Napoleon

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Napoleon is single-handedly the reason that the French Revolution took the course that it did. Who would have guessed that a child born into the noble class on the island of Corsica could have rose to power of such amazing heights in the short time it took? Who would have guessed that this single person would be written down in every single history book being considered a genius in military tactics and leading a nation to an empire? By spreading the idea of nationalism throughout Europe (which unfortunately backfired on him) and trying to create a worldwide French empire, it is obvious that Napoleon Bonaparte is one of the most important figures in the past ,500 years that our human race has existed.

The importance of Napoleon not only to France but the entire world cannot be summed up in just one word. In an article by Steven Kreis entitled "Europe and the Superior Being Napoleon," Steven claims that the French Revolution is what caused Napoleon to be the man that he has been known as for the past few centuries. he also writes that he had a "passion for power" as well as a "genius for leadership." (http//library.thinkquest.org/1710/data/bios/users/napoleon/page_1.html) His training in military school and experience in wars during the French Revolution gave him the potential to shape him to become a strong, powerful leader, which is just what he was. This is where his importance to the French at his time lies. With each year in his life came a new opportunity to invade, colonize, and annex. It all began when he was able to drive British forces out of Toulon in 17 at age 4. He soon commanded the French army of Italy where he started a campaign against the Austrians and his talent was strongly presented. He then attacked British commerce in Egypt by going to Cairo with his troops. Though defeated at the Battle of the Nile, Napoleon did not give up in the least bit. He soon made up for this loss in 17 when he overthrew the Directory, the reason for the financial problems and political unrest of France. Napoleon then became a military dictator to help fix the problems in France. As years passed, his ranks became even hired. Soon afterwards, a triumvirate was created, and he was one of the three Consuls. In 180 though, he became Consul for life and within two years, he crowned himself Emperor of the French. Out of fear of having another Reign of Terror aimed towards him, Napoleon made sure that the social structure of France was unified. His importance to the well being of his nation is of an enormous amount. But furthermore, he had an even greater impact on the world. He left our civilization with military tactics way ahead of his time which to this day are still studied and analyzed. (http//www.00site.org/napoleo

niccampaigns/index.html) What many would call as the grandfather of nationalism, Napoleon led the way for many other European nations of his time to follow his sense of nationalism and apply it to their own country. Ironically, nations such as Germany (even though it wasn't called Germany back then) used nationalism as a stance against Napoleon's unstoppable power. Before Napoleon came into play, Germany was not even close to being unified, but when he stepped in, all of the German states had a common enemy thus giving them reason to unify. As an essay on Napoleonic Europe posted on Sparknotes.com, it is stated, "nationalism developed in response to Napoleon's imperial reign." (http//www.sparknotes.com/history/european/napoleonic/section7.rhtml) And even today, nationalism exists in many ways and Napoleon is the reason for it. Even though many people before him, such as Caesar, led their empire through unification and pride, none are as evident as Napoleon.

The world was completely different before Napoleon as opposed to what it was afterwards. France specifically was changed 180 degrees due to his amazing power and leadership skills. Before him, France was under the Reign of Terror where revolutionaries executed people left and right and there was no end to the chaos. Meanwhile, the United State of America was just in the midst of being creating in retaliation to British colonialism. There was also a sweep of absolutism and enlightenment across Europe in the 18th century, which had quite an influence upon Napoleon. But several decades prior to his birth, feudalism was just about dying off in the world (with several exceptions). Many wars were fought, but there were many casualties on both sides and little strategy existed. All of that changed when Napoleon was alive; he changed militaristic theories and strategies to his fullest advantage.

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Napoleon was often thought of as a conqueror, but his political goals for Europe were of no such thing. Napoleon himself denies being such a tyrant. He saw his supposed "conquering" as "building a federation of free peoples in a Europe united under a liberal government." (http//www.luci dcafe.com/lucidcafe/lucidcafe/library/5aug/napoleon.html) The political impact that he had on France is of an immeasurable amount. He wrote up many constitutions, created the Napoleonic code, made a more stable, controlled government, and encouraged education, science, and the arts. This also had an effect on French culture of the 18th century. His encouragement of the arts led to many artists and composers depicting Napoleon as well as French nationalism. Beethoven is a perfect example of this when he wrote his third symphony "Eroica." Economically, Napoleon created a policy known as the Continental System, who's goal was to destroy Britain's economy by closing all continental ports to British trade. Meanwhile, he helped the French economy, although it was nothing extraordinary compared to how things were before. Socially though, he helped to erase feudalism in many of the countries he invaded, and united the classes of France together. Had the classes been at war, like how things once were, then the French Revolution would have ended in disaster. In fact, it almost did until Napoleon showed up. And not enough can be said about the nationalism that he initiated throughout France.

Had Napoleon never been born, would our life be the same way it is now? Although one man alone cannot alter the course of history as we know it, Napoleon was responsible for many things that, if they never happened, our world would in fact be quite different. The tricolors created in the French Revolution, which influenced the American flag's colors, wouldn't have existed. And perhaps if he didn't offer us his own brand of nationalism, then nationalism wouldn't be here today. There is also an extremely repetitive pattern throughout our history where nationalism is either used as an effective tool towards unification and imperialism or is the result of a tragic event in that nation. The most current example is obviously that of the September 11th attacks. Also, France would not have the constitution that it does today nor would they have their national anthem. Military students wouldn't be studying his ingenious tactics and the entire current state of armies all over could be completely different.

Napoleon had an influence on a numerous amount of people throughout history. To this day, France still abides by the Napoleonic Code and the administrative and judicial systems are still similar to the ones he created. And according to Urban Legend magazine, "His radical reforms in all parts of Europe cultivated the ground for the revolutions of the 1800's." (http//www16.brinkster.com/maxw ells/quotes/quote.asp?week=15) His code has also influenced lawmaking all over the world such as places like South America, Louisiana, and Quebec. To say the least, he has shaped the late 18th and early 1th century into what it as now known as. Nationalism was one of the things which he influenced people with the most, especially the German states during his time. He has also influenced millions of military students everywhere who have studied his work.

