Analysis of Daimler-Chrysler

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Analysis of DaimlerChrysler

Two of the worlds most profitable car manufacturers, Daimler-Benz and Chrysler Corporation have agreed to combine their businesses in a merger of equals. The transaction has created a global automotive corporation ranked in the worlds top car makers in terms of revenues, market after General Motors, Ford… The new company is called. It is leading by the Chief Executive Officer (CEO) Juergen E. Schrempp. It will be uniquely positioned to exploit the growth opportunities of the global automotive market in terms of geographical and product segment coverage. For example, Chrysler can improve its sells in Europe and Daimler-Benz in North America. With Daimler-Benzs non-automotive businesses, automotive electronics operations, DaimlerChrysler is a leader in transportation. First, I will talk about DaimlerChrysler environment, in 001 then I will speak about its capability with a SWOT analysis and at last but not least, I will recommend a future strategy.

The environment of DaimlerChrysler can be studied with a PEST analysis.

Political

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The Government's role is to stimulate the car industry, yet impose controls over the use of cars in order to provide an acceptable national infrastructure and the demanded perception of freedom. Governments can support carmakers because they provide jobs. For example, the United States (US) Government rescued Chrysler Corporation with a special Federal Loan Guarantee Program. Car makers have to deal with national governments about environment and security policies. DaimlerChrysler AG is organized under the laws of the Federal Republic of Germany.

Economic

It's the time for mergers. If companies want to stay alive, they have to grow fast and mergers are a good way. It's the motto "eat or be eaten". Car prices in European Union are likely to fall as the Euro. Europe's single currency will create greater price transparency. It will probably increase the merger mania. Economists and auto industries expect a slowdown in auto sales. Competition for market share is rising and put increased pressure on prices and margins. Price of fuel can disadvantage companies. Today we are faced with a great degree of overcapacity in the car industry running at 5%.

Social

During the last century, the car has transformed the lives of people in developed countries, providing a new degree of freedom and new opportunities for work and leisure. DaimlerChrysler has mainly a position in three automotive markets Europe, North America and Asia. These three markets are composed by a rich population. They can buy car easily. DaimlerChrysler sells a large range of products which touches all the class of the society. We can also say that the population changes it becomes older and more single. European and US markets are good for DaimlerChrysler because it's a source of national pride for Americans to buy Chrysler and for Germans to buy Mercedes. The United States of America (USA) and Germany are the most powerful countries in the world. The growth rate for motor industry in Europe is between % and %.

Technological

DaimlerChrysler must take care about new fuel which can change car making. It must also take care of the growth of the Internet because there is a lot of information about DaimlerChrysler and you can also make advertising. A lot of Money is spent in technology to preserve the environment and to secure the customer (e.g. airbag). They also develop entertainment in car like DVD lectors.

DaimlerChrysler has a large range of products in different markets. They product in each market luxury car (Mercedes), sedans, coupes, convertibles, minivans, jeeps, compacts, sport-utility vehicles, trucks, commercial vehicles like heavy trucks and buses. They also have Automotive Electronics which products automotive electronics applications.

The main competitors of DaimlerChrysler in its segments and markets are General Motors, Ford, Toyota, Volkswagen, Renault, Fiat, Peugeot-Citroen, Honda, BMW Rover… DaimlerChrysler is one of the five best car makers.

This is the environment where Daimler-Chrysler lives. Now, we talk about the strengths and weaknesses with a SWOT analysis and a product portfolio.

We're going to do the SWOT analysis. It will give us the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threat of DaimlerChrysler.

Strengths

The merger of Daimler and Chrysler brought strengths from both sides.

ɨ DaimlerChrysler is famous for its diversification.

ɨ They have a reputation for design and product development due to Chrysler Corporation

ɨ Reputation for innovation (e.g. Smart, A car)

ɨ Capacity of engineering and technology from Daimler

ɨ Luxury car image due to Mercedes-Benz

ɨ Good shares in European and North American markets

Let's see the different brands and their strengths in a product portfolio

Passenger cars & light trucks

Mercedes-Benz passenger cars are world renowned for their innovative technology and highest levels of comfort. It offers elegantly and technically brilliant products. Its youthfulness and dynamism are appreciated in all over the world.

The Chrysler Brand has a complete range of products with its sedans, coupes, convertibles, and minivans. Chrysler brand's focus is design, performance, fined-tuned athletic. Cars are not very expensive

The Jeep® Brand is one of the most widely recognized brands in the world because of its utility during the World War II and because it has four-wheel-drive capability combined with exceptional on-road handling and performance. It defines the sporty and versatile side of the sport-utility segment.

