One Child Policy in China

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Chinese I Examination

How useful is the article, Childless Couples for understanding contemporary Chinese social attitudes?

In the hope of determining how useful the article Childless Couples is in helping to understand contemporary Chinese social attitudes it is necessary to investigate different sources relating to both modern and traditional Chinese social attitudes. After reading this article thoroughly and other relative materials, this paper will proceed to argue that although Childless Couples does raise the valid modern social concerns of the diminishing role of the family in Chinese society, it can only be considered of limited use in helping to understand the contemporary Chinese social attitudes. The article does not comment on social attitudes as a whole, but instead choses to focus on just one, the role of the family. This is of great social significance but in order for the article to be of true use it should consider a wider range of social issues and contain a more detailed account. Thus, in supporting the argument that this article is of limited use in helping to understand modern Chinese social attitudes it is most relevant to focus particularly on the issue at hand, the change in family structure in China. By briefly evaluating the information in the article Childless Couples a solid basis for argument can be formed. The article is given a personal edge by focusing on a member of the public, Wendy Chen and provides a seemingly balanced piece with segments on statistics, traditional family values and a reflective paragraph to close. However, it is necessary to reiterate the way in which this article excludes other social issues from this account of how attitudes have changed from traditional to contemporary China. This is what prevents this seemingly well-constructed argument from being truly useful in helping to understand modern Chinese social attitudes.

The article Childless Couples was written by a journalist for the Shanghai Star in March of 00. The article is based upon a recently married Chinese couple, and more particularly Wendy Chen, the bride. Opposing strong social Chinese traditions, Chen announced to her family after their wedding day that she and her new husband would not be having children. Wendy Chen felt that she was …still so young and have a lot of things to do. Every day we are busy with our business and we have no time to bring up a child. I would have to quit my job to give my baby a really quality life. (http//www.chinadaily.com) This decision created great friction with her parents and parents-in-law, but it is more so the reasons behind the choice that is of interest, in this case. A recent survey conducted by the Shanghai Academy of Social Sciences, felt that the joys of motherhood were out weighed by having a baby that would supposedly …consume energy, affect work quality, reduce economic power and upset the romantic world of a couple. (http//www.chinadaily.com) These attitudes that were gathered from the Chinese public were very different to the traditional social views on family structure and the importance of creating an extended family. (M.E. Sharpe, Case Studies in the Social Sciences pp. 4). The true extent of how different the views of Mrs Chen are to traditional Chinese social views is perhaps not made as clear in this article, but instead is realised when considering another source, such as Sharpes Social Issues account. Although the article does mention that for thousands of years, to have a baby was the most important task of any newly organised family (http//www.chinadaily.com) it is after reading Sharpes account of Traditional Family Organisation that Childless Couples appears lacking in detail and thus of limited use for helping to understand contemporary social attitudes in China.

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We realise through Sharpes work that late imperial Chinese society placed a great amount of significance upon the role of the family. The family was considered the basic working unit of the Chinese economy, a de-emphasis of the hereditary status relationships so common in other peasant societies (M.E.Sharpe, Case Studies in the Social Sciences pp. -4) and the role of developing a more fluid social system with considerable leniency for upward and downward movement, in terms of families not individuals (et al). It was believed by Chinese public that well-balanced, happy families were essential in order to maintain a steady social and political balance. It is clear that through looking at Sharpes account of the importance of the traditional family role, the article Childless Couples could have perhaps used more information and from a number of different sources to strengthen and make clearer the point of the article.

It is interesting to note the conflicting views of the newly wed couple and their parents. The parents are seen to be anxious to have grandchildren but Chen doesnt feel confident that they can support a family just yet (http//www.chinadaily.com). Chens parents, a generation older think this is nonsense and compare the income they raised their family on to what this couple lives on now. Their total income has reached over 10 000 yuan per month her mother states. When she was a child, our income was only a few dozen yuan. (http//www.chinadaily.com). This is illustrative of the change in social attitudes towards standard of living and perhaps voices a difference in what modern parents aspire to provide for their children. This statement gains more meaning when Chinas fear of economic crisis is considered. This idea of being financially viable to support a child can be better understood through Aijmers piece, as it is explained that throughout history it was the richer families that had a far greater success rate of raising their children to maturity. It was the poorer families that had a huge infant mortality rate. Therefore, although Childless couples does bring this social issue to our attention, it is through other sources that we are able to better understand where this attitude.

It was traditional believed that a child is the key to a family (http//www.chinadaily.com) and it is from this brief statement that it can be noted that attitudes and priorities have changed from generation to generation. The article Childless couples does make clear that issues surrounding family structure and its importance do exist and that attitudes towards this matter have in fact changed. However, it must be pointed out that in order to gain a better understanding, a more thorough account with information of how and to what extent modern social attitudes have changed, should be provided. It is only from reading a wider range of sources that we can gather evidence to help us truly understand and appreciate contemporary Chinese social attitudes. It is in looking at Cohens work that we can put reason behind this idea that Childless couples raises but fails to explain completely, leaving this contemporary social attitude no better understood than before. The idea is of the reluctance of new Chinese couples to produce the traditionally large families, which can be linked to the new business and working classes that were introduced in the late nineteenth century. This reduced the appeal of large families to this new prospect of economic recovery and even prosperity. This new prospects of working in larger organisations reduced the significance of the extended family and instead encouraged brothers to separate and wives to accept subordination (Cohen, M.L 18, pp. ).

It is vital to now discuss issues that have not been mentioned in Childless couples that have had an undisputable impact on contemporary Chinese social views. During the Mao Zedong age, Chinese women were expected to have up to 10 children. Reproduction of such a huge scale was considered a defensive resource for the country if the enemy comes, he will be drowned by the saliva of us (http//www.chinadaily.com). This responded in a huge increase in pressure on the countrys resources and as a means of controlling and attempting to stabilise the countrys economy again, birth control policies were introduced such as the one child policy (Aijmer, G. 11 pp. 11). This policy, obviously allowed one child per family. It wasnt until 186 that rural families were allowed to have two children, if the first child was a daughter. This shows two extremes of the producing of Chinese families, from being encouraged to have multiple and then to just 1 and more recently, as suggested in Childless couples now none. The introduction of the DINK (Double Income No Kids) concept has taken strongly to young Chinese couples. It is when considering the past traditions and policies effecting family structure that this social attitude becomes better understood.