In conclusion, Napoleon's impact on the world in which we live is extraordinary on so many levels. He will always be remembered for his unique style of nationalism and military strategy that will continue to be analyzed and practiced for years to come. Although his tragic defeat at Waterloo and his tragic death of a stomach ulcer at Saint Helena were unforeseen, something was bound to happen to this man who was half-revolutionary and half-tyrant, which just proves that even the unconquerable can be conquered. His tactics, constitutions, annexations, invasions, and many other amazing accomplishments will be found in every history book for the reason that no one has ever been able to top all that he has done in those fields. An important man indeed coming from all angles. Whether it be political, cultural, social, or economic, Napoleon has had some impact somewhere in the four corners in the world.

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Influences of Christianity

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Christianity has always been a major influence in Australia, not just now but since the early times of development of Australian society. It has greatly influenced all aspects of our heritage and has helped to develop areas that play a major role in our lives today. These areas include education, an area which is thoroughly important in society today, the law, which provides us with morality and justice, healthcare, which enables good health and care, and social welfare, something that a lot of people rely on for help and support. These four areas were all developed under the influence of Christianity and it is through this that each of these four areas has been able to successfully help and guide people on through the journey of life.

Education

From as early as 185, the majority of children did not attend school due to the decisions made by their parents. This was mostly due to the fact that they didn't want their children to be put under the influence of other religions, in particular, the Church of England. From this, Governor Bourke introduced legislation in 186 to establish a single education system. In this, schools would receive government funding, the general education given would not be connected with any particular church, therefore being secular, and children would be under religious instruction by ministers from their own denominations. Unfortunately, from this, most people opposed the legislation. The majority of the opposing were from the middle class who did not want their children associating with anyone of a lower class or any child of a convict or criminal, as they believed it would destroy their morality.

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Sectarianism between Catholics, Anglicans and Protestants delayed all attempts to introduce a single system of education. As a result, a system of both state a denominational schools emerged.

In 18, Governor Gipps set up the Board of Education and with that, new conditions were laid down for government aid to denominational schools. No school could receive government funding unless 100 pounds was subscribed towards its first establishment. The government contribution towards carrying on the school would be equal to that raised from private sources.

The middle class set up their own denominational schools, where students received traditional British educations. In 1855, there were 51 public schools in the colony and 171 denominational schools. Of these, there were 707 children in Church of England schools, 57 in Catholic schools, 1047 in Presbyterian schools and 1018 in Wesleyan schools.

In 1848, The National School Board, which took charge of public schools and The Denominational Schools Board, which controlled denominational schools were both established. However in 1866, Henry Parkes introduced the Public Schools Act with replaced these two boards with the Council of Education, which helped to maintain schools, teaching staff and students. The Public Instruction Act introduced by Henry Parkes in New Sou in 1880, abolished financial aid for denominational schools and made education free, compulsory and secular. It was later introduced throughout Australia.

From then on, public schools and school of all religions have been providing substantial education for children in countries around the world, including Australia.

The Law

From the early days of settlement in Australia, there have been laws in which we as Australian citizens have had to abide by. These laws were partly introduced by religious denominations and despite few changes have remained part of the laws of Australia.

Arguments over Sabbatarians was one of the first movements towards a law that would refuse work, the sales of goods, the playing of sport, public transport and the opening of theatres and hotels on a Sundays. Catholics discarded Sabbatarianism. They were gratified to attend mass and to refrain from servile labour and once religious obligations were met, they were free to pursue recreation. However, after 1870, Sunday entertainment, transport, newspaper, sport and museums were introduced. This was strongly opposed by Protestants, as they believed Sabbatarianism was necessary for the safeguarding of Australia as a Christian community.

In the 1th century, there were struggles over attempts to liberalise divorce laws. Sir Alfred Stephen, a judge in New South Wales at the time, led a campaign to widen the grounds for divorce. Despite antagonism from the churches, the reforms became law in 18.

Christianity also opposed gambling and alcoholism. Many religious orders fought to ban the use of gambling machines as well as the sale of alcoholic substances and while they did prevail in this battle, the laws have since changed.

After the founding of Australia, religion was believed to be the only hope for an improvement in public morality. The emphasis on morality was very much focused on the individual. They believed that if people were saved, then the nation would be saved.

The common view of religion in Australia as having to do entirely with moral concerns about sex, pornography and abortion, which originated in the 1th century, still persists, no matter how mistaken that view happens to be.

Church stances on most other moral issues have caused great sectarianism.

Health Care

Health care is one of the top priorities of most Australians today. It is through the advancement of medicine that has enabled people to survive infections and diseases that could otherwise severely harm or even kill them. Most of these infections and disease has treated or cured in hospitals across Australia, most of then being founded by religious orders. Churches in accordance with the christain tradition of healing established hospitals. The early hospitals were basic and the nurses had little or no training, so patients only went to hospital as a final option. However, by the end of the 1th century, the churches had contributed to the early stages of a publicly run and funded hospital system.

A perfect example of this is Saint Vincent's Hospital in Darlinghurst. Saint Vincent's was originally founded in 1857, by the Catholic Sisters of Charity who arrived in Australia in 188. The Catholic Sisters of Charity were professional nurses trained in France. Saint Vincent's hospital is now one of Australia's leading hospitals.

Social Welfare

Social welfare is an important part of our lives. Religious organisations have had a noteworthy position in the welfare of the Australian people, because Christian ministry in colonial Australia placed a strong importance on social welfare. Throughout time, organisations have developed and have volunteered their time and services to people in need. Christian charitable institutions included orphanages, hospitals, hostels, and prisoner rehabilitation centres. Women in particular have played major roles in leadership and support of these initiatives.