The Plymouth Brand combines contemporary styling, meaningful innovation and value in versatile products. It sells cars in three segments compact, sedan and minivan.

The Dodge Brand is popular in the USA and is recognized for its bold, powerful and capable image. It has a wide range of cars, minivans, sport-utility and trucks.

The Smart Brand is a new brand. It needs minimum road space. It is very useful for mobility in big cities during rush hours. But the car is still expensive.

The Commercial Vehicles and buses

DaimlerChrysler is one of the leaders in commercial vehicles and buses with four brands

DaimlerChrysler is the No. 1 in the world for trucks over six tons and buses over eight tons.

In Europe, DaimlerChrysler is represented by Mercedes-Benz for commercial vehicles and by Mercedes-Benz and Setra for buses. The Mercedes-Benz Atego is the leader of sells in the segment of delivery transportation. They also offer trucks for fire services or airport ground crews.

In North America, Freightliner Corporation is No. 1 for Class 8 heavy trucks. Sterling makes Class 8 trucks for construction, long-distance haulage and delivery.

It also exists Automotives Electronics which manufactures automotive electronics applications.

Weaknesses

DaimlerChrysler has several problems

It still has troubles about the merger between Daimler-Benz and Chrysler Corporation. There is a German dominance in Chrysler decisions which are unacceptable for Americans. So, designers, production people and executives have left Chrysler to join General Motors or Ford. It has an impact of the effectiveness of Chrysler. Furthermore, Chrysler's range of minivans, jeeps, and sport-utility vehicles are ageing.

DaimlerChrysler announced in 001 a loss of between €. billion and €.6 billion for Chrysler Brand

DaimlerChrysler try to lose less money by cutting jobs so the production will not be the same and will probably decrease. 6,000 jobs cut in America with Chrysler. Cut off 15% in the cost of materials and Chrysler claims that more than half its suppliers have already agreed to a programme of drastic cuts in costs over the next three years.

Smaller share in the market than General motors, Ford, in 001.

Mercedes shares some parts of cars that the consumer cannot see and he will pay more than usual.

Due to Business week "DaimlerChrysler still has not made money for its shareholders. The stocks trades near its low of 5 and is off about % in November 18"

The Jürgen Schrempp is the chairman of DaimlerChrysler and has a strong personality. He is unpopular.

DaimlerChrysler is not sure about the efficiency of Mitsubishi Motors Company which has a $ 5 billion debt. The CEO Jürgen Schrempp wants to cut the production of Japanese car maker by a fifth with a loss of ,500 jobs.

Opportunities

DaimlerChrysler try to enter into a new market like Asian market with Mitsubishi and Hyundai. It also tries to take share market in small cars market like Smart. Different vehicles can shares parts like engine blocks, batteries, gearboxes…

Threats

An impending recession can appear and consummation can decrease. A new entrant in the automotive market but it is impossible because automotive sector has no space for new entrants.

Investors don't trust the CEO Jürgen Schrempp because they doubt about him.

American car and light-truck market looks like sliding off its peak of 17.5 million to 16 million in 000 to around 001.

Now, we know the position of DaimlerChrysler in 001, we can find a strategy for the future.

I think it is not so important to try to grow faster by announcing alliances or mergers as much as you can. For DaimlerChrysler, it first has to consolidate Chrysler before trying to go in Asian market. If DaimlerChrysler does not take care of this company, it can lose it and the consequences will be horrible. The CEO Jürgen Schrempp must give more power to Chrysler Put an American manager at the head of Chrysler and increase advertising showing that Chrysler is an American brand even if it is German to increase share in the US Market. Automotive cars are a source of national pride.

They have to try to share parts between Chrysler and Mitsubishi because those companies sell the same class of products. So it's easier to share ideas and parts. Parts of Mercedes are more expensive.

The CEO has to reassure investors and shareholders.

A change in thinking is required from the just in case mentality of mass to the just in time requirement of lean production. They have to stop the overcapacity of 5%.

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Shouldice Hospital

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Recommendation

Shouldice Hospital has successfully created a hernia operation assembly line that is so effective that it makes every patient feel different and unique even though those patients are merely cogs in the Shouldice Hospital process. It is this irony that has made Shouldice Hospital a success, which is clearly evident based on its rate of "word of mouth" referral and the attendance at annual "reunion" parties. Without any form of formal marketing, the Company has its largest backlog of customers to date. Upon conducting a partial House of Service Quality analysis, it is abundantly clear that Shouldice Hospital's service attributes and capabilities are aligned with customer needs and expectations.