In conclusion, it can be said that Childless couples is of limited use in helping to understand contemporary Chinese social attitudes. This article only confronts one social issue, although it is a significant one. In order to be of great usefulness it would have to confront other important social issues as well. Childless couples does bring tackle various angles of the family structure debate and appears a well structured, giving information on statistics, personal views relating to this issue and a brief history. However, other peoples work, such as Sharpe, Cohen and Aijmir help put these modern day attitudes in context and perspective to the history of Chinas on going battle with family structure. It becomes evident that mentioning events leading up to these modern day attitudes would have allowed the reader an undoubtedly better understanding of these attitudes.

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Appeasement

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She gasped and threw her back against the wall. He was inside, just down the hall from her. How did he get in? Now what was she supposed to do? She could go left and run into him, or she could go right and up the stairs. She chose the latter, finding it much less dangerous. Slowly, quietly, she inched away from the wall and moved to her right. BANG! A few steps later, she bumped into a table which decorated the long hall.

"Sandra…Sandie…" She stiffened. HE KNEW HER NAME? Now she was more than afraid, she was terrified beyond belief. "Oh come on, you know I'm not gonna hurt you. I love you." Her eyes widened in horror as she slowly crept towards the staircase. "Sandiiiiiie…..come on baby, where're you hidin'? I think it's time you met me."

He listened carefully for where the next step would be taken. He was very good at this, "almost too good" he thought. All those years of police training had finally paid off. He got what he needed; now he was set on getting what he wanted.

Sandie finally reached the stairs, and was too afraid to move. The only choice she had now was to get up to the topfast. "If you want me, you have to find me!" She cried as she leapt up the stairs two at a time. When she reached the top, she ran to the first door, opened it and slammed it loudly. Then she continued running.

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He followed up the stairs. "Foolish girl, of course I want you! Therefore of course I'll find you!" He chuckled to himself. He heard a door slam and looked up attentively. 'Does she honestly think I am that stupid?' He shook his head and stared down the hall ahead of him when he reached the top of the stairs.

Sandie ran to the last room on the left and silently shut the door. She ran to the corner of the bed, and picked up the phone from its cradle. She went over to the large walk in closet and shut the door. She dialed 11.

He was getting closer, he could feel it, he could taste it. He opened the door on his right, and turned on the lights. Nothing. Empty. He moved on.

"11 Emergency" said the operator.

"Yes! He-hello?" Sandie gasped for breath. "There's an intruder in my house. I had been receiving odd phone calls for a few weeks now, an-and now that I am alone-tonight-well, I guess it's him."

"Where are you?" the operator asked calmly.

"In my closet. He followed me upstairs."

"I meant your address, miss."

"Oh. Of course, 51 Markay Avenue." She gulped.

"Alright. Help is on the way. Please stay on the line with me, and if anything happens, please, let me know." The operator said.

"Y-yes, thank you." Was the only reply Sandie could manage, because she was hearing footsteps outside her bedroom door.

He paused outside her door. 'This is it. This is where princess sleeps…spends most of her time…' He turned the doorknob, and opened the door. He flipped the light switch, and looked around the room. The room was quite large, painted a bright shade of pink. In the middle of the room stood a large white canopy bed, covered with teddy bears, pillows, and other stuffed animals. To one side of the room was a desk, and an entertainment centre. 'She's a spoiled one, she is.' On the opposite side of the room were two doors; one which was open, leading into a large bathroom. The other door, closed, lead to what he guessed was the closet. He walked over to the bed, and picked up a ratty old looking cotton candy pink bear. He looked into its eyes and brought it near, inhaling the scent of Sandies room.

Sandie sat in the corner of her closet, breathing heavily.

"Miss? Miss…if you are there, push a button." The operator instructed.

With a shaky finger, she pushed the number .

"Alright…thank you. Help is on the way Miss, the police should be there any moment." Sandies pulse quickened.

He put the stuffed animal back in its place. With one last glance around the room, he backed up towards the door, turned off the light, and shut the door. He crossed the hall, with cocky thoughts. "I found you baby, you're mine now."

Sandie heard him leaving the room. "He was in the room, but didn't find me. He's gone now."

"Alright, what kind of telephone are you using?" the operator inquired.

"It's cordless, so I can take it anywhere." Slowly, she stood up and walked to the door of the closet. "He's in another room now, so I'm going to go downstairs."

"But only if you are sure. Go downstairs and out onto your driveway, the police will meet you there at any moment." Advised the operator.

Sandie slowly opened the closet door and looked around her darkened bedroom. When she was sure it was clear, she crept across the room, and slowly, oh-so-quietly opened her door. She was good at creeping around; she had much practice at sneaking out of her house to parties and raves, which her parents had no idea about.

She lived with her birth mother, Janice Morrison, and her stepfather, Ned Wakeman. Sandie didn't know her real father; he died just after she was born. She had no siblings, it was only her, Janice, and Ned that lived in this huge house.

When the coast was clear, she tip-toed out of her room and shut the door behind her. She stiffened. She hadn't noticed that the door to the room across the hall was open, and that the light was on. She stood for a moment like a deer caught in headlights, nearly dropping the telephone.

"Hello? Miss?" Asked the operator. That shook Sandie out of her daze. She scurried down the hall, a little too loudly, for once she reached the top of the grand staircase, He came out of the room, calling after her.

"Sandie! I knew I would find you!" He chased after her.

Sandie looked behind her and screamed. She flew down the stairs. She ran down the long hallway, and ended up in the living room. She scrambled to get her thoughts together, she had no idea where to go, where to hide.

He appeared in the doorway. "Sandie, there is no need for you to run." He came closer. Sandie threw the phone at him and ran into the next room.

Once she was in the kitchen, she threw open every drawer she could reach. She looked for a knife, or anything else that could help her defend herself. Who was this crazy man, what did her want, how did he know her? The thoughts raced in her mind, but she knew that if she paused to ask him, he might hurt or even kill her. And what was taking the police so long? Did they not care?

He came into the kitchen after her. She ducked behind the island in the middle of the floor. She clutched the knife in her hands.

