The Economic Legacy of Franklin D. Roosevelt:His Plan to End the Great Depression

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The Economic Legacy of Franklin D. Roosevelt His Plan to End the Great Depression

The Great Depression had a devastating impact on the American economy and the American people. President Hoover's inactivity and belief in waiting things out left the United States in economic turmoil and in search of a new more dynamic leader. That leader was Franklin Delano Roosevelt who took over the presidency on January 0, 1. This was without a doubt one of the most difficult and critical times to assume that office. The depression had hit its peak, our economy was in total collapse, unemployment rose to 0%, inflation was high, and GDP was down by 50% (Dinkins, 001). But, inspired by optimism and hope, FDR brought a new plan into light. Contraire to Hoover's classic economic beliefs, Roosevelt focused on "pump priming" economics, based in the Keynesian economic philosophy. President Roosevelt felt it was crucial to invest in the people and to instate government programs in order to boost the economy. In accordance with this philosophy, he added that the economy had to be built from the bottom up and not the top down. Roosevelt would achieve economic growth and stability through submitting large quantities of legislation which came to be known as the New Deal.

When FDR took over the presidency in 1, there was much controversy about which type of economic intervention he should pursue in order to combat the Great Depression. President Herbert Hoover and many of the presidents that came before him followed the laws of classic economics. Hoover's ideas were largely based on Say's Law or supply creates its own demand (Miller, 001, pg 47). For this reason, Hoover was very slow to use any government intervention when the nation's economy fell into a depression. It was his belief that in time the economy would recover on its own; by simply generating goods and services, the willingness to consume those and other goods and services would be generated. Franklin D. Roosevelt was of a much different thinking of that of his predecessors. In 1, the United States was in urgent need of coordinating supply and demand. FDR had a new economic vision which ultimately generated governmental responsibility in the performance of the economy (Barber, 17). The president would achieve this goal by requiring the federal government to formally accept responsibility for promoting maximum employment, production, and purchasing power (Barber, 17). By passing legislation that allowed government intervention in the economy; And, in the true form of Keynesian economics, Roosevelt was able to increase aggregate spending without raising the price level (Miller, 001, pg 54).

In 1, while still campaigning for the presidency, FDR noted, "These unhappy times call for the building of plans that rest on the forgotten, the unorganized but the indispensable units of economic power . . . that build from the bottom up and not from the top down, that put their faith once more in the forgotten man at the bottom of the economic pyramid." At the time of this speech, America was still in the midst of the Great Depression and a time leading up to the New Deal, government had often been the handmaiden of business, and many presidents had shared the values of businessmen (Leuchtenburg, 188). Roosevelt, on the other hand, made it clear that he did not share those same values. FDR believed that big business was not what would save the country from the Great Depression. It was much more important for the United States to focus on the lower classes of society and start rebuilding the economy from the bottom. In his inaugural speech, given on March 4, 1, President Roosevelt said, "Our greatest primary task is to put people to work." In saying this, he was not referring to America's businessmen; rather he was talking about the farmers, the industrial workers, and the simple man. The president went on to add that definite efforts to raise the values of agriculture products would, in turn, increase the power to purchase the output of our cities. This would be the economy basis for the "New Deal" that he would use to stimulate and rebuild the American economy.

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During the first 100 days of his presidency, FDR pushed numerous pieces of "New Deal" legislation through Congress. These economic measures were taken in order to attack the problems of the Great Depression on three separate levels. First, emergency measures, such as social relief programs and make-work programs of all kinds were instated. This would give urgently needed jobs to millions of Americans and prevent them from literally starving (Cramer, 000). For the first time, the United States had established a concept of minimum wage, insurance for the unemployed, healthcare for all classes of society, abolished child labor, and allowed for work unions to be established. Secondly, the president and Congress passed legislation focused on reconstructing and developing the country's totally ruined infrastructure (Cramer, 000). Most noted is the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA), an agency created to build dams in the Tennessee River valley, creating jobs, more stable irrigation, and cheap hydroelectric power. Lastly, reform measures were taken to avoid another depression and insure citizens against returning economic disasters. With this, FDR set up permanent agencies such as the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), designed to monitor stock market activity and ensure against fraud, and the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC), intended to insure depositors money. More widely known is the Social Security Act, which allows for the elderly of our society to always be provided enough money to survive.

Franklin Delano Roosevelt entered the presidency at an extremely trying time for the American economy. It was up to him to turn this nation around and bring it out of the Great Depression. FDR did exactly that, and he did it at a dizzying pace with economic policies that paid no respect to standard rules or previous economic wisdom (Barber, 17). It was Franklin D. Roosevelt's "New Deal" along with Keynes' "pump priming" economics led this country out of the Great Depression and into a new era for the economy and society. Today, we have come to the realization that true individual freedom cannot exist without economic security and independence. President Roosevelt gave this country that economic security and independence with the New Deal. In doing so, he armed the American people with a right to a job, a right to minimum wage, a right for every family to live in a descent home, a right to adequate medical care, a right to a good education, and most importantly a right to protection against the economic fears of old age and unemployment (Leuchtenburg, 188). President Franklin Delano Roosevelt's economic legacy lives on. He delivered this nation from the Great Depression and gave the American people a "New Deal", a deal which allows us to live under the economic "freedoms" we still enjoy today.

References

Barber, William J. (17). "FDR's Big Government Legacy." Regional Review. Summer 17-Vol.7, No. . Retrieved on September , 00 from the World Wide Web http//www.bos.frb.org/economics/nerr/rr17/summer/barb7_.htm

Cramer, Hartmut (000). "FDR's 'New Deal' An Example of American System Economics." Executive Intelligence Review. June 16, 000 issue. Retrieved on September , 00 from the World Wide Web http//www.larouchepub.com/other/000/cramer_fdr74.html

Dinkins, David (001). FDR and the New Deal. Retrieved on September , 00 from the World Wide Web http//va.essortment.com/fdrnewdealfra_rgst.htm

Leuchtenburg, William E. (188). The FDR Years On Roosevelt and His Legacy. Retrieved on September , 00 from the World Wide Web http//www.washingtonpost.com/wp-sry/style/longterm/books/chap1/fdryears.htm

Miller, Roger LeRoy (001). Economics Today 001-00 Edition. Arlington, Texas Institute of University Studies.