The greatest form of flattery is often said to be imitation. Shouldice Hospital's latest challenges arise from these imitators. Copycats are affecting the image of the Shouldice method of hernia surgery. Further exacerbating the problem, lack of capacity at the Shouldice Hospital is forcing patrons to seek out these hospitals that are imitating the procedures. Seeking out potential growth opportunities will help overcome this challenge. In the near term, management of the Shouldice Hospital must expand capacity by conducting surgeries on Saturdays. This expansion will allow the hospital to decrease backlog as well as decrease the number of patrons who defect to other hospitals. To implement this change in schedule, management must

1)Win the support of employees by clearly communicating the challenges facing the hospital

)Hire more surgeons and nurses to overcome increased work load concerns of employees

Rationale

Shouldice Hospital has built a highly profitable niche business by aligning customer needs and expectations with the service the hospital delivers. Exhibit 1, a partial House of Service Quality analysis, outlines the different expectations that hernia patients have as well as the controllable elements that the hospital can use to deliver to these expectations. From this analysis, which ranks the expectations of patients based on survey results, it is clear that reliability is a highly important factor for patients. For the hospital to be successful they have to invest heavily in training and equipment. The hospital has effectively delivered to this expectation through extensive research by Dr. Shouldice and the development of the Shouldice method. Furthermore, each surgeon develops expertise by performing nearly 600 hernia operations per year versus 5-50 for a surgeon at a general hospital. Due to these factors, the success rate of the hospital is much higher than general hospitals and potential patients are presented strong empirical evidence.

Similar to the Mayo clinic, the Shouldice Hospital strongly differentiates itself by delivering to the assurance and empathy needs of its patients as well. As seen in Exhibit 1, assurance and empathy are just as important as reliability to these patients. Patients at Shouldice Hospital are looking for a complication-free experience with staff members that are sensitive to their discomfort prior to the operation but also effective at inspiring exercise to shorten recovery time after the procedure. Not surprisingly, nurses spend an abnormally high amount of time counseling. In addition, from housekeeper to physician, the entire staff is trained to push patients to exercise from the moment the procedure is completed.

Similarly, the Hospital facilities were designed for the benefit of hernia patients. The vast estate with numerous amenities creates an atmosphere that is less like a hospital and more like a hotel. The overall space also allows for significant movement by patients. Carpeted hallways and specially designed steps reduce the possibility of falls. A real testament to the strength of the facilities is the lack of television in the hospital rooms. Patients are clearly entertained through other more productive venues.

Customers also play a pivotal role in creating an atmosphere that meets expectations. As a part of the Shouldice Hospital process, patients are encouraged to interact with each other and share experiences (Tea and Cookie hours, recreation rooms, etc.). These processes, as outlined in Exhibit , play a critical role in helping the hospital maintain consistent service quality. The machine-like flow allows for little variation and keeps employees on their toes. Furthermore, because the hospital is focused solely on hernia procedures, employees repeatedly practice the process thus creating the efficiencies that the hospital enjoys today.

Where to go from here

Shouldice Hospital has reached the pinnacle of efficiency and utilization out of its current service offering. The Company is at a crossroads as to how to continue growing while also overcoming some of the challenges it does face. The New Service Strategy Matrix in Exhibit shows some of the possible directions the hospital can take. As a large part of the Company's value proposition is the innovative Shouldice procedure, venturing into new service offerings either at the same location or at a new location would be a stretch. The current staff holds little medical expertise in any areas other than hernia. Furthermore, the Company's processes that are so effective for hernia operations (i.e. quick recovery/exercise process) may not be the easily transposed onto new services.

Despite exceeding customer expectations and creating an extremely efficient process, the Shouldice Hospital does face some new challenges. First, the Company's backlog is increasing. Responsiveness is a key driver of customer satisfaction (see Exhibit 1) and current backlogs are not allowing Shouldice Hospital to exceed customer expectations in this area. Second, copycat services are appearing and tarnishing the image of the Shouldice procedure. Both of these challenges are highly correlated. As more and more customers are seeking out the Shouldice procedure, the hospital's backlog is increasing. As the backlog is increasing, customers are searching elsewhere for similar services.