"Oh come on darlin', there's no need for you to be like this!" He was growing frustrated now. It didn't have to be so hard, the little brat was only making it this way. He made his way around the island. Sandie could see his shadow, and when he came near enough, she stuck out her foot and tripped him. He landed on the ground with a thump. She dropped the knife, too afraid to stab at him, and ran towards the front door. She reached the door, and remembered that Ned kept a gun in the desk next to the coat rack. She grabbed the handle of the drawer, found the gun, and ran outside of the house.

He got up and groaned. The little brat had gotten away again. He stormed towards the front door, angry like hell. He reached the front door, and took one step outside, when Sandie pulled the trigger. He ducked; the bullet hit the side of the house, just inches away him. For someone so young, she had good aim.

After the bullet hit the house, Sandie stood there, shaking. Sure, she had fired a gun many times, Ned had taken her to practice since she was 1. But this was the first time she had every shot at anyone, at a living, moving target. She shook so hard, and was so shocked, that she dropped the gun when she finally heard the police sirens. She ran towards the comforting sound.

He lunged towards her. But she got away; he bent over and grabbed the gun, not daring to fire a shot at her. He could never hurt her like that. He stood in front of the house, in defeat. The police were pulling into the driveway, he was caught. It was over. He had failed. He held the gun tightly, he couldn't be taken by them. He wasn't going to go to jail for doing something that he deserved to do. He had a right to tell Sandie what really happened to her father. Too bad the girl was so juvenile.

"DROP THE WEAPON! PUT YOUR HANDS BEHIND YOUR HEAD!" The cops were yelling. Still, he held on to the gun, glanced over to where Sandie was standing, huddled by a tree in fear. He raised the gun to his temple. "I LOVE YOU SANDIE!" He yelled to her and took his last breath before pulling the trigger.

It wasn't until much later, at the police station, that Sandies intruder had been identified. His name was Joe Lawering. He was an accountant for a large export industry in Europe. He had experience in the police force, including immense training. He was Sandies biological father.

Janice and Joe had met when they were teenagers, still in high school. They dated for many years, and eventually got married. After Sandies birth, Joe was offered a position in a private police force in Switzerland. Janice refused to move, and told him that what happened was up to him. If he decided to go, she would leave him. So it turns out, Janice later told her daughter, that he chose the job. They soon after got divorced, and Janice then met Ned. She saw no need to keep in touch with Joe, so when she told Sandie that Ned was not her real father, and that her real father was dead, she was only half-guessing, for she had no idea as to Joe's whereabouts until this

horrible night.

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Marketing Needs

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CostSaver which is operated by Trafalgar, offers a range of motorcoach tour packages all around Europe and Britain. All CostSaver tours posses the same expert planning as other Trafalgar's products such as the First Class tours. When purchasing a CostSaver package, customers are purchasing the all elements of the tour package, which includes hotel accommodation, sightseeing excursions, and motorcoach transportation meals. The CostSaver packages are developed in order to cater for travellers who want Quality, Value, Reliability and Peace of Mind whilst on vacation.

Trafalgar has developed forty-four different CostSaver tour packages to Europe and Britain in order to cater for the growing demands and preferences of the market. Part of their ranges of tours includes tours which have been designed for 'first time' travellers who wish to visit as many tourist precincts in Europe and Britain as possible whilst on the tour. These tours have been designed specifically for the 'first time' traveller, as they are more leisurely paced with shorter travelling distances than the more expanded in-depth tours designed for the more experienced traveller. CostSaver emphasises on its unique style of escorted motorcoach tours with unbeatable standards of Quality, Reliability and value, a result of Trafalgar's massive buying power. Trafalgar's brand name allows the company to purchase all the essential elements of the tour package at low prices, which are passed on to the consumers of the CostSaver tour packages. Consumers are guaranteed that when purchasing any of the forty-four CostSaver tours it will be of great quality as is evident that emphasies on all tangibles distributed by Trafalgar. By offering such a large extensive range of CostSaver products, allows Trafalgar to effectively target and capture all needs which may exist in the market. All tour packages though touring the same destinations differ in length of time, attractions visited and desired experience in order to give their customer the flexibility to choose a tour package that will suit their lifestyle. Travellers wishing to seek a regional experience of Britain or/and Europe can choose from a range of tour packages including 'Taste of Britain', 'The Elizabethan', 'The Regency' etc All travellers wishing to explore Europe or Britain in-depth also have a range of packages to choose from such as the' Glimpse of Europe', 'European Accent',' The Cosmopolitan' etc. tours can undertake are offered a range of choices including tour which start at Britain going right through to Ireland. For the more professional and experienced traveller who wish to go on a in-depth tour, ranging from tours to Britain and Ireland

As previously mentioned, Trafalgar's CostSaver motorcoach tour packages have been developed with the main intention of catering for the budget traveller. This group of travellers are seeking for a tour package that offers a combination of quality, is attractive in cost, is reliable and offers peace of mind. By selecting Trafalgar, it can be also assumed that the traveller is seeking assurance and guarantee that the trip will be of superior quality as only a world reknown tour operator can deliver. Though Trafalgar tries to aim their products at all age groups, their range of products have been more welcomely accepted amongst the middle-upper age of the market i.e. 5's-50's. One reason, which may explain this, is by the examination of the main elements of these packages. This example was taken from the brochure describing the range of activities available in Europe- 'There are a lot on offer in this fabulous city to fill your evening, ranging from theatre to dinner in one of the many restaurants'.

These low adventure type activities, as described by Plog (10) are those, which may attract the 'psychocentric' tourist. Plog's theory on tourist behaviour suggests the existence of a continuum of tourists ranging from allocentrics to psychocentric exists. Allocentrics as defined by Plog as those travellers who seek new destinations whereas psychocentric at the other extreme, who are those travellers seeking organised mass tourism. Other expectations, which CostSaver tours attempt to satisfy, are those associated with its brand name and image. These include expectations on Quality, Value, reliability and Peace of Mind. The 'quality' factor of the tour can be expected to be satisfied by all elements of the tour package as evident by the terms used in the brochure such as 'luxury air-conditioned motorcoaches', 'experienced professional Tour Directors', CostSaver hotels are at least 'Superior Tourist Class and many First Class'. As indicated in the name, CostSaver tour packages have been designed for the traveller who wishes to take advantage of best value for their money but whilst also still benefiting from Trafalgar's quality service. Another reason for choosing the CostSaver tour package is for the assurance and 'Peace of Mind' that the trip will all be planned and organised for; thus eliminating any worries such as an accommodation booking once at the destination. CostSaver tour packages are also particularly convenient for people who maintain an active lifestyle and wish to make travel as effortless and unproblematic as possible. Other reasons for undertaking a CostSaver tour include the excitement of travelling with other travellers of similar age groups or simply the desire of having a professional tour guide feeding through information.