Roosevelt, Franklin Delano (1). "The Forgotten Man." Radio Address, Albany, NY April 7, 1. Retrieved from the World Wide Web http//newdeal.feri.org/speeches/1c.html

Roosevelt, Franklin Delano (1). Inaugural Speech, Washington D.C. March 4, 1. Retrieved on September , 00 from the World Wide Web http//usliberals.about.com/library/blfdrinaug.htm

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Reality TV: It's Impact on America

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Lately there has been a great increase in the number of reality TV shows on network television. This makes me wonder, is it really necessary for every show to be a reality TV show? I thought TV was supposed to be an unreal world, a world that takes you away from the real world. Now, the real world is being brought to TV for entertainment and mockery. What ever happened to the unreal fantasy worlds that were shown on TV and made us laugh? Now we laugh at people getting hurt, people backstabbing one another, people cheating on their lovers and a lot of other mischievous things. In some aspects it is okay to have a reality TV show when addressing a certain issue, such as the real life of an African American family. A reality TV show that is meant to help the viewer and increase their knowledge about a certain issue is okay because it is not dumbfounding their mind and it has a purpose. The reality TV shows that are on TV now have no purpose and are very absurd. Networks that decide to show outrageous shows and put people's lives on the line for money are just greedy and want to make quick money. What networks do now to get viewers attention is just mischievous, ridiculous and pointless. Through reality TV we can see how America has lost its dignity and its basics of life.

Reality TV has been around since 148 with the debut of "Candid Camera," a reality TV show which catches people's reactions to bizarre and crazy situations set up by actors (Rowen). Since then, reality TV shows have been on the rise. The debut of "An American Family" in 17 was the inspiration for the reality TV show "The Real World" (Rowen). These two shows were similar in the fact that they documented people's everyday lives. I think these shows are okay because they are not stupendous. Shows like they "Real World" and "An American Family," allow the viewers to get an inside view of peoples daily lives and it is very interesting to watch and see how people live.

Today, not all shows are like the "Real World" and "An American Family". The shows today are about money and fame. It is unbelievable to see what extreme certain people would go through to just win some money and become famous. Many of these fame and money shows have been popping up lately and it is getting to the point, I think, to where there are too many of them. Names of some of these shows like this are, "Fear Factor," in which, is a show where individuals do anything, like eating bugs for instance to win some money and "The Mole," which is a show about individuals who try to figure out who is the "Mole" among themselves. These are just a few of the dumb and pointless shows I think are on TV. Of course it is all for entertainment, but they could put something else on TV that is better to watch. Everywhere I look there is a reality TV show on. I am so annoyed by this and now most of the time I do not even watch ABC or CBS or any of the major networks anymore because all they have on are reality TV shows. At first it was okay when "Survivor" came out and then "Big Brother," but after that it was just too much.

It made me wonder why the television networks were thriving so much on reality TV. Do they not have the means to sit down and write scripts for sitcoms anymore? Are they just willing to put people's lives on the line with some of these crazy shows for higher ratings? I really wonder. Sometimes I think the government has something to do with all of the reality TV shows we see on TV and I also think they are trying to blind us in a certain perspective, and they do not want us to see the truth. For example, something important may happen, but the government uses reality TV to steer us away because they know that we will become wrapped up in it like we already are now. It is very obvious that when we see certain things on TV it is sensationalized. There is only one side of the story that we are aloud to see or hear. Think about it, in our news coverage the media does not show us everything. They show us things that they know will boost their ratings.

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I am trying to relate to the fact that, for example during /11 if anybody paid attention there was a stream of reality TV shows that popped up out of nowhere. For example, "Survivor" and its buddy next door, "Big Brother" came out in 000. I know these shows did open up a way for new reality TV shows, but the new shows did not come as quick as they came after /11. Again, I think the government has something to do with it. I know it may seem very inconspicuous, but notice the time a lot of these new shows came out. First was the TV show "Love Cruise," on CBS which premiered on September 5, 001, then "The Mole II" on ABC which premiered on September 8, 001, next was "Ripley's Believe It Or Not!" which replaced another reality TV show called "Lost in the USA" on September 0, 001, then on October 18, 001 "Popstars ," on the WB premiered and then last but not least on November 7, 001, "Temptation Island " premiered. All of these shows premiered after /11 and during last couple months of the year (Reality Shows).

Another aspect of reality TV I know for sure that is affecting Americans is "The War," it is being played out on reality TV 4 hours a day. This was a first for Americans to see a live instantaneous war being played across our TV screens as it was happening. To me it was almost like watching a movie, but I had to keep telling myself that it was really going on at the time and I was watching it. I thought that being able to watch the war on live reality TV was good and bad. For one, we were able to see what really goes on during a war and we can feel sympathy for the soldiers more as were watching them. For two, the war was not good in a way because we were allowed to see images of war such as dead bodies that we would not usually be able to see. We even saw our own American troops being abused on Iraqi television. This is another disadvantage of having a real-time war. E.C Fish, author of the article "War, Reality, and Reality TV," states that reality TV has set a new standard for America in that Americans are so wrapped up into reality television that such a great number of people would rather tune into a reality TV finale than be concerned with Americas political issues. This obviously states that there is a problem with America; we are concerned about the wrong things. It is okay to have entertainment, but there should be a balance. It seems like reality TV is what matters to America.