Caroline Chisholm is perhaps the most recognisable example of social welfare. Caroline has probably contributed individually to welfare more than any other Australian. She came to austral in 188, where she opened a female immigrants' home and employment agency. Between 1840 and 1846, she settled about 11,000 women into jobs. From 1846, she spent 8 years in Britain to promote family emigration and convict family reunion. From then on and until her death in 1867, she continued to find jobs and houses for women across Australia.

Today there are numerous organisations that help and support families in need and supply social welfare. The two most notable organisations that have shaped our society are

·Saint Vincent de Paul Society, which is a catholic organisation established in France in 18. Today, they help people and offer assistance to the elderly, the homeless and they poor.

·The Salvation Army, which was established in Australia in 1880. Members of the Salvation Army have a strong belief in the importance of bringing the Christian message to people through practical means.

Christianity played a major role in influencing the development of Australian society. It is through Christianity that we are able to have what we have today in terms of medical needs, social welfare and education. It is through Christianity that we are the people we are today as it has introduced and shaped the things around us that we most commonly rely on. If it wasn't for Christianity, we wouldn't have the things we have today and we would not be the society we are today. Christianity will always have a significant place in our lives as it is responsible for the development of our country and our lives.

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The Catcher in the Rye

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The Catcher in the Rye

Jerome David (J.D.) Salinger was born on New Years Day 11, in New York City. Born into a wealthy family Salinger grew up in a fashionable neighborhood in Manhattan. He attended a number of colleges, but did not graduate from any. However, he always excelled in his creative writing classes. Salinger joined the army and fought in Europe. While fighting he kept on writing, and upon his return to the United States he published many of his writings, and his only full-length novel, The Catcher in the Rye. Other novels by J.D. Salinger include Franny and Zooey, Raise High the Roofbeams, Carpenters and Seymour, An Introduction, Nine Stories, I'm Crazy, and many more.

The setting of the novel starts out at the private boys school Pencey Prep, which to Holden is a very discomforting place to live. To Holden, this school represents "phoniness", and brings up nothing but "phony", cruel people. He feels as if the school is misleading, and over-exaggerates the school into sounding like something it is not. Once the setting moves on, Holden travels to a more livelier, less hostile place, New York City, between the 140's and 150's. In the novel, Holden does not give a very detailed or good description of any place he has been in, but he does however thoroughly describe the places he loves, and feels the beauty. He often described the showcases at the museum of Natural History, or the carousal in Central Park. Everything that Holden described happened to him and affected him happened over a two-day period, years before this story is told.

Holden Caulfield is narrator of the novel The Catcher in the Rye. He tells the story from a mental institute in Southern California. Holden is trying to tell the reader about the events that took place over a -day period the previous December. He begins his story by recalling failing out of his elite prep school, Pencey Prep, and often adds in the other many schools he has failed out of. After he was told of failing out of Pencey Prep, Holden decided to set off for New York, and take a "vacation" before going back home. During his "vacation", Holden explains symptoms of impulsive spending, depression, social inactivity, and sexuality problems, prior to his eventual nervous collapse.

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Holden is very sensitive, and often feels the impulse to help and protect others. Not so much the strong and the bold, but the innocent and the weak, especially children. He is drawn to people who represent innocence, and are unique. Holden has trouble growing up, and he wish's he could stay a child forever, with no worries, since growing up removes him and others from innocence. He is also quite intelligent, but fails out of schools because of his lack of motivation. Holden feels as if school is just another part of the "phony" world around him in which he wants no part of. Holden is also very confused when it comes to sexuality, and religion that adds to his nervous breakdown.

Phoebe is Holden's ten-year-old sister, and best friend. Holden feels that Phoebe is the most trustworthy link in his family, and that he can tell her just about anything. Phoebe is very pretty, smart, and mature for her age. However, he often forgets that she is only ten-years-old, asking her to sneak out or do something that would be inappropriate for her age. She often gives Holden much advice and is helpful to him. She has red hair, and is "roller skate skinny". Her favorite movie is The Steps, and has memorized it word by word. Elephants also fascinate Phoebe. Although she can see right through Holden, she does not understand his darker thoughts. When she finds out Holden's true passion in life, all she can say is "Daddy's going to kill you". However, Phoebe helps Holden realize that kids and people need to grow up. To do that, they need to take chances, and to "grab the gold ring". She also helped Holden realize that in order to grow up they need freedom, not someone guiding them along step by step, but to let go, even though they may fall.

Allie was Holden's close friend growing up. He and Allie had some kind of connection, almost telepathically, sensing each other wherever they were. Although Allie has been dead for three years now, Holden often thought of him, and spoke to him when he felt overwhelmed. Allie died of leukemia on July 18, 146 at the age of eleven. Holden often spoke of Allie as the "most intelligent" and "nicest" person in the family. Although Allie was a ghost and mystic presence throughout the novel he represented hope, death, and innocence. He gave hope to Holden by leaving him his old baseball glove, in which he wrote poems all over it. This was very inspirational to Holden. Allie represented death, by dying in 146 leaving Holden with great pain, hurt, and sorrow. He also he represented innocence in his short, yet good life.

Jane Gallagher was the girl Holden had always remembered and had feelings for. He often thought about her, especially after his roommate (Stradlater) took her on a date. He remembered her as the sweet girl he used to play checkers with, hold hands with, and comfort when she was distressed. Holden Also admires Phoebe, his sister and most trusted friend. He often confides in Phoebe, and shares his dreams with her. Holden often spoke about Jane and Phoebe and loved them for their innocence. As the novel The Catcher in the Rye's title indicates, the dominating theme of this book is the protection of innocence, especially young children. "What I have to do, I have to catch everybody if they start to go over the cliffI mean if theyre running and they dont look where theyre going I have to come out from somewhere and catch them. Thats all Id do all day. Id just be the catcher in the rye and all." Holden saw innocence as the moral asset to life.