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The complexity of travel motivations have been highlighted by both Maslow and Compton; who have both identified a number of interpretations on why people travel. One of the most cited studies on tourist needs is Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs. A need can be defined, as 'an internal state of an individual which requires something or some state of affairs to improve the wellbeing of the individual.' Maslow suggests that people have certain physiological needs which are essential for their survival such as food, water etc. Beyond these needs however, he states that there are also other needs important to the well being of a human-being including need for love and be loved, the need for friendship etc.

In Maslow's Hierarchy of needs he has grouped these needs into hierarchy (see Appendix 1). When describing tourist needs in terms of Maslow's pyramid, travellers undertaking a Trafalgar CostSaver tour would probably be trying to satisfy 'esteem/ego needs' and for the more knowledgeable traveller 'self-actualisation needs'. However it should be noted that under the Maslow theory, fundamental needs such as 'basic needs' and 'safety needs' must first be satisfied before seeking to satisfy higher-level needs. The simple act of undertaking a CostSaver tour package can be viewed to be enough to satisfy 'esteem and ego needs'. One of the methods used by Trafalgar in attempting to fulfil the travellers' 'self-esteem' needs is through constant emphasis on the facts that he/she will be touring two of the most famous countries in the world with one of 'the World's Best Selling Motorcoach Tour Operator'. The 'esteem need' also includes the need for status and recognition. Photos and postcards sent whilst on the tour to friends and family from two of the most prestigious countries will no doubt augment one's status. The more experienced travellers who have by this stage satisfied their 'esteem needs' would probably be seeking to satisfy the next higher-level needs on Maslow's Hierarchy which is the 'self-actualisation needs'. In order to cater for this particular group, CostSaver have also designed ' in-depth' tour packages, which offer travellers more 'educational' tours of Europe and Britain.

Crompton's seven 'socio-psychological' factors and two 'cultural' factors can broadly correspond to Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs. These socio-psychological factors expressed by Crompton include escape from a perceived mundane environment, exploration and evaluation of self, relaxation, prestige, regression, enhancement of kinship relations, facilitation of social interaction, novelty and education. The need to 'escape form a perceived mundane environment as explained by Cromptons the desire for a temporary change of environment. This could be evident in the case of the CostSaver travellers who might have been motivated to escape their normal daily work/study lives to Europe and Britain where the culture, people and environments differ. Some travellers might also be motivated to leave their lives behind in order to take this opportunity to re-assess their lives to either refine or change themselves- thus satisfying ' exploration and evaluation of self' motives. Similarly to Maslow's 'esteem needs', Crompton's prestige needs can be satisfied by many ways, one of many examples evident in the brochure is by travelling 'on the latest model motorcoaches from Volvo, Mercedes and Fiat' each with adjustable reclining seats and air-conditioned for additional comfort whilst touring.

Understanding tourist motivations is an integral part of the tourist experience and an essential factor to a company's achievement when operating in the tourism industry as evident in Trafalgar's case. A main contributor to Trafalgar's success is due to their understanding that in order to design their tour 'packages' that would successfully appeal to their target market, it is necessary to understand the key needs, motivations and expectations behind which why people travel.

APPENDIX 1- Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

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Decision Support Systems

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Introduction

As you are aware for the last 15 weeks I have been taking a class in Information Systems Management with a focus on Decision Support Systems (DSS). Per your request I am preparing this paper to help explain what it is that I have learned. I will begin with the basics as to what is a DSS, how does it work and what are the business and user benefits. Next I will discuss a particular type of DSS the Executive Information System (EIS) and explain how it differs from a traditional DSS and what function it serves within an organization. This will lead into a discussion of some of the software tools that are available to support DSS/EIS with existing IT infrastructure. Once I have explained the benefits of DSS/EIS I will walk through the success factors for implementing this type of a system, such as what needs to be done up front and address who needs to be involved. In closing I will discuss the purpose for developing or adopting such a system and how it can lead to a competitive advantage.

Decision Support Systems

The decision making process is extremely complex due to the unpredictability of a decision makers environment and the unavailability of historical or real-time data. This makes it difficult for managers to develop or establish any type of decision-making procedures or rules. A Decision Support System helps combine computerized analytical tools with human intuition to increase management insight into solving problems and can provide structure for this process. Managers regularly use intuition and any available data to make decisions. There are several ways that a DSS can facilitate the decision making task by providing library models, guidance and preparing information into understandable results. The aid of a DSS helps ensure that the decision maker does not rely only on intuition and invalid assumptions but has data which it turns into knowledge to aid in the decision making process. DSSs can assist with all or most problem solving phases, decision frequencies and different degrees of problem structure.

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As you know managers or employees need accurate data in a timely manner to help make every day business decisions. This is where a DSS can benefit the organization; a DSS can be set up or structured in many different ways and tailored to specific business needs providing employees with the right information at the right time to make educated business decisions. A DSS can walk someone through a decision or can just provide the information needed to make a decision. For example, when ordering inventory for the warehouse an employee would receive a report showing what items are at the reorder point, a DSS could support the reordering process by suggesting a reorder quantity that would meet demand based on recent or historical sales, determine the proper quantity based on carton size, quantity discounts and available warehouse shelf space. With the DSS having all of this information and being able to compute the optimal order quantity the employee can place the order quickly and accurately. As shown in this example a DSS can be programmed to assist in very specific decisions but the benefits of a DSS can be numerous depending on what is needed from them.