I do not see why people get so into these reality TV shows so much because they do not know how real these shows are. John Dvorak author in P.C. Magazine states that some reality TV shows have supposedly been staged. "Joe Millionaire" is one of the suspicions. Dvorak found that two of the semi-finalist girls in the show were both actors and they actually had been called by their agents for the job. Also, stated by Gary Levin of USA Today, that most reality TV series that people see on TV are edited, and a character can be made to have supposedly acted a different way than how he or she was shown on the TV show. I believe this is because it goes back to what the networks want and they will do anything to increase their ratings.

The "Christian Science Monitor" magazine describes its view of reality TV

Looking back at Survivor, the genesis of this genre, TVs rapid descent into darkness is clear. That many reality shows now are mired in litigation is itself a telling development. Some have been sued for defamation of character, invasion of privacy, emotional and physical abuse, or even rigging of results. What helps drive these shows is that they can cost about half of a typical hour-long TV drama or sitcom (although theyre less likely to be syndicated). Lost, though, in the focus on the business bottom line, is an emphasis on the art and craft of television. Witty writers who helped propel sitcoms and dramas aren't part of this new reality mix. Still, what reality programs do offer, despite their often abhorrent form, is a fairly high degree of authenticity. Studies have shown that Americans long for that quality in public life, in politics, and business, and now, apparently, in television entertainment.

I agree very much with the "Christian Science Monitor," reality TV has a bad side to it and somewhat of a good side to it. It all depends on what reality TV is being use for. It can and has been used for the good, the bad, and the ugly. From my perspective reality TV now is just stupid, all these dumb shows make me mad every time I hear about them. America, I think needs to let reality TV go and return to the basics of life. Or at least have a balance, but there is not balance right now. Everything "is" a reality television show.

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Great Awakening

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The Great Awakening

The Great Awakening was characterized by a series of Christian revivals that took place

in British Colonial America in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. What is revivalism? The

Merriam Webster dictionary defines revivalism as a new presentation or publication of

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something old ,a period of renewed religious interest , or an often highly emotional evangelistic

meeting . Revivalism was indeed a new technique used to reintroduce people to God. The Great

Awakening had many causes which were mainly centered around the church and religion. It

spread revivalism into the colonies and left overall results which changed Colonial America

forever.

Before, Puritanism was the major denomination of the New England colonies. The

Puritan theology consisted of three covenants with God. In these covenants of Works, Grace, and

Redemption , the New Englanders believed that they were on earth as a mission from God, that

God is committed to carrying out the Covenant of Grace which he promised to Abraham, and t

that God must set free people who commit iniquity. Perry Miller, a New Englander, said, "God

covenanted with Christ that if he would pay the full price for the redemption of believers, they

should be discharged. Christ hath paid the price, God must be unjust, or else he must set thee

free from all iniquitie. The New England Way was characterized by a self-governing church

(congregation) that worked hand in hand with the government. Also , the male members voted

who would run the town's affairs. In order for a person to get to be a member of the church, they

would have to state their conversion experience to their congregation. Many of the first

generation Puritans were members of the church, however, the second generation lacked

"sainted" members.

The major cause of the Great Awakening was the decline in church membership. This was

due to the forming of plantations and farms that took people to far lands in which their major

focus was of survival.Their focus on religion faded and they became more focused on the

material aspects of life. Thus, the balance between the spiritual life and material life was

shattered. Many of the people that did live in New England were still not church members. This

was probably because religion was too orthodox and "unemotional." Also, another cause that led

to the Great Awakening was that people were becoming more and more morally insufficient. For

example, they were having premarital and extramarital sexual relations which resulted in

children out of wedlock. The Enlightenment also had impact on the Great Awakening. The

educated people were turning towards skepticism and deism. Skeptics doubted basic religious

principles and the Deists believed that God did not miraculously involve himself with the natural

works of the universe. This means that that he created the universe and it was left up to man as

to how things were to be carried out. Many Enlightenment ideas also circled around the idea that

humans, through reason , could discover the thoughts of God and control their own destinies.

New techniques such as revivals were needed to draw people into the church . The revivals led

America into its first religious 'mass movement' , the Great Awakening.

Revivals had been started in the seventeenth century in certain areas, but they didn't

have any major effects until the mid- eighteenth century. For example, the only major revival

that took place before the eighteenth century was that of Solomon Stoddard. Stoddard's

Northampton, Massachusetts, sermon died out because of the Enlightenment and its emphasis on

man. The older generation later became concerned for the second and third generations. These

new generations were forgetting the Puritan theocracy. One of the principle preachers that

recognized the need for revival was Jonathan Edwards.

Jonathan Edwards started a series of sermons to make the second generation of New

Englanders search their hearts for sin and repent. One of his most famous sermons is "

Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God." In this sermon , he emphasized that at any moment we

could die and wed be submerged into fires of everlasting hell. His sermons also pointed on

justification by faith, the justice of God in the fate of sinners, and the greatness of Christ.

Edward's descriptions , in his sermons, of the delights of heaven and the tortures of hell led to

many people's conversions. The most influential evangelist was George Whitefield. He first

came to Philadelphia and then moved northward to New England. His sermons drew great

crowds and persuaded many to convert. One of the great people who was persuaded by

Whitefield's sermons, was Benjamin Franklin. Whitefield emphasized the need to experience a

" new birth." This is the idea that is the key component of evangelicalism. He also believed in

the down play of denominations. Whitefield had once said in a sermon , Father Abraham, whom

have you in heaven? Any Episcopalians? No! Any Presbyterians? No! Any Independents or

Methodists? No, No No! Whom have you there? We dont know those names here. All who are

here are Christians...Oh, is this the case? The God help us to forget your party names and to

become Christians in deed and truth.

The evangelists' revivals led to the end of Puritanism in the colonies. The revivals in the

Middle Colonies were led by Theodore J. Frelinghuysen and William Tennet . First, when

Frelinghuysen came to America in 170, he realized the people were cold and "unemotional"

towards religion. His passionate sermons led to the conversions of many people. Later, William

Tennet set up Log's College which educated young men for the ministry. The graduates of Log

College spread and preached militant revivalism .