The solution to both of these problems is to expand capacity. The Hospital is considering three different proposals for expansion; add Saturday surgeries, add another floor to the hospital, and finally, build a similar facility in a new location. Developing a similar facility in a new location would require several of the doctors to relocate in order to maintain their level of service consistency. There is also a potential moral hazard issue at the other locations as employees there could live off the Shouldice name to garner profits without implementing a similar corporate culture driven by the machine-like processes. Furthermore, although there may be areas with a demographic population that could drive demand (i.e. Florida), the Company would have to work in a new legal environment that may hamper its abilities (i.e. malpractice insurance). Lastly, by opening a new facility, Dr. Obney's worries about not being able to maintain the right guiding principles would not be alleviated.

Building another level at the existing facility could over utilize the existing hospital's operating rooms and overburden the surgeons. In addition, building new capacity would require permission from the provincial government and would disrupt the existing flow of business until the expansion is completed. The costs of building the floor ($ million plus the additional cost of operations) have a lower ROI than the Saturday surgeries solution. The lowest risk proposal, therefore, is to add Saturday services. Based on this increase in workdays, capacity is estimated to increase 0%. By working Saturdays, the Hospital will increase the number of working days by 5. With an average of 7 surgeries (6850 surgeries per year / 61 working days), and average revenue of $10 per customer ($411 hotel stay + $450 surgery + $60 for assistant surgeon + $75 for anesthesiologist), an increase in 5 working days would result in increased revenue of $1.4 million with little disruption to the current business flow.

Clearly, many people within the company have concerns regarding a new Saturday surgery schedule. First, there is the concern that everyone's hours will increase. Second, Dr, Obney is worried that he will not be on premise to ensure that the process is running smoothly. Additionally, Mr. O'Dell is concerned that expansion would make it difficult to maintain the working relationships and attitudes. To alleviate all these fears, Dr. Shouldice must effectively communicate the challenges the Hospital faces and position expansion as necessary. Employees must understand that remaining status quo will lead to deterioration of the brand name by copycat firms and defections of potential patients to other hospitals (further exacerbating the problem). Dr. Shouldice must convince employees of Shouldice Hospital that their current work levels will not change with the change in schedules. Hiring and training the employees will be of paramount importance. Therefore, the expansion should be done deliberately, perhaps working surgeries every other Saturday to start. The deliberate start will also test the expandability of the Shouldice Hospital process.

Conclusion

Shouldice Hospital had been very successful at maintaining service quality by creating a very consistent process that nearly mirrors an efficient assembly line in a factory. Even more impressive is the hospital's ability to make customers feel as though they are receiving individual attention when in reality the patients are merely cogs in the machine. Together these two factors have allowed the Shouldice Hospital to consistently exceed customer expectations.

As the Company moves forward, if the implementation of the Saturday surgeries proves to be successful, then it would make sense to stretch the Shouldice Hospital process further by expanding the physical facilities and potentially exploring new locations in the United States. However, without first testing the malleability of the culture and process that Shouldice has developed; the Company must take baby steps to build capacity.

Please note that this sample paper on Shouldice Hospital is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Shouldice Hospital, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on Shouldice Hospital will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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The rise of the Ku Klux Klan during the early 1920s and its impact on American politics

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In this essay I set out to explore the reasons for the rise of the Ku Klux Klan in the early 10s and see its impact on US politics at the time. Firstly, I will briefly outline the history and guidelines of the Ku Klux Klan, as it existed before 10s, as I believe it is important to understand the Klan's concept in the American history. And secondly, I will discuss particular Klan policies in its second version in 10s and means of influencing the whole US nation. The issue of the Klan was quite typical and one of the most controversial of the 10s, thus I would like to point out some interventions with the particular political situation of the era.

The Ku Klux Klan was originally founded as early as 1866 in the U.S. South after the Civil War, in years called Reconstruction and as a secret society of white Southerners. During the years of Reconstruction, the scattered American nation tried to restore its union, forbid slavery and help freed slaves to become rightful citizens. At that time, the Klan members frantically opposed the Reconstruction plans, did not at all approve the notion of equality of blacks to whites and opposed to the idea that the blacks should become landowners and have a vote in the elections and influence "the white man's country", the United States. The Knights of the Ku Klux Klan wore typical white grotesque costumes and hideous masks which were somewhat ghostly and frightening and insured its owners to remain in anonymity. As an impressive ritual, "they used to ride through the countryside mounted on horseback claiming to be the dead soldiers from Shiloh who had recently risen from hell to return to keep the Negroes in their rightful place." (Rambow)

Throughout the first period of its quite intensive existence, the Klan remained very much in the hands of local leadership with only nominal control. The government bills (so called "Force Acts") which were supposed to authorize the president to use military force and martial law against secret societies such as Ku Klux Klan had rarely any impact. The first version of the Ku Klux Klan was strictly southern issue and the secret organization officially disbanded in 186, but how it was in reality is another matter. "By January 186, Imperial Wizard of the Klan ordered the dissolution of the order. His explanation was that the Klan had become perverted in some localities and that public opinion was becoming unfavorable to masked orders…" (Ibid) But even after that the core of the Klan remained in the Deep South as a fraternal order, before its notion appeared handy as a tool of influence some fifty years later.

