates back to over 10,000 years. Heather Harris in ¡§Remembering 10,000 Years of History¡¨ wrote in support of these oral traditions and brought into play, the backing of modern science to affirm their legitimacy. The Gitksan people claimed that their oral traditions extend far back to the ancestors came to the Northwest when the ice was receding, creating glacial lakes at the Skeena valley. According to geomorphology, a branch of geology that studies the evolution and configuration of landforms, the creation of glacial lakes in British Columbia in the Skeena valley dates back around ,500 to ,00 B.P. In correlation to the arrival of the ancestors, it may be possible that the Gitksan have lived in their area for nearly 10,000 years (17 11). In addition, the Gitksan claimed to have many oral traditions recording seismic events that caused catastrophes in which some were correlated with geological dated events (17 11-14). From this evidence, it can point towards the legitimacy of the Gitksan claims. After a lengthy lawsuit the Supreme Court of Canada ruled that oral traditions can be legally recognized for their accounts (McMillan and Ian Hutchinson 0061)

McMillan and Hutchinson had slightly different interpretation. In ¡§When the Mountain Dwarfs Danced Paleoseismic Events Reflected in Aboriginal Traditions in Northern Cascadia¡¨, they wrote about oral traditions from the Northwest Coast region in relation with seismic events. Geologically, the Northwest Coast is part of the Cascadia subduction zone, is a highly seismically active region (00 44). The article itself documented very interesting yet distinct myths with each particular group and earthquakes deeply rooted in their cultural traditions. As well in oral traditions, each aboriginal group had a different perspective in explaining why earthquakes occur. Like the Gitksan, in Harris' article, McMillan and Hutchinson also featured the oral traditions from different groups that documented what happened during these events. Although these oral traditions claim to be historical, according to McMillan and Hutchinson, they ¡§float in time¡¨, and lacked dating. Because there is no dating, one possibility may be that the multiple past experiences may have been combined into a single oral tradition. As well these traditions are fused with religious or moral codes so it is difficult to separate truth from fiction. McMillan and Hutchinson said these oral traditions ¡§must be considered primarily as general awareness of periodic destructive forces rather than as historic accounts of specific events.¡¨ (00 5)

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In the United States, archeologists are bound by the Native American Graves and Repatriation Act of 10 (NAGPRA). This act mandates integration of oral traditions when reconstructing the aboriginal past, which was what Echo-hawk supported. Also published at the same time as Echo-hawk's article, Mason's article was against the use of oral tradition in archeology. His reasons in discontinuing the use of oral tradition in archeology is as follows

1)Dependant on memory and verbal transmission, oral traditions are simply not trustworthy

)The genre by its nature is more an artifact of contemporary culture than a record of the past.

)Oral traditions are closed belief systems, beholden to authority and impervious to external challenge.

4)All or parts of oral traditions ma be considered sacred, only partly or not all accessible to outsiders; guardians of such lore determine what may be released and how it may be used. (000)

His first argument is simple, stating that memories cannot be trusted. In addition Mason claims if there were any changes from the original oral history, nobody would know because it is impossible to compare the current oral tradition to the original. The second argument states that only the culture (religion, beliefs, and traditions) can be taken from the oral traditions. The third con argument is loosely based on the continuance of religious beliefs as recorded in the traditions. Mason's final argument is that some tribes consider their oral traditions to be sacred. Therefore sometimes only parts of it will be allowed for research, instead of the whole. In this way, certain beliefs and cultures can be preserved in a world where science conflicts with culture. Mason argues that, ¡§There is no room for the consideration of private information as data in any archaeology aspiring to scientific status.¡¨ (000)

Oral traditions have a very dynamic relationship with archeology. Once considered as ¡§prehistory¡¨, the term is now considered a politically incorrect. The peoples that have used oral traditions for centuries claimed that it is historical. Nevertheless the only thing that was clear was that oral traditions reported of seismic activity but there is no precise dating on it to make any of their claims, historical. The current status of oral tradition in Canada and the United States is backed by the Supreme Court and NAGPRA. Hence it is law in both countries to give some consideration when making any archeological connections. However has caused major opposition like that of Mason, who deny that oral traditions hold any truth alongside archeology.