The South was the last effected by the revivals of the Great Awakening . This was because

there was religion active there and the authorities enforced the established church and kept the

evangelists away. In 174, Mr. Samuel Morris got a hold of a volume of Whitefields sermons

and of Luthers books. This man invited people to come over to his house so he could read the

works to them. Later, this group of listeners became so big they had to build buildings like

Morriss Reading House. The major revivalist in the South was Samuel Davies. Davies also

followed Whitefield's ideas of the " down play" of denominations. When Davies came to

Virginia, churches grew and Presbyterianism came to a rise.

The Great Awakening had many results. The major result of the Great Awakening was

that church membership increased and more denominations such as the Methodists, Baptists, and

Presbyterians were formed. The evangelical principle was permanently implanted in the

American culture as a result of the Awakening. Four fifths of the Americans were unified in that

they shared the common 'evangelical view of life.' In addition to the religion inspired schools of

Harvard, the College of William and Mary, and Yale college ; many new denominational schools

were formed. For example, the Presbyterian College of New Jersey was formed .Also, another

result of the Awakening was that the Puritan theocracy was dissolved and new ideas that man

himself was responsible for salvation took over. Blacks as well as whites were engulfed by

evangelicalism. This led to the evangelicals' belief of slavery as sinful. The Great Awakening

had an indirect effect on political life. Dr. Beardsley has said, The religious convictions of the

American people, which so largely were called into being through the revival, served as a

balance to the political revolution which resulted in independence and prevented it from being

hurled into the vortex of anarchy and ruin, in which the French Revolution was swallowed up.

Last , but not least, people felt a "revived a sense of religious mission." They went out and

converted blacks and Indians.

In conclusion , the Great Awakening was the first major movement of religious fervor that

took place in British Colonial America. This movement ended Puritanism and gave rise to

Evangelicalism. People of the colonies who weren't committed to church and even the few who

had religious beliefs, turned to the revivalists that preached for the need to experience "new

birth" and the dangers of an 'unconverted ministry.' Preachers such as Edwards converted many

congregants. Many people realized their sins and repented. People started to judge things for

themselves and the status of the "old- fashioned- clergy" was weakened. Many new

denominations such as the Baptists, Presbyterians, and Methodists were formed.These

evangelicals felt a "revived sense of religious mission," which led them to convert other

communities such as the black and the Indians.

Please note that this sample paper on Great Awakening is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Great Awakening, we are here to assist you. Your cheap research papers on Great Awakening will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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On the Road

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On The Road

"The Hitch-Hikers," written in 140 by Eudora Welty revolves around the helplessness of a salesman, Tom Harris. His profession gives him the freedom of traveling around places. Although he is free to go anywhere, his freedom turns out to be his helplessness. He is always on the road, always moving from somewhere to somewhere. As the narrator puts it, "on a long straight stretch of road, he slowed down for some hitch-hikers," which specifies that he is usually on the middle of road or some place. Constantly traveling on the road indicates that his life is always in motion and not stable. The notion of on going, not stopping, and not stable points out the significance of helplessness in his life.

As a traveler, Tom doesn't have a choice to stay at one place or have a steady life. He can't stay at the place and with the people he like or dislike, which shows his helplessness. "That's Mr. Tom Harris's car, look at the out-of-state license and look at all the stuff he all time carries around with him all bloody," said Mr. Gene, the proprietor of the hotel. This suggests that Tom doesn't have any permanent home and has out of state license. Thus, he doesn't have a firm place to live and keep his stuff in there. Therefore, he always carries his belongings with him in his car. It seems like his car and the on going road is his home. Hence, his mobility specifies the importance of helplessness in the story.

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Along with his belongings, he also carries himself with him. Every town he goes, every person he meets is new and different to him. There is nothing of his own, absolutely nothing belonging to him. As narrator says, "none of any of this his, not his to keep, but belonging to the people of these towns he passed through, coming out of their rooted pasts, out of their remaining in one place, coming out of their time." This illustrates the notion that neither he belongs to anybody nor does anybody belongs to him.

Tom feels that nothing was his own to keep, which portrays the sense of his not belonging to anything or anybody. "But it was too like other evenings, this town was too like other towns, for him to move out of this lying undressed on the bed, even into comfort or despair," said by narrator. This indicates that there is nothing unique about the town or the people that he passes through. Everything is similar to him including the towns, hotels, people, and events. There is no sense of belongingness in anything. Thus, there is nothing special about anything, which he could feel that it belongs to him. This sense of not belonging directs to the notion of helplessness.

Harris is famous around the people of the town that he visits; however, they don't really talk to him directly. As an example, "So this is the famous 'he' that everybody talks about all the time." This reveals that he is not really connected with the people that he meets in the towns on his visits. "I wish they'd call me 'you' when I've got here, he thought tiredly," Tom's reaction towards this people. Although Harris wants people to call him you while he is present in front of them, they still respond to him as 'he' rather than 'you.' He wants people to address him as 'you', thus he wants stability, but he never gets that steadiness which would bring people near to him. Hence, this conversation reflects that he is not connected with the people. Thus, his helplessness is people's not belonging to him.

Unsteadiness is Tom's helplessness. His staying on road most of the time and not staying at a concrete place reveals his helplessness. The narrator describes, "standing still with nothing around him, feeling tall, and having the world come all at once into its round shape underfoot and rush and turn through space and make his stand very precarious and lonely." This suggests that his stand and his self-control is precarious meaning unstable. His not being stable and being in motion all the time leads to the consequence of helplessness.