"Phony", which is probably the most used phrase and word from the novel The Great Expectations plays a large part in the plot itself. "Phony" in Holden's terms is an explanation for everything that is wrong in the world around him, and just another excuse to withdraw himself from it. Holden is so judgmental, that he spends most of his time looking for "phoniness" in others, and does not see the "phoniness" within himself. He admits that he is a compulsive liar and is often sneaking around pretending to be older than he really is. Holden wants us to believe that almost the whole world is phony and most people are trying to be something their not, except for him.

Death is a constant theme throughout the novel The Catcher in the Rye. Holden often mourns over the death of his late brother Allie. When Holden feels alone, or hurt, he often speaks to Allie. Holden frequently wishes that Allie could be alive again, living life with him, and is haunted by the thought of Allie in the graveyard surrounded by dead people and tombstones. Holden also wishes that life could just freeze, and everything could just stay as beautiful as it is. He also associates death with growing up, which causes him to reject life, growing up, and he tries to fight the biological clock. Holden loved the museum of Natural History. He thought, "The best thing, though, in that museum was that everything always stayed right where it was. Nobodyd move …. Nobodyd be different." He loved this museum because nothing changed, almost like the clocked stopped, helping to enable him from change, and death.

Our world today doesn't often touch on such a sensitive subject such as loners, and loneliness. People nowadays are often disclosed from groups, and cliques because of their ethnicity, background, or looks. In the novel The Catcher in the Rye Holden describes his loneliness as if others do not except just because of his views on the world, or he is lonely because he wants to protect himself from being hurt. Being a loner, or loser often relates to other problems and disorders, such as nervous breakdowns, depression, and suicide. Also if the person decides to take their loneliness into someone else's hands it can turn to homicide. This is such a sensitive subject cause many people do not want to believe that they make others or make themselves feel this way.

The novel The Catcher in the Rye, however, I don't think I fully understood it. The story jumped around a lot, from one subject to the other, and if it weren't so pessimistic, it would have been much better. Although the upside to the book is it is different from many books I read. I enjoyed how it only focused on one character, and traced him as the story progressed, and I could see how he had changed. But over all I quite enjoyed this novel, and I wouldn't have chosen a different one.

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Gaius Julius Caesar

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Gaius Julius Caesar was a powerful military leader who changed the course of the Greco-Roman civilization decisively and irreversibly. Julius belonged to Rome's original Aristocracy, the patricians, or landholding upper class, and his lineage can be traced back to the goddess Venus. While growing up Caesar dreamed of being like Alexander the Great who had already conquered what at Caesar's time was known as the world. Also, Caesar admired and studied the two most successful Roman's of his day, Pompey and Crassus. With this envy and his military genius Caesar was determined to leave his mark in the world. Caesar won power with his incredible military tactics and had great influence over his troops and many people. However, the power and stature Caesar yearned for eventually led to his assignation in the end. Julius Caesar is best remembered for his military leadership, reforms, and infamous death.

First, Caesar was famous for his amazing military leadership. "Caesar was evidently fascinated and obsessed by military and imperial problems" (Caesar ). Once in power "Caesar set out to conquer Gaul, starting with the Helevetii, a tribe in what is now Switzerland" (Green 7). He called a meeting with the Helevetii chief and demanded his tribe leave Gaul; however, they refused. The Romans were skillful fighters and easily defeated the Helevetti (). Next, Caesar and his troops moved on to conquer the Germans. "The Roman troops were frightened by stories about how fiercely the Germans fought, but Caesar raised their moral with a brilliant speech" (). The Romans attacked strategically and the German leader, Ariovistus, barely escaped alive. By now, Caesar had taken most of Gaul under control; however, Vercingetorix, a chief of a Gallic tribe, believed he could defeat the Roman army. For the first time Caesar faced a brave and skillful general. But the Romans were relentless, and after a month of fighting, Vercingetorix surrendered. Finally, Gaul was completely under Roman control.

Before Caesar set off for the Gallic wars, he had formed the first triumvirate, or league of three, including Pompey, Crassus, and himself (5). However, while in Gaul the triumvirate became weak, and then totally fell apart when Crassus was killed in a battle (41). Pompey feared all of the power Caesar had gained in Gaul, and that he would try to overthrow him. So, Caesar was ordered by the Senate to lay down his command, and cross the river Rubicon, the border of Gaul and Italy, alone (Caesar ). But, Caesar believed if he went into Italy alone he would be thrown into jail, so he and his troops crossed the river, and Caesar declared, "Let the dice be cast," marking the beginning of the civil war. As he crossed into Italy Rome panicked remembering how he had slaughtered the Gallic tribes. Pompey fled to the East where he was quickly trying to get together an army to defend himself against Caesar. Meanwhile, Pompey also had an army in Spain and Caesar, with his quick wits, realized this and declared, "I am going to Spain to fight an army without a general, and then to the east to fight a general without an army." So Caesar defeated the army in Spain and traveled back to the East to conquer Pompey himself. When Caesar arrived, it turned out Pompey had gathered quite an army in size, however, for some reason in the middle of fighting Pompey fled into Egypt. This left the whole army he left behind in chaos, so Caesar took this to his advantage, and conquered what was left of the army and Caesar said, "Today the enemy would have won if they had a commander who was a winner." After, Caesar perused Pompey into Egypt and when he arrived he was presented with his head. "Pompey had once been the greatest man in Rome, and now his head rotted in the relentless Egyptian sun" (Green 4). Caesar is said to have wept at the site, because even though they were now enemies, they had once been good friends. Caesar stayed in Egypt for a short time with Cleopatra and then went back to Rome as dictator. Of all the battles Caesar had fought he had not been defeated once which proved Caesar to be a brave and skillful general, something he aspired of since he was young.

Second, Caesar was remembered for his reforms, which "were wide ranging, covering areas dealing with the provinces, administration, the economy, and public works" (Reforms 1). One reform was to establish twenty Roman colonies, with the intention of expanding and repopulating older colonies (1). This was important because it "Romanised" the provinces by spreading Roman influence to other areas, and decreased the nationalism felt by Roman enemies (1). It proved a way to decrease the population in overpopulated cities, and provided more job opportunities for Romans (1). Also, the land in Africa and Asia was cheap, so it was an easy way to have land available for the retiring veterans.