In 115, Colonel William Joseph Simmons, revived the Klan after seeing D. W. Griffiths film Birth of A Nation, which demonstrated the Klansmen as great heroes who were too good to be hidden in the pages of the books. Simmons made his living by selling memberships in fraternal organizations in a similar spirit that used to be Ku Klux Klan and as a result later announced a kind of "rebirth of the Klan." (http//www.pbs.org) Thus, for $10, one could become a secret member of the Klan and get a sense of belonging to superior white Protestant America. This version of Klan did not primarily focus its attention on blacks and their lynching, but broadened its message of hate to include Catholics, Jews and foreigners. The Klan promoted fundamentalism and patriotism along with advocating white superiority. They blasted bootleggers and promoted a return to clean living that should remain isolated from Progressive influences and rapid modernization of good old America in between the wars. Appealing to people uncomfortable with the shifting nature of America from a rural agricultural society to an urban industrial nation, the Klan attacked the elite, urbanites and intellectuals.

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However, its membership was not limited to the poor and uneducated on societys fringes. Mainstream, middle-class Americans donned the white robes of the Klan too. Doctors, lawyers and ministers became loyal supporters of the KKK. In Ohio alone their ranks surged to 00,000. As to the northern states, e.g. in Pennsylvania, membership reached 00,000. The Klan in 10s remained a secret society, but it was by no means isolated or marginalized. Their membership ballooned in the 10s. By the middle of the decade, estimates for national membership in this secret organization ranged from million to as high as 8 million Klansmen.

One of the particular social issues that KKK was concerned with was the fact, that black veterans were coming home from WW I and it was not possible for them to be put back to their original places. They migrated North in immense numbers and took the "places of white workers in the factories" and became to get more and more involved in the political and social life of the country. And there was very similar situation concerning the immigrants that were coming to the United States in great number up to 117, before the immigration was more or less unrestricted to anyone indifferently. Now it was believed, that the immigration of eastern and southern Europeans in particular created grave social problems. Finally, most new immigrants were either Catholics or Jews, and their coming aroused fear among Protestant Americans. And it was Ku Klux Klan, that begun a powerful campaign aimed at Jews and Catholics. Still, the Klan impulse was not usually a response to direct personal relationship or face-to-face competition, but rather a result of the sense that the moral code and the old religion were being ignored in wicked cities. Thus, the KKK of the twenties differs to the original version of the Klan; it didn't stand as much for hatred and racist violence, but rather to promote morality and rural chastity.

As to the impact on local and state politics, the Klan became in many aspects an important element. The Klan devised a strategy called the decade, in which every member of the Klan was responsible for recruiting 10 people to vote for Klan candidates in elections. In 14 the Klan succeeded in engineering the elections of officials from coast to coast, including several mayors from southern cities. In Colorado, Indiana and elsewhere, they placed enough Klansmen in positions of power to effectively control the state government. Known as the Invisible Empire, the Klans presence was felt across the whole country. As an effective instrument, they were using 10s-style advertising and tapping into the conservative mood of the 10s and white mainstream resentment of immigrants and opposing ideas, repositioned the Klan as an upholder of "traditional American values."

It must be pointed out, that the Democratic Party was highly divided in the 10s, especially over the issues such as immigration, Prohibition and Ku Klux Klan. Those problematic questions caused discussion not only within Democrats, but in the whole American society. The greatest influence on large scale politics took shape in connection with the US presidential elections of 14. The dispute crystallized not so significantly between the Republicans and Democrats, but within the Democratic Party alone. The party was divided basically to the Southerners, who either feared or supported Ku Klux Klan and were generally and historically anti-Negro and more conservative, and the Northerners who slowly begun to develop strength among black supporters. The tension reached its peak during the Democratic National Convention contest. "…former Secretary of the Treasury, William G. McAdoo had won the support of the South and West, and, although he openly repudiated it, the endorsement of the Ku Klux Klan." (Hofstadter, 64) His counterpart who had the support of Irish- and Catholic easterners and Midwesterners was governor of New York, Al Smith, a Roman Catholic opponent of prohibition and the Klan. When the candidate could not be decided among those two in the one hundred and third ballot, the convention turned to John W. Davis.