An event that describes the idea of Tom not in his self-control reflects to his helplessness. Throughout the story his cheek keeps on twitching couple times. For example, "At the unexpected use of the word, Harris's cheek twitched, and he handed over his pack of cigarettes," as the narrator described. Thus, this twitching of his cheek is not intentional; it's just natural. This is his helplessness that he is not able to control his own body. Therefore, this involuntary twitching of his cheek in the story contributes to the sense of his helplessness.

In the story, one of the hitch-hikers shots the other one in Tom's car. Although the scene was held in his car, he was not able to do anything about it, except taking the guy to the hospital. He wasn't able to avoid the shooting scene. He was unable to control things that were happening around him in his life. Things happen with him that he doesn't want and rather than avoiding it he just moves on. Thus, he is not able to have any control over situations and his life. His not being capable to control things around him guides to the notion of helplessness. It is his helplessness that he is not able to control over things, which happens with him while going on the road.

As a salesman, Harris spends most of his time on road. This very mean that he is on road connects with the thought that he doesn't have any roots. As the narrator puts it, "none of any of this his, not his to keep, but belongings to the people of these towns he passed through, coming out of their rooted pasts, out of their remaining in one place, coming out of their time." This depicts that he doesn't have any origins or roots that he might belong to. As a consequence, having no belonging, no roots, and no origins indicates his helplessness.

The involvement of hitch-hikers in the story refers to the notion of uproot. Hitch-hikers moves on and travel without having any base. Similarly, Tom Harris moves on without having any roots. As the narrator describes, "One of them stood still by the side of the pavement, with his foot stuck out like an old root." This shows that one of the hitch-hikers was standing like he had an old root, even though he stood there just for a while. However, Harris never had any old roots like hitch-hiker. Thus, he was uprooted and had no base.

The notion of uproot is also mentioned again, when Tom goes out with Carol, the girl who remembers him from his last visit. "They sat under a calendar with some pictures of giant trees being cut down," stated by narrator. These points out towards the concept of uproot. As the trees are being cut down and displaced from their roots, its getting uprooted. The very mention of this scene in the story relates to the concept of uproot, which correlates with Harris who has no roots. Hence, Tom's life is uprooted just like the trees had been displaced in the picture. This event in the story contributes to the sense of helplessness of Tom. His having no roots and base leads to the sense of his helplessness.

As Tom has no roots and origins, he doesn't remember his past very well. When Carol was trying to remind him of his first visit to the town Clearwater, he had met Carol but he forgotten about her. Carol states, "Oh it wasn't so long agofive years," and Tom responds that, "I'd forgotten that, is one thing sure." This event imply to the thought that he doesn't really have any connection with people. He simply doesn't remember people and their stories as he doesn't have any roots, past, or base related with those people or the town. Thus, this proves that he is not connected and not rooted, which shows his helplessness.

The town that he is visiting in the story is Clearwater. The name of the town suggest about the liquid that has been described in the story. Liquid is always in motion, it never stops, it always goes from places to places. For instance, "Even the rainthere was often rain," revealed by the narrator. The mentioning of the rain relates to the notion of liquid, which indeed reflects towards the sense of motion. Similarly, Tom Harris is always in motion, always going from place to place. Rain has nothing of its own, it simply moves through the way it comes across. Likewise, Harris has nothing of his own; he travels through the road he comes across. Therefore, his being in motion and not stable at one place contributes to the sense of the helplessness of his life.

Throughout the story, the events, setting and characters explore the significance of helplessness. Tom Harris's being nowhere, uprooted, not belonged, and not in control brings readers to the sense of his helplessness. At the end of the story, he starts to move on again to some other place like nothing has happened and he is back to where he was before. Again, he is in motion, traveling places to places, putting his past behind and living in present with his helplessness of his life.

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Napoleon

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Napoleon is single-handedly the reason that the French Revolution took the course that it did. Who would have guessed that a child born into the noble class on the island of Corsica could have rose to power of such amazing heights in the short time it took? Who would have guessed that this single person would be written down in every single history book being considered a genius in military tactics and leading a nation to an empire? By spreading the idea of nationalism throughout Europe (which unfortunately backfired on him) and trying to create a worldwide French empire, it is obvious that Napoleon Bonaparte is one of the most important figures in the past ,500 years that our human race has existed.

The importance of Napoleon not only to France but the entire world cannot be summed up in just one word. In an article by Steven Kreis entitled "Europe and the Superior Being Napoleon," Steven claims that the French Revolution is what caused Napoleon to be the man that he has been known as for the past few centuries. he also writes that he had a "passion for power" as well as a "genius for leadership." (http//library.thinkquest.org/1710/data/bios/users/napoleon/page_1.html) His training in military school and experience in wars during the French Revolution gave him the potential to shape him to become a strong, powerful leader, which is just what he was. This is where his importance to the French at his time lies. With each year in his life came a new opportunity to invade, colonize, and annex. It all began when he was able to drive British forces out of Toulon in 17 at age 4. He soon commanded the French army of Italy where he started a campaign against the Austrians and his talent was strongly presented. He then attacked British commerce in Egypt by going to Cairo with his troops. Though defeated at the Battle of the Nile, Napoleon did not give up in the least bit. He soon made up for this loss in 17 when he overthrew the Directory, the reason for the financial problems and political unrest of France. Napoleon then became a military dictator to help fix the problems in France. As years passed, his ranks became even hired. Soon afterwards, a triumvirate was created, and he was one of the three Consuls. In 180 though, he became Consul for life and within two years, he crowned himself Emperor of the French. Out of fear of having another Reign of Terror aimed towards him, Napoleon made sure that the social structure of France was unified. His importance to the well being of his nation is of an enormous amount. But furthermore, he had an even greater impact on the world. He left our civilization with military tactics way ahead of his time which to this day are still studied and analyzed. (http//www.00site.org/napoleo

niccampaigns/index.html) What many would call as the grandfather of nationalism, Napoleon led the way for many other European nations of his time to follow his sense of nationalism and apply it to their own country. Ironically, nations such as Germany (even though it wasn't called Germany back then) used nationalism as a stance against Napoleon's unstoppable power. Before Napoleon came into play, Germany was not even close to being unified, but when he stepped in, all of the German states had a common enemy thus giving them reason to unify. As an essay on Napoleonic Europe posted on Sparknotes.com, it is stated, "nationalism developed in response to Napoleon's imperial reign." (http//www.sparknotes.com/history/european/napoleonic/section7.rhtml) And even today, nationalism exists in many ways and Napoleon is the reason for it. Even though many people before him, such as Caesar, led their empire through unification and pride, none are as evident as Napoleon.