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Another significant reform was the revision of the calendar. The calendar the Romans had been using was out of synchronization with the actual seasons (1). Because the Pope could add days at his will to make up for the difference, it was hard to schedule festivals and public meetings. So Caesar improved the calendar by adding several months, one of which was July, named after him (Green 56). The new calendar had 65 days in a year, and to keep it on track he added a leap year. When he was finished he called it the Julian Calendar. We still use the Julian Calendar today except for some minor changes made by Pope Gregory. Caesar's reforms were very significant and had a great influence on many people and cultures afterwards.

Last, Caesar was remembered for his unfortunate death, on March 15, 44 BC, the Ides of March. Caesar, just several months before, had been named dictator for life, and to many people this meant the republic was dead (Green 54). A conspiracy had formed against Caesar, planning to kill him for the good of the republic. Days before the senate meeting, where Caesar was planned to be murdered, a fortuneteller is said to have warned him to "beware the Ides of March," but Caesar paid no attention to the warning. Also, the night before the meeting, his wife had terrible dreams Caesar was in danger, and begged him to stay home (7). However, Decius, Caesar's good friend, came to his house and convinced Caesar to go to the senate meeting. On their way to the forum, a man pressed a note into Caesar's hand, but he ignored it. After, Caesar, unknowingly walking into a trap, entered the forum and the conspirators speaking calmly began circling him. Suddenly they stuck. "One after another, they plunged their daggers into his body" (). Caesar was stabbed twenty-three times and left to die at the foot of a statue of his old enemy Pompey (Ong ). The note the man had given him warned of the attack, but it was to late now. "His assassins some of whom were his friends, killed him to try and save the old government," author Robert Green noted, however it would never be the same.

After Caesar's death a second triumvirate was created, formed by Mark Antony, Octavius, and Lepidus (Caesar ). The new group didn't last long though, and in no time a civil war had begun between Octavius and Mark Antony. Antony retreated into Egypt to gather an army with Cleopatra, but they were both beaten in a sea battle against Octavius, and unable to escape him, were compelled to commit suicide (). With Antony out of the way Octavius returned to rule Rome himself. He was more careful in dealing with Roman tradition and gathered power gradually until he was "emperor in all but name" (4).

Julius Caesar was a strong leader who is remembered for his military leadership, wide-ranging reforms, and infamous death. On the battlefield he proved himself to be a genius of military tactics, and extremely dedicated to his troops. In the office he was ambitious to lead Rome and increase its efficiency. However, his influence was not positive to everyone, and his power eventually lead to his assassination. Caesar was a brilliant ruler whose legacy will be remembered forever.

Works Cited

Green, Robert. Julius Caesar. New York Franklin Watts, 16.

Moltenlava. 6 November 000. "Gaius Julius Caesar." 8 September 1. http//moltenlava.com/uo/caesar.htm.

Ong, Greg. "The Causes for Assassination." 6 November 000. http//www.geocities.com/Athens/Academy/040/caesar.html. (November 6, 000).

---. "Caesar's Reforms." 6 November 000. http//www.geocities.com/Athens/Academy/040/reform.html. (November 6, 000).

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Life Through Death: the Strange Bedfellow of Hagar Shipley

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The loss of lucidity by Margaret Laurence's central character in The Stone Angel, Hagar Shipley, is, although important, only a small part of a much larger and influential allegorical message. The story that follows Hagar's meandering diatribe is superficial to her rebirth through her progressive death. The gradual progression of the novel is paralleled by Hagar's continual battle with both a failing body and mind. In a somewhat paradoxical state, Laurence makes life and death bedfellows in the same act Hagar must die before she can truly live.

This downward spiral towards salvation is accentuated by Laurence's effective use of narrative and descriptive passages to document Hagar's descent and provide the reader with an enveloping story. Although this technique forms an important part in developing the story, it is the liberal use of symbolism throughout the novel that provides the integral mechanics for the development of Hagar's character. The central role of symbolism is highlighted by Laurence's introduction of the stone angel so early in the novel. The proximity between the symbolic beginning and the introduction of Hagar as the central character forces the reader's attention to the similarities between Hagar and the sculpture. The doubly blind and unyielding statue is strikingly representative of Hagar's emotionally cold and enduring spirit. If this comparison is accurate, it is reasonable to conclude that the angel's association with life after death can then be applied to Hagar. Thus, it is no surprise that Hagar's eventual discovery of life is central to The Stone Angel.

This eventual rebirth, however, is tempered by the need for death to precede life. The first indication that death is integral to life is presented very early in the novel; Hagar's observations of and comments about the cemetery immediately centre the reader's attention on death. This theme reoccurs throughout the novel as Hagar must constantly confront both her own mortality and the deaths of other character. Some of the most defining moments stem from the deaths witnessed / experienced by Hagar. Each loss tears away at the structure that she has carefully built up to protect herself. As each relationship disintegrates into a shadow of its former self, Hagar is pushed closer to death. One needs only look towards the effects of John's or Bram's death to see that Hagar immediately seeks to steel herself but only succeeds in reinforcing the walls that prevent her emotional emancipation. It is, however, only when she lacks the strength to maintain her characteristic persona that the possibilities of a new emotional life begin to emerge.

The idea of emergent life as a function of death is also introduced very early in the novel. Once again Laurence uses symbolism to raise an issue not only in Hagar's character but also the reader's interpretation of the novel's major themes. Hagar's fascination with the cemetery flowers is unusual insofar as the flowers play a minor role in both character and plot development. Although the role of the flowers appears rather superficial, they are actually representative of Hagar's natural, subconscious emotions and thoughts; just as the flowers are kept in check by sentient people, Hagar's conscious decisions are quick to isolate her natural feelings from the outside world. Moreover, Hagar's comments regarding the fleeting exposure to and appreciation of the flowers parallels her interactions with her feelings. For example, following Bram's death Hagar feels the need to bury his body in the Currie family plot; although Hagar is unable to describe her motivation for this action, it is not unreasonable to conclude that her subconscious feelings for Bram are at work. These introductions to death, however, are not the only part of The Stone Angel's life-through-death allegory. Hagar's final acceptance of her self forms the last and most important part of the novel.