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East Timor/Indonesia conflict at November 1991

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On Tuesday, 1 November 11, almost 00 East Timorese were killed or wounded in an awesom display of military might. There were reports of wounded people being beaten and shot at point blank range.

They were amongst up to 000 mourners and protesters at a memorial service for an East Timorese student who had been killed a fortnight before. This student was killed when Indonesian soldiers attacked a Catholic church where pro-independence supporters were meeting and seeking refuge from the security forces. It is believed that the church was targeted because it was a voice for the East Timorese longing for an end of sixteen years of Indonesian occupation and violent violation of human rights.

The protesters were also marching against the biased manner in whiche the Indonesian government was reacting to a planned visit by a Portugese parliamentary delegation. This visit, to begin on 4 November 11, was suspended when a member of the delegation, an Australian journalist based in Lisbon, was denied entry on account of Indonesian Government beliefs that she was a biased journalist and a propagandist for the Fretilin guerilla movement. Once the visit was suspended there were claims of strong military crackdownss on dissidents and pro-independence supporters who had been identified in the East Timorese preparations for the visit.

There has been no respite from the tensions between Indonesia and East Timor since 175 when East Timor, a former Portuguese colony, was invaded by Indonesia. At the time the United Nations unsuccessfully called for Indonesia to withdraw form East Timor and in 11 still recognised Portugal as the legal administrator of East Timor.

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In 178 Australia, New Zealand and members of ASEAN recognised Indonesian sovereignty over East Timor. However the East Timorese people have never accepted their forced incorporation into Indonesia.

Over the few weeks after the nNovember massacre there were reports of further action by the Indonesian army against the pro-independence supporters. There have been claims of execution of East Timorese witnesses to the November 1 massacre and the capture and imprisonment of other pro-independence supporters.

The Indonesian Government has maintained that they did not order nor initiate the attack nor any further retribution against the East Timorese independence movement. The Government has announced that an inquiry will be set up to investigate all claims and punish, if necessary, the perpetrators.

This response has not satisfied many. The United States Senate has proposed a resolution calling on President Bush to press for an independent United Nations investigation into the massacre. THe European parliament has also made calls to the UN and to the European Community Government to place an arms and aid embargo on Indonesia as a protest against the killings. THe Netherlands, which last year gave $A86 million to Indonesia as development assistance, has suspended all new aid until an investigation produces an acceptable result.

The Australian Government responded in a subdued manner. IT did not support calls for a UN sponsored inquiry into the massacre. However the Australian Prime Minister called on the Indonesian Government to conduct a fair and thorough investigation. This is dispite the knowledge that Indonesia has never undertaken a thorough and unbiased investigation of the many claims of human rights violations in East Timor in the years since occupation.

THere were differing opinions amongst the Australian people about what should have been done to resolve the conflict. Some would have an immediate suspension fo official ties with Indonesia, a cessation of defence co-operation and trade embargos to let the Indonesian government know that their actions are deplored. There is also the view, supported by Australias then foreign minister, Gareth Evans, that Australia should work with the Indonesians and East Timorese to give guidence and exert a gentle pressure to enable a peaceful resolution to this long term conflict.

Australia could not afford to break all ties with our closest northern neighbour by doing the right thing for East Timor. Nor can it allow the continuation of human rights violations.

Australias diplomatic relations with Indonesia have been spasmodic since 175. Australian journalists have been barred from Indonesia a number of times and in 17, 6 Australian journalists were killed. THis seems to be a result of Indonesia objecting to international reporting that does not fit the Indonesian view of events at the time they were annexing East Timor and further claims of unjust treatment of East Timorese.