The world was completely different before Napoleon as opposed to what it was afterwards. France specifically was changed 180 degrees due to his amazing power and leadership skills. Before him, France was under the Reign of Terror where revolutionaries executed people left and right and there was no end to the chaos. Meanwhile, the United State of America was just in the midst of being creating in retaliation to British colonialism. There was also a sweep of absolutism and enlightenment across Europe in the 18th century, which had quite an influence upon Napoleon. But several decades prior to his birth, feudalism was just about dying off in the world (with several exceptions). Many wars were fought, but there were many casualties on both sides and little strategy existed. All of that changed when Napoleon was alive; he changed militaristic theories and strategies to his fullest advantage.

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Napoleon was often thought of as a conqueror, but his political goals for Europe were of no such thing. Napoleon himself denies being such a tyrant. He saw his supposed "conquering" as "building a federation of free peoples in a Europe united under a liberal government." (http//www.luci dcafe.com/lucidcafe/lucidcafe/library/5aug/napoleon.html) The political impact that he had on France is of an immeasurable amount. He wrote up many constitutions, created the Napoleonic code, made a more stable, controlled government, and encouraged education, science, and the arts. This also had an effect on French culture of the 18th century. His encouragement of the arts led to many artists and composers depicting Napoleon as well as French nationalism. Beethoven is a perfect example of this when he wrote his third symphony "Eroica." Economically, Napoleon created a policy known as the Continental System, who's goal was to destroy Britain's economy by closing all continental ports to British trade. Meanwhile, he helped the French economy, although it was nothing extraordinary compared to how things were before. Socially though, he helped to erase feudalism in many of the countries he invaded, and united the classes of France together. Had the classes been at war, like how things once were, then the French Revolution would have ended in disaster. In fact, it almost did until Napoleon showed up. And not enough can be said about the nationalism that he initiated throughout France.

Had Napoleon never been born, would our life be the same way it is now? Although one man alone cannot alter the course of history as we know it, Napoleon was responsible for many things that, if they never happened, our world would in fact be quite different. The tricolors created in the French Revolution, which influenced the American flag's colors, wouldn't have existed. And perhaps if he didn't offer us his own brand of nationalism, then nationalism wouldn't be here today. There is also an extremely repetitive pattern throughout our history where nationalism is either used as an effective tool towards unification and imperialism or is the result of a tragic event in that nation. The most current example is obviously that of the September 11th attacks. Also, France would not have the constitution that it does today nor would they have their national anthem. Military students wouldn't be studying his ingenious tactics and the entire current state of armies all over could be completely different.

Napoleon had an influence on a numerous amount of people throughout history. To this day, France still abides by the Napoleonic Code and the administrative and judicial systems are still similar to the ones he created. And according to Urban Legend magazine, "His radical reforms in all parts of Europe cultivated the ground for the revolutions of the 1800's." (http//www16.brinkster.com/maxw ells/quotes/quote.asp?week=15) His code has also influenced lawmaking all over the world such as places like South America, Louisiana, and Quebec. To say the least, he has shaped the late 18th and early 1th century into what it as now known as. Nationalism was one of the things which he influenced people with the most, especially the German states during his time. He has also influenced millions of military students everywhere who have studied his work.

In conclusion, Napoleon's impact on the world in which we live is extraordinary on so many levels. He will always be remembered for his unique style of nationalism and military strategy that will continue to be analyzed and practiced for years to come. Although his tragic defeat at Waterloo and his tragic death of a stomach ulcer at Saint Helena were unforeseen, something was bound to happen to this man who was half-revolutionary and half-tyrant, which just proves that even the unconquerable can be conquered. His tactics, constitutions, annexations, invasions, and many other amazing accomplishments will be found in every history book for the reason that no one has ever been able to top all that he has done in those fields. An important man indeed coming from all angles. Whether it be political, cultural, social, or economic, Napoleon has had some impact somewhere in the four corners in the world.

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Influences of Christianity

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Christianity has always been a major influence in Australia, not just now but since the early times of development of Australian society. It has greatly influenced all aspects of our heritage and has helped to develop areas that play a major role in our lives today. These areas include education, an area which is thoroughly important in society today, the law, which provides us with morality and justice, healthcare, which enables good health and care, and social welfare, something that a lot of people rely on for help and support. These four areas were all developed under the influence of Christianity and it is through this that each of these four areas has been able to successfully help and guide people on through the journey of life.

Education

From as early as 185, the majority of children did not attend school due to the decisions made by their parents. This was mostly due to the fact that they didn't want their children to be put under the influence of other religions, in particular, the Church of England. From this, Governor Bourke introduced legislation in 186 to establish a single education system. In this, schools would receive government funding, the general education given would not be connected with any particular church, therefore being secular, and children would be under religious instruction by ministers from their own denominations. Unfortunately, from this, most people opposed the legislation. The majority of the opposing were from the middle class who did not want their children associating with anyone of a lower class or any child of a convict or criminal, as they believed it would destroy their morality.

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Sectarianism between Catholics, Anglicans and Protestants delayed all attempts to introduce a single system of education. As a result, a system of both state a denominational schools emerged.

In 18, Governor Gipps set up the Board of Education and with that, new conditions were laid down for government aid to denominational schools. No school could receive government funding unless 100 pounds was subscribed towards its first establishment. The government contribution towards carrying on the school would be equal to that raised from private sources.