Cheap University Papers on Life Through Death: the Strange Bedfellow of Hagar Shipley

Traditionally a novel peaks at the denouement following the rising action and climax; in a somewhat counter-intuitive methodology, Laurence has defined the rising action of The Stone Angel through the deterioration and near destruction of Hagar Shipley. This buildup of weakness is essential to the climax Hagar's mental and physical breakdown allows an increasing number of feelings and thoughts to push through her stone-like resolve. These 'flaws' eventually result in her admission to hospital; Laurence uses the opportunity to reinforce, through symbolism, the premise that Hagar is dying to undergo a rebirth. Hagar's neighbours in each of the common and semi private rooms are representative of her transcendence from a world of old to young. Moreover, granted the public ward refers to Hagar's old values, her unwillingness to leave parallels her resistance to and eventual acceptance of the thoughts that will lead to her epiphany. The acceptance of change introduces another event that is symbolic of Hagar's plight the young girl, representative of Hagar's eventual rebirth, suffers from an inflamed appendix. The appendix, much like Hagar's close-heart existence, must be removed if the girl is to live. Although there are numerous symbolic references to life-through-death throughout the novel, it is only very near the end that Hagar's conflict is resolved.

The denouement occurs through a most unexpected person Mr. Troy. Through his song Hagar has her epiphany

I would have wished it. This knowing comes upon me so forcefully, so shatteringly, and with such a bitterness as I have never felt before. I must always, always, have wanted that simply to rejoice. . . . When did I ever speak the heart's truth? (Laurence, 61)

The strength and conviction of this statement clearly show that Hagar has managed to confront her jailer and see that chains that ". . . shackled all [she] touched" (Laurence, 61). The effects of her realization are apparent in the remaining portion of the novel. Hagar, nearly free from the bounds that guided her old life, begins to expand her boundaries in the few remaining pages of the novel not only does she share a rather uncharacteristic laugh with Sandra but also admits her fear to Marvin. Perhaps the starkest contrast to the mannerisms that characterize Hagar throughout the novel can be found on page 71, "And I see I am thus strangely cast, and perhaps have been so from the beginning, and can only release myself by releasing him" (Laurence). Here Hagar realizes the limitations of control and the importance of freedom. Although each of these events testifies to a new life, Hagar's rebirth is not complete until just before her death.

In the final scene of The Stone Angel Hagar recollects the birth of her second son. This use of imagery succeeds in drawing a complete circle between life and death within Hagar's life just as her son gasped at the unfamiliarity of air, Hagar is now dealing with her newfound thoughts. This full-circle approach is reinforced by Hagar's desire for water as she dies. Laurence's choice of water has significant value as a symbol for final rebirth. Water is commonly regarded as the fundamental element for life; without it, life as we know it is not possible. On a similar note, Carl Jung's psychoanalytical investigations led him to believe that water was symbolic for rebirth because only water is capable of providing the security and warmth of the mother's womb. Most importantly, however, through death Hagar became free from the shackles of her previous life.

The stone angel, despite its fortitude and regal stature, was limited to watching over the dead; Hagar Shipley, despite her pride and unyielding nature, lived in an emotionally devoid world and only found freedom through death. Superficially, it seems The Stone Angel is nothing more than a fictional biography. Beyond the story, however, lies a thought provoking investigation into one woman's conflict with herself, and it is only though her deterioration and eventual death that she finds freedom from this conflict. The Stone Angel is not about Hagar Shipley's life and death; it is about her emotional and mental rebirth.

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Proteins with an outlook onProtein Synthesis

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The word protein comes from the Greek word "proteies" or "primary". Proteins contain many different belongings and function in a variety of ways. The most essential point of protein structure, is the primary structure, this is the linear sequence of nothing but amino acids. Different sequences of the acids along a chain, however, affect the structure of a protein molecule in different ways. Protein's inferior structure often contains a long stretched out chain/s of amino acids strands that line up jointly to make sheets. These are beta strands. A protein may hold either or both alpha helices and beta pleated sheets. Alpha and beta pleated sheets are joined by less clear structures often grouped together under the name of coil.

The development of Protein Synthesis occupies a lot of major divisions of the cell. If an error occurs during the process it could cause the experience difficulty. For example, within the manufacturing of starches, glucose molecules are combined to be stored and eventually utilized as usable chemical energy. In Protein Synthesis, there are twenty different amino acids and if one is out of place than is will result the specificity of the protein. In a hale and hearty person, the protein hemoglobin can be found in red blood cells. Hemoglobin helps with the transfer of respiratory gases from the blood to the tissues of the body.

For example in a person with an illness called sickle-cell anemia, the red blood cells are changed from a round, disk shape to a floppy looking sickle shape. These cells therefore cannot pass through small blood vessels due to their divergent shape. The actual cause of this mutation is a gene disorder, where the sixth cordon of the protein glutamaric acid is distorted with valine. This small change in the genetic code is the reason for severe defects. Some of these in the effects can cause such things as blood clots, severe disorders and even death. The basics of DNA, genes, and protein synthesis first begins in a gene.Each DNA strand is composed of phosphate, the five-carbon sugar deoxyribose and nitrogenous bases or nucleotides. To form a polynucleotide DNA, many nucleotides are linked together with phosphodiester linkages. In a complete molecule of DNA two of these polynucleotide strands are linked together by nitrogenous bases at 0 degrees to the sugar-phosphate spine.