Another fight within Democrats was their platform for election. It concerned Smiths resolution to condemn Klan as un-American. This proposal failed by one vote of 54 to 54. Similarly, the Democrats could not agree over the issue of prohibition. On this figure we can see that the tension around Klan was really tight within Democrats and it was clear that the differences between Republicans and Democrats were insignificant compared to this.

To conclude this essay on Ku Klux Klan of the twenties, it must be said, that the KKK at that time differed fundamentally from its predecessor, at least concerning its matter. It is still important to see it as a necessary device of the particular period, when the society in the US was in turmoil. It was an era when two different world views came into collision, the traditional one and the one that was shaping the future, the progressive one - thus only the form of both versions of Klan had something in common. The fact that the KKK of the twenties operated on larger scale is given by the technological and social progress of the society (e.g. better media, transport) which helped to influence the nation as a whole together with its politics.

Link, Arthur S. American Epoch A History of the United States since the 180s. Vol. II 11-

141. New York, 168

Hofstadter, Richard. The Age of Reform From Bryan to F. D. R.

People & Events The Rise of the Ku Klux Klan in the 10s

http//www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/flood/peopleevents/e_klan.html

Rambow, Charles. Ku Klux Klan in the 10s

A Concentration on the Black Hills

http//www.geocities.com/crazyoglala/pahasapa_KKK10s.html

Please note that this sample paper on The rise of the Ku Klux Klan during the early 1920s and its impact on American politics is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on The rise of the Ku Klux Klan during the early 1920s and its impact on American politics, we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on The rise of the Ku Klux Klan during the early 1920s and its impact on American politics will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Critical Thinking Styles and Forces of Influence

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INTRODUCTION

Within the organization of Kaiser Hospital and any organization, applied critical thinking skills provide an essential foundation for all effective planning, problem-solving, and decision-making activities. Employees who can analyze and reason effectively can help and communicate workplace problems (http//www.ohrd.wisc.edu/reg/catalog_course.asp?course_key=447). A recent problem I have heard spoken through upper management involves the negative and neglecting operations of our hospital. Much discussion has been recently filtered to the department managers regarding patient quality and satisfaction based on feedback provided by our Southern California region from our patient members. Although, solutions within the organization have yet begun, many questions came to mind when thinking of the pieces to frame this problem. I would like to discuss various ideas to frame this problem with specific forces of influence. Also, describe the types of thinking groups may have to influence and minimize the problem. In addition, discuss other avenues within our forces of influence, which may influence how the problem is framed, from our organization's culture to ethics. Finally, take what is applied, to answer this question, How do we accept each others differences and still get anything done?

PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION

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As already mentioned, there is a growing problem that has been addressed from upper management, facing all operations of Kaiser Hospital.

For the first time in my 11 years at Kaiser, have management directed the statement that discussed administrative staff employees down to the nurses and doctors, that all personnel have lost the intent and scope of the vision of Kaiser. According to Kaiser's marketing strategies, patient health care is there priority. Also, quality of care from physicians and staff strive to ensure the safety of patients while they are under the care of Kaiser (http//www.kaiserpermanente.org/locations/california/aboutkp/). After analyzing the statement from upper management and the statements based on our promising messages to consumers, describes how the "highest quality of care" advertised, may pose to some consumers and employees as a fallacy. The issues at hand are enough to identify, but is this the core of the problem?

I believe the core problem lies with the different agendas that are being introduced into the daily operations. It has become a very difficult task for the management team and the various members of its support staff to effectively run and maintain the hospital. This apparent loss of structure is tearing the communication of Kaiser's vision to a negative surface.

FRAMING THE PROBLEM

Based on the presentation of upper management, there is currently a wide array of concerns that are plaguing the hospitals ability to run and maintain its daily functions. These concerns have become so connected to our daily operations that the stability of the hospital has become threatened. There are three major concerns that need to be addressed and are currently effecting the internal operation of the hospital. The first major concern is the employees inability to follow the rules and standards set by the hospital.