The middle class set up their own denominational schools, where students received traditional British educations. In 1855, there were 51 public schools in the colony and 171 denominational schools. Of these, there were 707 children in Church of England schools, 57 in Catholic schools, 1047 in Presbyterian schools and 1018 in Wesleyan schools.

In 1848, The National School Board, which took charge of public schools and The Denominational Schools Board, which controlled denominational schools were both established. However in 1866, Henry Parkes introduced the Public Schools Act with replaced these two boards with the Council of Education, which helped to maintain schools, teaching staff and students. The Public Instruction Act introduced by Henry Parkes in New Sou in 1880, abolished financial aid for denominational schools and made education free, compulsory and secular. It was later introduced throughout Australia.

From then on, public schools and school of all religions have been providing substantial education for children in countries around the world, including Australia.

The Law

From the early days of settlement in Australia, there have been laws in which we as Australian citizens have had to abide by. These laws were partly introduced by religious denominations and despite few changes have remained part of the laws of Australia.

Arguments over Sabbatarians was one of the first movements towards a law that would refuse work, the sales of goods, the playing of sport, public transport and the opening of theatres and hotels on a Sundays. Catholics discarded Sabbatarianism. They were gratified to attend mass and to refrain from servile labour and once religious obligations were met, they were free to pursue recreation. However, after 1870, Sunday entertainment, transport, newspaper, sport and museums were introduced. This was strongly opposed by Protestants, as they believed Sabbatarianism was necessary for the safeguarding of Australia as a Christian community.

In the 1th century, there were struggles over attempts to liberalise divorce laws. Sir Alfred Stephen, a judge in New South Wales at the time, led a campaign to widen the grounds for divorce. Despite antagonism from the churches, the reforms became law in 18.

Christianity also opposed gambling and alcoholism. Many religious orders fought to ban the use of gambling machines as well as the sale of alcoholic substances and while they did prevail in this battle, the laws have since changed.

After the founding of Australia, religion was believed to be the only hope for an improvement in public morality. The emphasis on morality was very much focused on the individual. They believed that if people were saved, then the nation would be saved.

The common view of religion in Australia as having to do entirely with moral concerns about sex, pornography and abortion, which originated in the 1th century, still persists, no matter how mistaken that view happens to be.

Church stances on most other moral issues have caused great sectarianism.

Health Care

Health care is one of the top priorities of most Australians today. It is through the advancement of medicine that has enabled people to survive infections and diseases that could otherwise severely harm or even kill them. Most of these infections and disease has treated or cured in hospitals across Australia, most of then being founded by religious orders. Churches in accordance with the christain tradition of healing established hospitals. The early hospitals were basic and the nurses had little or no training, so patients only went to hospital as a final option. However, by the end of the 1th century, the churches had contributed to the early stages of a publicly run and funded hospital system.

A perfect example of this is Saint Vincent's Hospital in Darlinghurst. Saint Vincent's was originally founded in 1857, by the Catholic Sisters of Charity who arrived in Australia in 188. The Catholic Sisters of Charity were professional nurses trained in France. Saint Vincent's hospital is now one of Australia's leading hospitals.

Social Welfare

Social welfare is an important part of our lives. Religious organisations have had a noteworthy position in the welfare of the Australian people, because Christian ministry in colonial Australia placed a strong importance on social welfare. Throughout time, organisations have developed and have volunteered their time and services to people in need. Christian charitable institutions included orphanages, hospitals, hostels, and prisoner rehabilitation centres. Women in particular have played major roles in leadership and support of these initiatives.

Caroline Chisholm is perhaps the most recognisable example of social welfare. Caroline has probably contributed individually to welfare more than any other Australian. She came to austral in 188, where she opened a female immigrants' home and employment agency. Between 1840 and 1846, she settled about 11,000 women into jobs. From 1846, she spent 8 years in Britain to promote family emigration and convict family reunion. From then on and until her death in 1867, she continued to find jobs and houses for women across Australia.

Today there are numerous organisations that help and support families in need and supply social welfare. The two most notable organisations that have shaped our society are

·Saint Vincent de Paul Society, which is a catholic organisation established in France in 18. Today, they help people and offer assistance to the elderly, the homeless and they poor.

·The Salvation Army, which was established in Australia in 1880. Members of the Salvation Army have a strong belief in the importance of bringing the Christian message to people through practical means.

Christianity played a major role in influencing the development of Australian society. It is through Christianity that we are able to have what we have today in terms of medical needs, social welfare and education. It is through Christianity that we are the people we are today as it has introduced and shaped the things around us that we most commonly rely on. If it wasn't for Christianity, we wouldn't have the things we have today and we would not be the society we are today. Christianity will always have a significant place in our lives as it is responsible for the development of our country and our lives.

Please note that this sample paper on Influences of Christianity is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Influences of Christianity, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college papers on Influences of Christianity will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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The Catcher in the Rye

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The Catcher in the Rye

Jerome David (J.D.) Salinger was born on New Years Day 11, in New York City. Born into a wealthy family Salinger grew up in a fashionable neighborhood in Manhattan. He attended a number of colleges, but did not graduate from any. However, he always excelled in his creative writing classes. Salinger joined the army and fought in Europe. While fighting he kept on writing, and upon his return to the United States he published many of his writings, and his only full-length novel, The Catcher in the Rye. Other novels by J.D. Salinger include Franny and Zooey, Raise High the Roofbeams, Carpenters and Seymour, An Introduction, Nine Stories, I'm Crazy, and many more.

The setting of the novel starts out at the private boys school Pencey Prep, which to Holden is a very discomforting place to live. To Holden, this school represents "phoniness", and brings up nothing but "phony", cruel people. He feels as if the school is misleading, and over-exaggerates the school into sounding like something it is not. Once the setting moves on, Holden travels to a more livelier, less hostile place, New York City, between the 140's and 150's. In the novel, Holden does not give a very detailed or good description of any place he has been in, but he does however thoroughly describe the places he loves, and feels the beauty. He often described the showcases at the museum of Natural History, or the carousal in Central Park. Everything that Holden described happened to him and affected him happened over a two-day period, years before this story is told.