Yet despite the deaths of the journalists, Australia was the lone UN member to recognise Indonesian sovereignty of East Timor. Since the Australia chose to pursue a moderate path in its dealings with the Indonesian Government. The signing of the Timor Gap Treaty in 10 was an example of the Australian Governments desire to keep Indonesia on side, perhaps with a view to enabling gentle persuasion in relation to human rights.

Over the weeks following the massacre the question has been asked why did Austrlaia condone the invasion/annexure of East Timor and yet provide military support to the US/UN outrage over the Iraq invasion of Kuwait? Some could say that as Kuwait was a sovereign state and a member of the UN, we must show and provide our support against agression by one nation over another. But in the 160s when Malaysia was being intimidated by Indonesia, Australia sent military assistance to the Malaysians to repel any advancement by Indonesia. This was despite the fact that Malaysia was not a soverign stat nor a member of the UN. East Timor was never a sovereign state nor a UN Member. However, during World War II 40,000 East Timorese were killed providing assistance to Australian soldiers aginst the advancing Japanese. Successive Australian Governments do not seem to have shown a consistent attitude to international conflicts. There is no excuse for any sort of distinction between conflicts, rather, any and all acts of oppression should be condemned no matter what nation is the perpetrator or victim.

The Australian Government must bee seen by the international community to reliably offer diplomatice guidence and pursue a peaceful conciliatory approach without condoning human rights affronts and without causing a defensive response from either party.

THe November 1 11 massacre was made so prominent due the to the proposed Portuguese visit. Whether the tension would have escalated if the visit went ahead is not to be known, but as a result of the proposed visit there were many western journalists on the scene to report what happened and therefore expose to the world a picture of Indonesion occupation of East Timor. A picture that has not always been as innocent as the Indonesians would portray it.

This incident should not be viewed as a one off event, but an opportunity to allow international unity against human rights violations and to work as one towards understanding and resolving conflicts of this nature.

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Breaking the Wall or The Pursue of an Ideal in "The Picture of Dorian Gray"

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They say Oscar Wilde wrote about Dorian Gray's life in his novel entitled ¡§The portrait of Dorian Gray¡¨, but I tend to believe he wrote about the character's stolen life, his death state in fact. My paper will attempt to prove this argument in order to reach a more general conclusion regarding the real main theme of the novel ¡§The Picture of Dorian Gray¡¨.

The painted portrait of the main character stands for a work of art first of all and, as we know, one of the main characteristics of art is that it is created by human beings; the creators of art, human beings, are said to ¡§acknowledge their self-consciousness when confronted with their own image offered by art¡¨(Dan Grigorescu ¡V ¡§Prefata¡¨). We may try to apply this when discussing the main character's (Dorian Gray's) reaction on watching his portrait's transformations too. But can we? Is his portrait what a portrait generally represents, accordingly, a static image of oneself?

As we know, the picture becomes alive, it is the one that alters in time, adopting this typical human characteristic. A reciprocal change of state has occurred at a certain point in the novel, which can be called the ¡§mad prayer¡¨ moment the alive ¡V Dorian - becomes dead and the dead ¡V the portrait - becomes alive. From this symbolical process on, whenever Dorian Gray looks at his portrait he doesn't in fact acknowledge his self-consciousness, but the lack of that! He cannot acknowledge a feature that belongs only to the portrait and not to himself. Art has gained life while he won eternal life, the main characteristic of a piece of art. Since his ¡§mad prayer¡¨, Dorian isn't alive anymore.

He gradually becomes aware of this state as he ventures through life, experiencing all the sins a human life implies and coldly observing their influence ¡V more precisely their lack of influence ¡V on him. First, he notices his incapability of offering love in return to a woman's love, during his relationship with Sibyl Vane; it is also impossible for him to feel any remorse as a normal consequence of this misbehavior ¡§She explained it all to me. It was terribly pathetic. But I was not moved a bit. I thought her shallow.¡¨ This obvious lack of compassion is a clear proof of the inhuman. And the paragraph continues as follows ¡§Suddenly something happened that made me afraid. I can't tell you what it was, but it was terrible.¡¨ My interpretation of this fearful ¡§something¡¨ does not concern, as one may infer, Dorian Gray's ¡§acknowledging of his self-consciousness¡¨ (I have already proved it to be impossible), but his first acknowledging of his own death, an eternal and inescapable life. Neither his infatuation with Sibyl, nor his cruel rejection of her signal feeling, the natural human reaction.