Executive Information Systems

As I have discussed, people and organizations need accurate reliable information that is readily available and easily understood in order to support decision-making. This being said, not all levels of the organization need the same information to make decisions and run the business, as I showed earlier a buyer may need inventory information and ordering data to buy materials but an upper level executive has little use for that level of detail and needs a higher level look at the state of the entire business operation. An Executive Information System is a special type of DSS designed to support higher-level decision-making in the organization. An EIS is a specialized system that captures the expertise of highly trained, experienced professionals in specific problem domains. The objective of an EIS is to support upper management to ask the right questions and to have the data needed to make strategic business decisions. An EIS is generally designed for a specific individual or a small group of users. This is the main difference between an EIS and a DSS, where DSS is designed for the entire organization and the output is designed to help the users solve problems and answer questions. As you know executives have very little time to spend on a computer digging into data, they need information quickly that is presented in a way they understand and can use effectively. An EIS is used for this very purpose to help executives monitor performance, do what if analysis, identify problems and trends so that they can react quickly and make decisions that move the corporation in the appropriate direction.

Software Tools

There are many software tools on the market today that perform some functions of a DSS by taking a companies data and helping to organize, analyze and prepare data so decisions can be made. Most of these software packages are web-based applications that are compatible with traditional business systems and can be customized to provide powerful reporting and analysis tools to help run the business. This software known as Business Intelligence software such as Comshare, Brio and Cognos offer a variety of Business Intelligence solutions that provide employees, customers and managers with real-time data to make decisions. These software packages allow organizations to look at information and data differently than traditional reporting methods. Some of the strengths of these software packages are their ease of use, visual presentation of data, adaptability and customization to many user groups. Some of the weaknesses of this type of software is that most are fairly expensive, require a lot of up front work for implementation and are only as good as the data that is fed to them. As part of determining a companies needs regarding a DSS a decision needs to be made as to whether you purchase off the shelf software or develop the system from scratch. These tools mentioned are very good and powerful but may not have everything we need and we may be paying for some functionality that we do not need.

Successful Implementation

There are a few critical success factors involved in developing and implementing a successful DSS/EIS system or one of the available software tools. One of the most important factors in the implementation of a DSS is top level or senior executive support and involvement in the development and launch process. The top-level executives must understand the benefit of the system and communicate its importance to the organization. Another factor that leads to success is for the system to have one person that is responsible for making it work. This person should be designated by executive management and have the overall responsibility for designing, building and launching the system. This owner will be responsible for assembling the proper team to do the work and reporting out to management the status of the project. One key to building a successful system lies in the work that is done up front. In order to build the right system you must define the users, determine their information needs, and determine their computer capabilities and time constraints. This will ensure that the development team is building a tool that users need and can use effectively to run the business. The more communication that takes place between the users and developers and the research done up front determining business needs will benefit greatly in the long run. The goal of the development team should be to create a system that is an invaluable tool to the users.

Recommendation

The purpose of developing and implementing a DSS/EIS system is to gain a competitive advantage by giving executives and employees the data and decision tools they need to the job. A DSS supports information generation and the ability to use that information through visualization, statistical analysis and presents the data in a format that is easy to use and make decisions with. Computer models within a DSS can focus the priorities of the business in those areas that are providing the most revenue or need the most attention. A DSS/EIS helps executives ask the right questions and gives managers and employees the right data to answer those questions effectively by turning data and intuition into knowledge. Empowering executives, managers and employees with accurate and timely information and giving them the authority to act on the data will make them more powerful. If designed and implemented properly with adequate executive support a DSS can make an organization more efficient and effective at running the business, which will lead to a competitive advantage. My recommendation would be to implement a DSS or EIS system so that we have the information needed to operate the business. We as a company spend to much time today developing the data needed to make decisions, if this data were readily available in a format in which we could use we would make quicker more accurate decisions on the everyday activities and be able to focus our attention on strategic issues such as growing and improving the business.

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Computer

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Computer A computer would be a great benefit. Endless different tasks can be performed; some include writing letters, using desktop publishing to create posters, and creating a spreadsheet to help manage finances. All of the inputs through the mouse, keyboard, microphone etc are changed into data that, particularly in the case of the keyboard, is displayed on the monitor.

A computer would be beneficial to the family because it would allow them to quickly and easily perform tasks that may take longer by hand, such as writing a letter, as they would be able to set up time-saving standard letter templates.

Custom Essays on computer

Digital Camera Digital cameras are like normal cameras, but images are stored on an internal memory card, which can be written over again and again. They capture the images by dividing them into pixels, the more pixels, and then the better the image quality is. When you have taken your pictures, you can transfer them to your computer and are able to manipulate them however you want. Programs are available that can even eliminate red-eye. This would be a benefit to the Peterson family, because they could take high quality photographs and save them to their PC. They could then be printed or very quickly and cheaply sent to friends via e-mail.

CD Writer A CD writer would be installed as an extra drive on the family's computer, like a CD-ROM drive. It allows you to copy and create your own CDs, and songs could be downloaded from the Internet then placed onto a CD.

This would be good for the family, because they could create custom CDs, or copy particular CDs that they wanted for a much cheaper price than in shops.

Speakers These active speakers can be connected to your computer, and will amplify and heighten any sound coming from it. Sounds will travel through a cable from the computer to the speakers that will provide sounds as an output. They also have an LED on them, which will indicate whether the speakers system is switched on or off.

These speakers would be beneficial for the Peterson family, since they could connect them to their PC and it would provide them with high quality amplified sounds.

Telephone This particular telephone has a liquid crystal display, showing the time, and if there is a call the number which is calling. There is also an LED that indicates whether there have been any missed calls. Five numbers can be stored in the phone's memory.

This telephone would be great for the family, it will allow them vocal contact with the outside world, and a telephone is essential in any home. Caller ID and indication of missed calls are also useful features.

Doorbell When a button is pressed, a signal will be sent along the cable to the sounding box that will activate a sound, which would let the family know that somebody is actually at the door.

This would be beneficial because the family would be able to tell when somebody is at their front door, which is very useful.

Answering Machine This answer phone will automatically answer the phone within a set number of rings, and allows up to 14 minutes of digital recording time. It has an LCD display showing the number calling, as well as the date and time. There is also an LED indicating whether there are any new messages. essaybank.co.uk

This is likely to be useful, because if the Peterson family are unable to answer their phone it will allow callers to leave them a message and they will be able to return their call.