The Synthesis of RNA Genetic information would be rendered useless if the stored information did not have a way of reaching the desired focal area. Since protein synthesis occurs in the cytoplasm and the DNA it must remain in the nucleus also, a way of transporting the code is essential. This comes in the form of messenger ribonucleic acid . There are three major differences between RNA and DNA. RNA is only a single strand. The five carbon sugar of RNA is ribose opposed to deoxyribose. Where as DNA is pyrimidine thymine . Since RNA is produced from DNA, the nucleotides of RNA can hold the same information as the nucleotides of DNA because the codes for amino acids are centered around the RNA structure.

The procedure in which RNA is synthesized is called transcription. This procedure is similar to that of DNA replication. The way that transcription occurs, the double helix DNA must be unwound as in DNA replication . Initiation of transcription is how the transcription begins. The enzyme responsible for RNA synthesis is called "Polymerase". The RNA polymerase knows where to make a start of transcription because it is coded into the DNA. Elongation of transcription stands for how the process happens. This occurs the same way as DNA replication, with the nucleotides beginning at the same time in the direction as the RNA strand uses the DNA strand as a template. Termination of transcription represents how the process stops. Transcription is also stopped by certain sequences coded into the DNA template. These sequences are called terminators. At the terminator sequence, RNA polymerase stops or pauses, causing the transcription to be completed and the RNA to be released.

Replication of DNA can replicate prior to mitotic separation. This process is called "semiconservative", each daughter duplex contains one parental and a complimentary simulated chain. The helicase helps this in process by breaking the weak hydrogen bonds between nitrogenous bases. While also at the same time unwinding, the strands that they can become tangled and knotted.

This problem is solved by an enzyme called "gyrase" which can make passing breaks into the strand lighten the tension and then rejoins the ends. DNA replication occurs in a incompletely unwound are where some of the duplex region is still present, known as the reproduction of a fork. For DNA synthesis, all four nucleotides must be present. The existing DNA strands dish up as templates that dictate the nucleotide sequence of the new strand. The Genetic Code DNA has the capacity to determine the sequences of specific proteins. Since there are only four types of nucleotides to "blueprint", DNA uses combinations of three nucleotides to form codons. Each gene has its own amount and series of codons, depending on the protein/s. This codon represent the amino acid metheonine and also signals where the polypeptide synthesis must start.

Translation is the process where the amino acid sequence is resultant from RNA. To understand translation, one must first understand transfer of RNA, and t-RNA. The function of t-RNA is to serve as a transporter for amino acids and an intermediate of m-RNA codons and their corresponding amino acids. Transfer to RNA have anticodons which make them correspond to the codons of m-RNA. These t-RNA, that is with the help of an enzyme called aminoacyl t-RNA synthetase, carry the proper amino acids to the proper position in the m-RNA chain. When an amino acid is bonded to a t-RNA molecule, ATP supplies the energy. When an amino acid is bonded to another amino acid by a peptide bond, the ATP supplies the energy. Ribosomes are a cellular organelle that causes the t-RNA, the m-RNA and the amino acid sequence to come together and form a polypeptide chain. Ribosomes are both composed of two unequal sub-units. Each sub-unit contains ribosomal RNA and ribosomal protein. Ribosomes are attached to the m-RNA.. There are three m-RNA codons that cause translation termination. There are not any t-RNAs that correspond to these codons. Instead, they are recognized by proteins as release factors.

These release factors can cause the release of the polypeptides form there chains from its t-RNA and the ribosome. Then the polypeptide chain folds back up into its original structure. With the release of the chain, the ribosome leaves the m-RNA. The ribosomal sub-units are then ready to repeat the process for another m-RNA. Mutations can occur either in body cells or reproductive germinal cells. Mutations can alter a single gene point or can effect and change the structure of many chromosomes. Point Mutations and Base Pair Mutations,the most common type of mutation involves a change in only a single base pair. This change only effects a single codon of the gene. There are three types of base pair mutations silent, missense, and chain termination. Silent mutations involves the repositioning of the third codon. Missense mutation is where one codon is altered to code for a different amino acid (sickle cell anemia). Chain termination mutations involve the codon being changes to a stop codon. This causes the protein synthesis to remain incomplete and lose most of the biological activity. This causes the ribosome to read the codon incorrectly causing and entirely different amino acid sequence.

So on the whole proteins are the basic element in all living organisms. They are complex molecules composed of lots of amino acids and is very necessary for the chemical processes that occur in all living organisms. Proteins are sometimes referred to as macromolecular polypeptides because they are very large molecules and because the amino acids of which they are composed of are joined by lots of peptide bonds. The vast preponderance of the proteins found in living organisms are composed of only 0 different types of amino acids, repeated many times and strung together in a particular faction. Each type of protein has its own unique sequence of amino acids.

Please note that this sample paper on Proteins with an outlook onProtein Synthesis is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Proteins with an outlook onProtein Synthesis, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on Proteins with an outlook onProtein Synthesis will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Modern Art Performance Art

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What is meant by the term 'Modern Art'

The term 'Modern Art' applies to the forward thinking architects, designers and artisans who from the 1880s onwards created new and diverse ideas, particularly to escape the oppression of stark representation. Artists became frustrated with the inability to convey emotion and real meaning. Modern artists saw that representationalism had all been done many times over. Perhaps the introduction of photography added to this mood, was there still a need for realism? Modernists broke with tradition and a progression of many new art movements was developed.

It began with Impressionism. Artists created works that depicted the effects that light has when it falls on objects. This gave a new found freedom to art. Soon after, the Expressionists became interested in the depiction of emotions and the types of responses those same emotions evoke. Artists worked with a freely expressive use of colour and form. A fine example of this is Gauguins 'Woman with Flower'. Next a fascination with primitive art became very influential. We can see this influence in Cubism; a good example is Picassos 'Les Demoiselles d'Avignon'. Picasso deliberately moved away from realism as he realised that is was inadequate when it came to expressing emotion. Artists believed art was for art's sake, a famous example of this was when Marcel DuChamp took a urinal and signed it R. Mutt. He believed that because he was an artist it was art. The freedom to express was evident. This period was known as Dada. In the 10s-140s the Bauhaus was introduced, applying some of the concepts of Cubism to architecture and art. During 14-10s dreamlike states made way for Surrealism as artists shared a fascination with the strange. Watches melted, apples replaced heads and fun was introduced to art. In the 160s artists expressed images of popular culture. Pop Art brought art to the material realities of everyday life, to popular culture, in which ordinary people derived most of their visual pleasure from television, magazines, or comics. During the 170s Minimalism was the way to go. Art was reduced to the simplest of elements and what you see is what you get.