Holden Caulfield is narrator of the novel The Catcher in the Rye. He tells the story from a mental institute in Southern California. Holden is trying to tell the reader about the events that took place over a -day period the previous December. He begins his story by recalling failing out of his elite prep school, Pencey Prep, and often adds in the other many schools he has failed out of. After he was told of failing out of Pencey Prep, Holden decided to set off for New York, and take a "vacation" before going back home. During his "vacation", Holden explains symptoms of impulsive spending, depression, social inactivity, and sexuality problems, prior to his eventual nervous collapse.

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Holden is very sensitive, and often feels the impulse to help and protect others. Not so much the strong and the bold, but the innocent and the weak, especially children. He is drawn to people who represent innocence, and are unique. Holden has trouble growing up, and he wish's he could stay a child forever, with no worries, since growing up removes him and others from innocence. He is also quite intelligent, but fails out of schools because of his lack of motivation. Holden feels as if school is just another part of the "phony" world around him in which he wants no part of. Holden is also very confused when it comes to sexuality, and religion that adds to his nervous breakdown.

Phoebe is Holden's ten-year-old sister, and best friend. Holden feels that Phoebe is the most trustworthy link in his family, and that he can tell her just about anything. Phoebe is very pretty, smart, and mature for her age. However, he often forgets that she is only ten-years-old, asking her to sneak out or do something that would be inappropriate for her age. She often gives Holden much advice and is helpful to him. She has red hair, and is "roller skate skinny". Her favorite movie is The Steps, and has memorized it word by word. Elephants also fascinate Phoebe. Although she can see right through Holden, she does not understand his darker thoughts. When she finds out Holden's true passion in life, all she can say is "Daddy's going to kill you". However, Phoebe helps Holden realize that kids and people need to grow up. To do that, they need to take chances, and to "grab the gold ring". She also helped Holden realize that in order to grow up they need freedom, not someone guiding them along step by step, but to let go, even though they may fall.

Allie was Holden's close friend growing up. He and Allie had some kind of connection, almost telepathically, sensing each other wherever they were. Although Allie has been dead for three years now, Holden often thought of him, and spoke to him when he felt overwhelmed. Allie died of leukemia on July 18, 146 at the age of eleven. Holden often spoke of Allie as the "most intelligent" and "nicest" person in the family. Although Allie was a ghost and mystic presence throughout the novel he represented hope, death, and innocence. He gave hope to Holden by leaving him his old baseball glove, in which he wrote poems all over it. This was very inspirational to Holden. Allie represented death, by dying in 146 leaving Holden with great pain, hurt, and sorrow. He also he represented innocence in his short, yet good life.

Jane Gallagher was the girl Holden had always remembered and had feelings for. He often thought about her, especially after his roommate (Stradlater) took her on a date. He remembered her as the sweet girl he used to play checkers with, hold hands with, and comfort when she was distressed. Holden Also admires Phoebe, his sister and most trusted friend. He often confides in Phoebe, and shares his dreams with her. Holden often spoke about Jane and Phoebe and loved them for their innocence. As the novel The Catcher in the Rye's title indicates, the dominating theme of this book is the protection of innocence, especially young children. "What I have to do, I have to catch everybody if they start to go over the cliffI mean if theyre running and they dont look where theyre going I have to come out from somewhere and catch them. Thats all Id do all day. Id just be the catcher in the rye and all." Holden saw innocence as the moral asset to life.

"Phony", which is probably the most used phrase and word from the novel The Great Expectations plays a large part in the plot itself. "Phony" in Holden's terms is an explanation for everything that is wrong in the world around him, and just another excuse to withdraw himself from it. Holden is so judgmental, that he spends most of his time looking for "phoniness" in others, and does not see the "phoniness" within himself. He admits that he is a compulsive liar and is often sneaking around pretending to be older than he really is. Holden wants us to believe that almost the whole world is phony and most people are trying to be something their not, except for him.

Death is a constant theme throughout the novel The Catcher in the Rye. Holden often mourns over the death of his late brother Allie. When Holden feels alone, or hurt, he often speaks to Allie. Holden frequently wishes that Allie could be alive again, living life with him, and is haunted by the thought of Allie in the graveyard surrounded by dead people and tombstones. Holden also wishes that life could just freeze, and everything could just stay as beautiful as it is. He also associates death with growing up, which causes him to reject life, growing up, and he tries to fight the biological clock. Holden loved the museum of Natural History. He thought, "The best thing, though, in that museum was that everything always stayed right where it was. Nobodyd move …. Nobodyd be different." He loved this museum because nothing changed, almost like the clocked stopped, helping to enable him from change, and death.

Our world today doesn't often touch on such a sensitive subject such as loners, and loneliness. People nowadays are often disclosed from groups, and cliques because of their ethnicity, background, or looks. In the novel The Catcher in the Rye Holden describes his loneliness as if others do not except just because of his views on the world, or he is lonely because he wants to protect himself from being hurt. Being a loner, or loser often relates to other problems and disorders, such as nervous breakdowns, depression, and suicide. Also if the person decides to take their loneliness into someone else's hands it can turn to homicide. This is such a sensitive subject cause many people do not want to believe that they make others or make themselves feel this way.

The novel The Catcher in the Rye, however, I don't think I fully understood it. The story jumped around a lot, from one subject to the other, and if it weren't so pessimistic, it would have been much better. Although the upside to the book is it is different from many books I read. I enjoyed how it only focused on one character, and traced him as the story progressed, and I could see how he had changed. But over all I quite enjoyed this novel, and I wouldn't have chosen a different one.

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