Employees justify their actions by using their own personal set of opinions and standards, which they allow to dictate their individual routines at the hospital. They have single handedly set their own ethical and moral agenda, which they are pushing on to the patients of Kaiser Hospital in the form of how they are being treated medically. They have decided not to follow and uphold the mission statement that was put in place to achieve higher medical standards. The second major concern is the rising costs of running the hospital, coupled with an up and down yo-yo patient population. The hospital is experiencing an increase in cost from the previous year, which is making it difficult to provide the necessary care to its patients. The large percentage of unbalanced patient drops has affected the operating budget and is forcing cutbacks to the organization. The third concern is trying to balance these problems and brainstorm ways to handle the future cutbacks that will ultimately affect the existing staff with additional duties. Regardless of the reason surrounding the concerns or problems facing Kaiser Hospital, there needs to be immediate actions taken to put an end to the frustration, and to continue the steps of providing excellent healthcare to any and all patients.

FORCES OF INFLUENCE PLAN I

There are a variety of alternatives or influential methods that can be used to stop the abuses currently at the hospital. Before the alternatives are put into place, it is important that the decision makers use a systematic approach to problem solving. The contextual factor is the first part of the systematic approach in analyzing and stating the current problems (McCall, 10), which are occurring within the groups of Kaiser's staff. The second step in decision-making is to prioritize the urgency of those problems to be addressed as action items (McCall, 10).

All the problems that were addressed require immediate attention and decisive response; however, a system of setting priorities will alleviate the daunting task of tackling all of the problems at once.

FORCES OF INFLUENCE PLAN II

Another method to alleviating Kaiser's morale problem is taking action within the importance of our mission statement. By taking action, means providing group-thinking discussion and examining Kaiser's mission statement. This reviews the initial contract between employer and employee and also attempts to put an end to the problems that are facing the organization. The final step is to conduct a follow-up analysis to ensure that the changes are working appropriately and that all parties involved are following them and to address any issues that were raised during the problem-solving actions.

THINKING METHODS ALONG WITH OTHER FORCES OF INFLUENCE

There is no doubt the hospital needs to have the staff follow and uphold company policy and ethics. Logically thinking, the organization has implemented rules, regulations, a mission statement, and various other policies to protect employees and patients alike. These guidelines for behavior and conduct should be followed without question. A lack of discipline for those who violate the guidelines presents a barrier to increased morale and compliance. The organization needs to immediately enforce and punish those who are not willing to be in compliance with hospital policy. All employees should be notified of the organizations desire to immediately enforce the rules and regulations; those that are unwilling to follow will be subject to disciplinary actions, up to and including termination.

The identification of the other problems addressed, which are the rising costs of health care and the decrease in the patient population. The patient population should change once the organizations culture changes. The negative attitude that is present in the hospital staff that does not follow rules and company policy will eventually have a profound affect on peoples decision to choose the hospital for service. Using creative thinking strategies, the organization should attempt to reestablish the culture that has been successful in the past. The need may arise when the hospital may have to cut programs and employees, in an effort to run leaner. Finding creative ways to choose the programs that need to be cut will be the key to running at a lower cost. The fixed costs should be cut instantly if they are not being utilized or running below the required profit margin. The organizations thinking should direct the facts of their existing economic status of running as a not-for-profit and operate according to the balance sheets and budget.

ANSWER TO DILEMMA

Now, with all that has been shared in identifying the problems with morale in the hospital, how do we accept each others differences and still get anything done? It is reasonably possible and natural to examine the problems mentioned in various ways of thinking. The immediate response is to believe those that want to make a positive difference within themselves, will take the initiative to make a positive difference for their organization. This idea will protect employees in their jobs and promise the organization the provisions of their service. Therefore, providing a turn around in patient quality and satisfaction and taking those differences within each other to work for each individual and the organization they work.

CONCLUSION

Within Kaiser, and any organization for that matter, rapid changes can occur and be identified by using applied critical thinking and problem resolution actions. Our forces of influence encourage us to use a positive approach to fix the problems at hand. Kaiser's upper management, I believe, have identified the core of the problem of employee morale, rising costs and patient decline. My idea of framing the problem and using various influences of thinking may be an idea coming from one person but a great influence to other staff in finding a creative solution. Regardless of the reasons surrounding the concerns or problems, Kaiser Hospital must take immediate action by communicating the processes of problem resolution to all staff so the end result complies with providing excellent healthcare to our patients.

Schutt, D, Director. Office of Human Resource Development. Retrieved July 8, 00 from http//www.ohrd.wisc.edu/reg/catalog_course.asp?course_key=447.

Kaiser Permanente 00. Retrieved July 7, 00 from http//www.kaiserpermanente.org/locations/california/aboutkp/.