Modern art may not need the hand eye co-ordination that realist art has, but it is still a result of a thoughtful and deliberate choice of the artist.

Cheap University Papers on Modern Art Performance Art

Bob Dylan

Bob Dylan, performance artist, folk singer or poet? Dylan's response when asked replied 'just a guitar player' (Pennebaker's. D.A, Video). Bob Dylan created music that purposely set out to challenge, provoke and create a response within society and his audience. Therefore I feel he can be classed, among other things, as a performance artist. Born Robert Zimmerman in the USA 141 Dylan has been 'on the road' since the death of his hero Woody Guthrie who's hobo folk music carrying news to poor folk across the USA proved inspirational to Dylan. Some say Dylan is the voice of the oppressed, the champion of the small man. His career started in the early nineteen sixties and he remains in the highest esteem of the cream of modern day musicians.

'Protest singer' was an early tag put on Dylan perhaps because of his arrival on the 'scene' coinciding with the underlying dis - ease in the USA with the intensity of the Vietnam war in which they were entrenched. During this period he spent three years supplying marching songs for the campus protests against the war, hypocrisy and discrimination. This created a reaction with the right wing press who Dylan referred to as 'the idiot wind'. However Dylan has never been an artist to rest on his success and he has written and performed songs constantly over the past forty years. These include comments and insights into politics, life's injustices, and rights of the poor man, social issues, love and its reflections and the liberation of the mind. This he has done successfully. Dylan's artistic style challenges people to think about where they are and what they and others are up to in life. Many of Dylan's song have the status of anthems such as Mr Tambourine Man, All along the Watch Tower, I Shall be Released, but arguably the man in the street will remember 'Blowin' in the Wind', a song to the human race asking when will they get there act together, featuring lines such as 'Yes,n how many ears must one man have Before he can hear people cry?' (Cape.J 187 Pg. 77)

As a performance Artist Dylan has been and continues to be a thought provoking inspiration throughout the world. However Dylan's reaction to such labelling is 'I am not a preacher or travelling salesman. I do what I do. There was a time I cared if anyone understood. Not anymore…(Shelton.R 186 Pg. ).

Vanessa Beecroft

Vanessa Beecroft was born in Genoa, Italy in 16 and now lives and works in Brooklyn, New York. She studied architecture, painting and stage design and now concentrates on performance art. Her work features the installation of groups of young women creating performances about the union of high fashion and art history. She has become known for pieces involving up to twenty similar women wearing underwear, high heels (or trainers), maybe tights or wigs, and not much else. Her work is done with the professionalism of a commercial art director. She uses make up artists and lighting designers to achieve this standard.

The performances consist of the groups of women positioned for up to two hours in the same position with the occasional movement. Critics have said the work is 'Fascist and incorrect' others have said 'it's art, its fashion. Its good, its bad. Its sexist, its not'. (Smith.R The New York Times, 18). One of her performances titled Show featured twenty tall gorgeous women, mostly professional models, standing in a museum. Fifteen wore elegant red bikinis and matching four-inch spike heels; the others just wore the shoes. The wardrobe was designed by Tom Ford of Gucci and the makeup by Pat Mc Grath. It included light body-makeup and powdered hair that contributed to the walking-mannequin effect. The women stared into space, aloof and indifferent. Occasionally the models would stretch, crouched or walked slowly around. Vanessa said ' I want women on heels because that's powerful, that's not natural nudity or pureness,' 'When men see these woman standing on heels as if she were dressed, and facing the audience, well, if that's what they like to see, then here it is, so what. I don't know if that will create more respect or go somewhere beyond that. Maybe after they see it twenty times they'll start not to think of it the same way, I'm not sure. It's an experiment'

Vanessa Beecroft calls them an army that empowers women and refers to her instructions to them as rules. She also claims an indifference to the presence of men in the audience. She said, 'the true beauty of women has never been reflected in art or fashion' (Smith.R The New York Times, 18). I feel this statement is very untrue. She is implying that she aims for greater accuracy by presenting the real thing in this highly artificialized structured form. Is she not just exposing women? Does she have to use models to express the female form, is it not just a pretentious show of glamour and high fashion. Or is she relating to girl-power and feminism? When studying her work these are questions that come to my mind. But, she is after all a performance artist and is it not her job to shock and question our confusion within her subject and the way she exhibits?

So what is all the fuss surrounding good-looking female models taking off their clothes and standing around in galleries and museums? Of course people are going to want to have a look! Could it be that contemporary art is in such danger of becoming insignificant that any bit of scandal, which creates public interest, is desperately

embraced?

References

Smith.E.L

177

Artoday

London

Phaidon

Shelton.R

186

The Life and Music of Bob Dylan

London

Penguin Books

Heylin.C

11

Dylan The Biography

London

Penguin Books

Cape. J

188

Bob Dylan Lyrics 16 185

London

Paladin

Goldberg.R

188

Performance Art

London

Thames and Hudson

Internet Sources

http//arthistory.about.com/cs/referencelibrary/

www.vanessabeecroft.com/

http//www.assemblylanguage.com/reviews/Beecroft.html)

http//www.designboom.com/portrait/beecroft.html

http//www.salvadordalimuseum.org/cgi-bin/SoftCart.exe/collection/surreal/ghost.html?L+dali+yrkd1+10404885

Video Sources

Pennebaker's. D.A, Video

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