Clock This clock has a large liquid crystal display showing the current time, day, date, and temperature. The clock is automatically adjusted to the correct time, even at the start and ending of British Summer Time, by receiving a radio signal from the National Physical Laboratory in Rugby.

The Peterson's would benefit from this, as it will tell them the correct time all the time, and doesn't require any adjusting. It will also show other useful information.

Light This table lamp has a sensor inside it, which is sensitive to touch. There are three different levels of lighting, which are changed when you touch the base of the lamp, through the sensor sending a signal to change the light level. This would be useful for the Peterson family, they could have different levels of lighting in the area at different times, and don't have to mess about with switches.

Television This television with channel tuning displays whichever particular programme you want to watch upon a 8-inch screen. There's teletext available, fast and text based, letting you view the latest news by just pressing buttons on your remote control, which tells your television to receive particular signals.

A television would be a benefit to the Peterson family, as it will let them watch things of interest to them, and the teletext function would help them to keep up with the latest news.

DVD Player A DVD looks just like a music CD, but DVD's allow more/extra features to be included on them. For example, many films that can be purchased on DVD include special behind-the-scenes documentaries or interviews. A DVD player is much better quality and sound than a normal videocassette recorder. They also play normal audio CD's.

This would be beneficial to the family, since they could watch films with improved quality and a whole host of extra features included with them.

Video Player This VCR will allow the family to record and watch videos on their television. They will be able to set the VCR in advance to record shows that they will not be able to watch. The front of the VCR has a liquid crystal display that shows the current time and date, as well as the details of anything it has been set to record. It will be useful for the family; since they will be able to play and record any television programmes that they want. wwfa faw esfafas ayfa faba nfa kcfa fauk.

Hi-fi System This Hi-fi system features a radio, CD player, and a tape player. It has a programmable timer, which is useful. There's also the time date and other information displayed on the player's liquid crystal display. This hi-fi system gives extremely high quality sound. This would be beneficial so the family could listen to high quality music, as well as the radio.

Mini-Disc Player This mini disc player can record and play mini discs. It has a digital screen that shows the song title and the time remaining for the track.

This would be useful for the Peterson's because they could play minidisks, and even record music that they downloaded from the Internet to play on their mini disc player.

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Kettle This kettle will boil water so that hot drinks can be made. It has a water level indicator, and a heat sensor inside which automatically detects when the water has reached the correct temperature, and switches off the kettle.

This would be beneficial for the Peterson's because they would be able to make themselves hot drinks quickly and easily, and the kettle would automatically tell when the water had reached the correct temperature.

Microwave This microwave will heat things, such as meals and drinks. It has a liquid crystal display that shows the current time, and if something is cooking inside the microwave it shows how much long it will be cooking for, it also automatically switches off when the time is over.

This would be beneficial for the Peterson's; because they could cook and heat food quickly and easily, and the automatic switch off feature means that they will be alerted by a sound once their food is ready.

Extractor Fan This extractor fan has three different modes, which are easily changed by simply flicking a switch. It will be very beneficial, since it will keep the kitchen fresh and not smelling of food. It also runs quietly and it will keep the room cool.

Oven An oven will cook food for the family. This oven automatically detects through a heat sensor when the oven has reached the required temperature, and will then keep it at a constant temperature. It also has a timer, which can be set to time how long the food has been cooking for. wwea eaw eseaeas ayea eaba nea kcea eauk.

This would be useful for the Peterson family, as they will be alerted as to when their oven is the correct temperature and can keep track of how long their food has been cooking for.

Freezer This will keep food cold and also, using a heat sensor can adjust the freezer to a particular temperature. The freezer also has LED's which indicate which mode it is in.

This would be useful to the Peterson's to keep food cold or to any temperature that they wanted.

I am an expert that works for an Information Technology company, whose specialist subject is communications in the home.

I am working as a consultant for the Peterson family, who wish to improve the communications that they have in their home. I am going to advise the family on the possible communications and ways that they could improve communications they already have, depending upon their personal needs and wants.

Mr and Mrs Peterson wants to be able to organise their finances and address books, and for further communication technology to allow them to become up to date with world events. Gemma and Phillip Peterson want to be able to organise their own data and be able to research work.

Please note that this sample paper on computer is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on computer, we are here to assist you. Your cheap college papers on computer will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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The Division of Honors and Journeying Among the Gods