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This experience pushes him further into verifying his newly discovered feature, his lack of humanity, of life. Sins, the very substance of human life, do not influence him but the portrait ¡§Eternal youth, infinite passion, pleasure subtle and secret, wild joys and wilder sins ¡V he was to have all these things. The portrait was to bear the burden of his shame that was all.¡¨ When analyzing this quotation, I noticed that the two verbs, ¡§to have¡¨ and ¡§to bear¡¨ are very relevant to my demonstration from a semantic point of view. The first actually implies lack of participation in the action, a certain passiveness ¡V to have, to own something, to receive something ¡V while the latter clearly indicates emotional implication. Dorian Gray travels through life passively from the emotional point of view; the real active participant is the portrait.

Going further into the plot, Dorian's committing of sins like indulging into luxury (buying most valuable things), running after fame, consuming drugs, getting involved with easy women, and finally murder are desperate trials to feel remorse, to feel alive. He cannot (only the portrait does) ¡¨I must admit that this thing that has happened does not affect me as it should. It seems to me simply like a wonderful ending to a wonderful play. It has all the terrible beauty of a Greek tragedy in which I took a great part, but by which I have not been wounded.¡¨ Indeed, as the quotation clearly points out, Dorian is in fact the passive spectator of his own life whereas the portrait is the real actor, another proof of the reciprocal change of state which has taken place between art (the portrait), normally a simple unaltered witness to life, and human being (Dorian Gray), always an actor in the play called life.

The paradoxical consequence of this ¡§interchange¡¨ process, if I may call it that way, is that the main character has the opportunity to enjoy life to the full but he is not alive anymore. Thus this state of ¡§eternal youth¡¨ is in fact a synonym to the state of death. Eternity means in fact death.

Under normal circumstances, art enjoys ¡§eternal youth¡¨, eternal life, art stands for death, the eternal prison of a moment in time. It imprisons time, which stops within its frames. When the moment is preserved, it cannot continue its flow anymore but dies inside that piece of art. Because art means death, eternity, ¡§eternal youth¡¨, the reality, as opposed to art, represents life, the transient but never stopping human life. Reality means in fact life.

According to my previous demonstration regarding the interchange process between art and human being, we cannot interpret Dorian's final act, his suicide as a consequence of the character's powerful remorse feelings after having killed Basil Howard, the creator of his portrait; Dorian has proved to be incapable of such or any feelings for that matter. His suicide is a desperate attempt to unite life and death, reality and art. The ¡§mad prayer¡¨ represents thus a distorted expression of this ideal. This is in the end Dorian Gray's true tragedy, his impossible ideal BREAKING THE WALL BETWEEN ART AND REALITY, between death and life. This third alternative (after life and death) does not exist.

The wildean ideal of perfection, this unification between life and death or their representatives, reality and art, cannot be achieved as it has been proved through Dorian's death.

The main issue of the novel ¡§The Picture of Dorian Gray¡¨, this permanent and indestructible relationship of opposition between art and reality has been thus demonstrated by telling the story of a picture called Dorian Gray.

¡§Ach, Gott! Die Kunst ist lang

Und kurz ist unser Leben¡¨

Goethe, ¡§Faust¡¨

(act I, scene I)

„_ Wilde, Oscar ¡§Portretul lui Dorian Gray¡¨, Editura pentru Literatura, Bucuresti

16

„_ Grigorescu, Dan ¡§Prefata¡¨ la ¡§Portretul lui Dorian Gray¡¨, Editura pentru

Literatura, Bucuresti 16

„_ Source of quotations the Internet.

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