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In this essay I will discuss why Gods Journey. I believe that Gods journey for two reasons. One reason is to seek out honor for themselves. The other reason is to regain honors they have lost. To demonstrate this I will first discuss the journeys of Hades in the Homeric hymn To Demeter comparing it to the journey of Hermes in To Hermes. I fell that both of these companion journeys were attempts by these Gods to win honors they did not already have. Next I will look at the companion journeys of Demeter and Apollo. I think that both of these Gods journeyed to regain honors theyd previously had, but lost. Lastly I will conclude by showing how all four Gods had to compromise and divide up the honors amongst themselves. Earth with its wide roads gaped and then over the Nysian field the lord and All receiver, the many named son of Kronos, sprang out upon her with his immortal horses...Not an unseemly bridegroom among the immortals is Aidoneus, Lord on Many, your own brother from the same seed to his share fell honor when in the beginning a triple division was made, and he dwells among those over whom his lot made him lord (To Demeter 16-18, 8-87). I think that these two sets of lines show that Hades viewed Persephone as a prize. Honor was one of the things Hades won when he, Zeus, and Poseidon divided up the world. Thus Hades felt justified in journeying up from the underworld to earth to claim Persephone as his bride. I feel that he felt he deserved to have her, according to his logic, because honor was something he was entitled to as a God. I feel that Hermes journey was similar to that of Hades in that he traveled in order to win honor for himself and for his Mother Maia. A watcher by night and a gate keeper, soon destined to show forth glorious deeds among the immortal gods. Born at dawn, by midday he played his lyre, and at evening he stole the cattle of far shooting Apollon...But I shall be master of whatever skill is best to provide for you and me forever we shall not suffer, as you bid me, to stay right here and be the only two immortals not plied with gifts and prayers. It is better to be forever in the gods intimate circle, rich, affluent, and with an abundance of grain, than to sit in this dark cave and as for honor, I, too, shall claim the rite of which Apollon is a master (To Hermes 15-18, 166- 17). Hermes much like Hades was destined to achieve glorious deeds and win honor. He felt he was entitled to steal Apollos cattle, just as Hades felt entitled to steal Persephone, because neither he nor Maia were receiving their just honors from the Gods. I think that honor is one of the most important and significant things among the Gods. It is truly the one area in which Gods are able to distinguish themselves from other gods. I think that both of these Gods risked earning the wrath of other Gods because honor was so important to them, and they felt they were lacking of such. Both of these journeys represent one of the key reasons why I feel that Gods travel. Both of these Gods were not receiving the honors that they felt they deserved as Gods. Furthermore both of them lived in isolated places, Hades in the underworld and Hermes in an isolated cave, away from the other gods who lived on MT. Olympus. Thus these Gods could easily be forgotten and dismissed by the people, and the other Gods. I think that Hermes wanted to own something so people would honor him and his mother in the same fashion they honored the other Gods on Mt. Olympus. I feel that Hades wanted someone whom he could claim as a bride to keep him company in his rule of the underworld isolated away from the other Gods. While both of these Gods were able to temporarily steal away these honors for themselves, they had to take them from other Gods. Once these other Gods found out about their thievery they responded in kind with a journey of their own to reclaim honors which had been theres before and which they felt should still rightfully be theirs. For nine days then all over the earth mighty Deo roamed about with bright torches in her hands, and in her sorrow never tasted ambrosia or nectar sweet to drink,and never bathed her skin... Afterwards, angered with Kronion, lord of black clouds, she withdrew from the assembly of the gods and from lofty Olympos and went through the cities of men and the wealth of their labors, tearing at her hair form for a long time (To Demeter 47-50, 1-4) Demeter was so distraught over the rape of Persephone that she roamed the Earth for nine days seeking out her daughter. While the loss of Persephone was perhaps not a loss of honor to her in the same way the stealing Persephone was an åhonor to Hades, Demeter still felt dishonored and offended that her daughter was taken away from her. When she found out what had happened she walked among the people from village to village until she finally came upon the home of Keleos. There Demeter agreed to serve as the birth mother of Demephoon. I feel that Demeters journey that brought her to Demephoon was her way of attempting to win back the honor that was taken from her in the form of Persephone. Demeter used Demephoon as a substitute and cared for him in place of Persephone. Apollo goes on a similar journey once he finds out that his cattle have been stolen. And then he saw a long winged bird and knew forthwith that the robber was the son of Zeus Kronion. And Apollon, son of Zeus, speedily rushed to holy Pylos in search of his shambling cows, his broad shoulders enveloped in a purple cloud... Son of Leto, are not these harsh words you have spoken? And here you are in search of roving cattle? I have neither seen, nor found out, nor heard another mans word and I will neither tell, nor get the reward for telling (To Hermes 1-17, 61-64). Apollo is initially thwarted in his efforts to recover what has been taken from him just as Demeter was. He listens to and old man and finally finds Hermes, yet Hermes lies to him and refuses to tell him where his cattle are hidden because he knows that he will receive no prize if he does so. In these situations both Apollo and Demeter are thwarted in their initial efforts to recover their lost honors. Demeter does find a temporary replacement in Demephoon, but that ends when Meteneira catches her placing Demephoon in the fire and Demeters secret is revealed. This leaves two Gods, Demeter and Apollo, unsatisfied with their stolen honors and two Gods, Hades and Hermes, thoroughly satisfied that they have been able to pull off their great thievery. I feel that since Gods journey to earn or win back honors and to divide them up amongst themselves clearly this unequal situation cannot exist in perpetuity. In both cases Zeus the Ruler of all is called upon to rectify the situation and help work out some type of balance of power between the warring Gods. So then again the father sent forth all the blessed immortal gods. They ran to her, and each in his turn summoned her and gave her many beautiful gifts and whatever honors she might want to choose among the immortals. But no one could persuade the mind and thought of the angry goddess who stubbornly spurned their offers. She said she would never set foot on fragrant Olympos and never allow the grain in the earth to sprout forth so when loud thundering, far seeing Zeus heard this he sent Argeiphontes of the golden want to Erebos. His mission was to win Hades over with gentle words, and bring Persephone out of the misty darkness (To Demeter 5-7). In this case Zeus was forced to recall Persephone from Hades in order to placate Demeter. However since Persephone had eaten a pomengrate seed she was sentenced to live two thirds of the year with Demeter and one third of the year with Hades. This division of the honor of having Persephone between Hades and Demeter was a result of the journeys that both of them took. The journeys of Apollo and Hermes resulted in a similar arrangement and division of honors. For, noble and mighty as you are, O son of Zeus, your seat is first among the immortals, and wise Zeus loves you, by every sacred right, and has granted you splendid gifts. And they say, O Far Shooter, that from Zeus and his divine voice you learn the honors, the prophets skills, and all god given relevations. I myself have learned that you have all these in abundance. You may choose to learn whatever you desire, but since you heart is so eager to play the lyre, sing and play the lyre and minister to gay festivities, receiving this skill from me and, friend, grant me glory (To Hermes 468-477). Thus both Apollo and Hermes wind up with something to gain from their journeys. Hermes gains the fame and glory that he sought both among the Gods and among the men on Earth while Apollo was given back his cattle and the ability to play the lyre as well. These hymns I feel both have the same truths within them. Gods travel as a way to gain honor, either new or lost. Honor however is a fungible thing, there can only be so much of it to go around. Thus Gods ultimately journey as a way of dividing up that honor so that every God has some, but no one God has it all.

Please note that this sample paper on The Division of Honors and Journeying Among the Gods is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on The Division of Honors and Journeying Among the Gods, we are here to assist you. Your cheap research papers on The Division of Honors and Journeying Among the Gods will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Violence on TV

If you order your custom term paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on Violence on TV. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality Violence on TV paper right on time.

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Are todays children being exposed to too much violence via television? I think so. From Pokeman, to the Ninja Turtles, kids are always being exposed to the rock-em-sock-em heroes of T.V., or the brainless violence of The Simpsons and Jerry Springer. When we live in a country where our children watch an average of three to four hours of television daily (Kill 1), That is a large number of punches, kicks, and many other violent acts that our children are soaking up every day. Is that really what we want for the children of our country? Hundreds of studies of the effects of TV violence on children and teenagers have found that children may become immune to the horror of violence (Kill 1). Gradually they even accept violence as a way to solve problems, imitating the violence they observe on television, as well as identifying with certain characters, victims and/or victimizers.

One might ask If we know what is happening, why do they put violence on television? The basic reason is because violence is what people want to see. Much of the American viewing audience, and especially children, will watch the shows with more action before they even think about watching the morally correct ones. Another reason is that some broadcasters claim that there is not enough evidence to prove that TV violence is harmful. But, scientists who have studied this aspect have stated that TV violence and aggressive behavior are linked. In a Children Now Executive Summary, only one of many studies on the issue, experts agreed, among other relevant topics, that television can have a negative effect on children, encouraging anti-social behavior such as dishonesty or violence. (Kill )

This study as well as many others show that the violence is there. Another factor that points to childrens television being too violent is the aggressive behavior that it is bringing out in the children that are watching it. During the average four hours a day that children watch television, They witness an average of 0 violent acts per hour. That is about 80 violent acts per day and, Children who watch the violent shows, even just funny cartoons, were more likely to hit out at their playmates, argue, disobey class rules, leave tasks unfinished, and were less willing to wait for things than those who watched the nonviolent programs, says Aletha Huston, Ph.D., now at the University of Kansas. This was the conclusion after a Pennsylvania State University study of 100 preschool children on weather or not violence in the television has an effect on children. If that wasnt enough, Leonard Eron, Ph.D., and his associates at the University of Illinois, performed both laboratory, and field studies which showed that children who watched many h! ours of violent TV when they were young, showed a higher level of aggressive behavior when they became teenagers, and when they grew to be 0, the ones who watched a lot of TV when they were young, were more likely to be arrested and prosecuted for criminal acts. The research seems to definitely support the argument that childrens television is too violent. This being so, many parents may ask What can I do?

Scientists who believe that children learn aggressive behavior from TV also point out that parents have the power over what their children watch. Because of this, many scientists recommend a number of things that parents can do. Reduce the amount of hours of TV that your children watch, watch at least one episode of the shows your children watch, and when they see a violent act on the show that their children are watching, discuss it with your child and tell them that this kind of behavior is not good and not the way to solve problems. Some other ways to answer the What can I do question is to Ban any shows that you think are too offensive for your children to be watching, and Encourage your children to watch shows that demonstrate good qualities, like caring and sharing. I think it is pretty clear that the children of America are being exposed to way too much violence on television.

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It is also clear that this exposure is having a negative effect on them. This should be a wake up call to everyone. We need to stop the violence on television and stop it now, the children of our country will be affected. So, parents of America, try to keep your kids away from the violence which they are constantly being exposed to, via television.

Unfortunately, the understanding that this child has and the answers science has deduced and discovered are not far apart. Very little is understood about how humans think, and more importantly, if all of the thinking humanity does is solely the product of physical, neuro-chemical reactions in the brain, or as some tend to think, there is some sort of non-corporeal mind somehow connected to the physical brain. Throughout the ages, many philosophers have considered whether we need to posit the existence of non-physical minds, and the question is just as relevant today. One philosopher who helps shed light on this problem was Gilbert Ryle, who wrote about it in his essay, The Ghost In The Machine. Within it he says that A person . . . lives through two collateral histories, one consisting of what happens in and to his body, the other consisting of what happens in and to his mind. The first is public, the second private. . . . He goes on to say that It is customary to express this bifurcation of his two lives and of his two worlds by saying that the things and events which belong to the physical world, including his own body, are external, while the workings of his own mind are internal. Ryle goes on to say that this distinction between what is internal and what is external has led many to make some significant philosophical errors. He believes that many assume what he calls the dogma of the Ghost in the Machine, or the belief that the occurrence of mental processes belongs in the same category with the occurrence of physical processes. He believes that both of these processes occur, but that they are not of the same sort, and the dogma of the ghost in the machine presupposes them to be of the same sort. Ryles argument works to strengthen the notion of the non-physical mind.

Although his argument gives no definitive answers, it does, at least, give rise to the possibility of a non-physical mind. He defines the statuses of both physical and mental existence. It is a necessary feature of what has physical existence that it is in space and time, it is a necessary feature of what has mental existence that it is in time but not in space. What has physical existence is composed of matter, or else is a function of matter; what has mental existence consists of consciousness, or else is a function of consciousness. In his mind, he is sure of the existence of a non-physical mind, and, although arguable, it still gives rise to the possibility that a non-physical mind exists. Another philosopher whos writings might serve to clarify is J.J.C. Smart, especially in his essay, Materialism The Identity Theory. Within this essay, Smart first defines materialism as the theory that there is nothing in the world over and above those entities which are postulated by physics. He then attempts to theorize as to how this relates to consciousness. He states that, . . . immediate experience is derivative from . . . the external world. Furthermore, since . . . immediate experience is in terms of a typical stimulus situation, . . . immediate experience is itself neutral between materialism and dualism . . . the dualist would construe these goings on as goings on in an immaterial substance, whereas the materialist would construe these goings on as taking place inside our skulls. Smart also realizes the possibility of the non-physical mind as part of the human character.

Again, his theories about the location of thought can be argued, and even he i! s aware of this, but his argument show the importance of it being considered. Philosophers seem to harbor a desire to remove extraneous information from their minds, many times because of the difficulties that said information places on already mentally trying ideas. One such question is that of the non-physical mind. Some philosophers believe that all a person ever will be is a sum of his corporeal parts, and that all the thought he or she has are products of his or her brain. On the other hand, there are philosophers who believe that our personalities are actually caused not only by physical reactions (i.e. neuro-chemical reactions), but also by an undefined area that is somehow outside of the physical body as we now know it. As of this time in human evolution, the definitive answer to that question is still unknown. What humanity has now are simply theories as to how our mind works, and even where it is located. It can only be considered presumptuous to remove the possibility of a non-physical mind until that answer is definitively answered.

Therefore, humanity must posit the existence of a non-physical mind until our resources are such that a definitive, scientific explanation can be given to the workings of the mind and/or brain, and such explanation proves that our mental processes are solely the product of the human brain.

Please note that this sample paper on Violence on TV is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Violence on TV, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on Violence on TV will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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