McCall, M. W., Jr., & Kaplan, R. E. (10). Whatever It Takes The Realities Of Managerial Decision Making (nd Ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ Prentice Hall.

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Cultural Ethics

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The question of ethics has been pondered throughout history. Both religious and secular leaders and cultures have attempted to define ethical behavior. But, whether through belief in G d or belief in a society of another sort, man has never satisfactorily answered the question of what is ethical. We can never know if our behavior is ethical, only believe it to be so from what we have learned from society and our ancestors. Culture extends to and affects all things; as we evolve, so too does the way we relate to the world and each other. Therefore, even the notion of ethics, an unwritten, universal code for behavior, is a product of agreements, often tacit and subconscious, between the members of a culture; culture is, in turn, a function of the changes individual humans have undergone.

As stated by Ken Wilber, testosterone give men a "[screw] it or kill it" impulse. Therefore, when men were less evolved, taking whatever woman you wanted was all right. Men could not control those impulses, and so the ethics in such primitive societies are things to make us blanch. In later societies, if a man attempted to steal whatever woman he wanted, he could lose his life. Then, in the "glorious" medieval period, it was a noble's prerogative to have whatever girl he wanted from within his demesne. Now, no matter how rich or powerful you are, it is considered unethical to attempt any such thing. We have even written laws that prohibit any actions society deems unethical.

Historically, ethics has changed many times over the years, with the rise and fall of various religions and secular regimes. For the Greeks, ethics was a very low priority (at least in our eyes). The Greek gods were philanderers, thieves and miscreants of all sorts, always squabbling amongst themselves. With the rise of more secular philosophy in ancient Greece, Socrates spread his theories that man could find anything through self and world reflection. He was followed by Plato, who taught that their were two kinds of knowledge empirical, that is, testable, and that of reason. Any man who could find his own truths through "reason" had the right and duty to impose hi ideas on other men, because such thinkers were rare and special. Then came Aristotle, who taught that all such matters as ethics were universal truths, unchangeable by men. He taught that the best we could hope to do is discover those universal truths and practice them, thus becoming ethical people through the ethics programmed into ourselves.

In China, with Confucius, Chinese philosophy was more on the matter of social instead of individual ethics. If one found the Dao, or true path, de, or virtue, would follow as a result of finding this truth. Confucius taught that ethical codes existed from long before and were still applicable in his own time, and that the ethical codes determined an individual's duty to his or her society.

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Hindu ethics, largely expounded in the Upanishads, tended towards much more metaphysical pursuits, leaving the problems of an individual's duty to other, and more secular texts such as Manu's Law Books. Those codices laid down laws as to the social responsibilities of people of certain classes. Dharma, moral and social order, is a function of class. Depending on where you are in the social strata, your code of ethics was different.

Buddhism, founded by Siddharta Gautama, places great emphasis on the idea of simplicity. Buddhist ethics revolve almost completely around the motives for actions taken if something is done for a bad reason, it is bad itself; if something is done for a good reason, it is good. However, the consequences of the actions also count. So, Buddhism espoused neither a "the ends justify the means" philosophy, nor a philosophy where only intentions count. Buddhism had only five core laws abstain from killing and hurting living creatures; from stealing; from wrong indulgence in sensual pleasures; from lying; and from taking intoxicants.

The core belief of Jainism, another sect originating in India, is that all sentient life is sacred, and should be treated as such. Therefore, one should not harm any living thing, as all life has a purpose. Jainism also stressed truthfulness and disregard for material possessions.

Both Judaism and Christianity, while different in many fundamental ways not visible to many people, espouse a desire to be as close to G d as possible. The way to achieve this, as taught by both religions, is through a strict moral code and humane treatment of all living things, especially humans. There are many other laws, but none as important as the ones detailing the interactions between individuals in a community and between people and G d. There is no philosophy of simplicity, or of disregard for material possessions, or the belief that only extreme introspection can reveal the truths of the universe; at their cores, both Judaism and Christianity declare that the only way to know the truth is through the interaction of the body and spirit with G d.

Islam stresses an absolute deference to the will of G d, or Allah, that is subject to no interpretation by man, although there are several branches of Islam. The words of Allah, as heard and written by the prophet Muhammed, known as the Qu'uran or the Koran, provide the basis for moral order in Muslim life. One of the Muslim ideals, tied into the strong sense of culture and society created by the adherence to the words of the Qu'uran, stresses the redress of all social wrongs that impede devotion to Allah.

During the Renaissance a new philosophical system arose, that of Humanism. Humanism placed great emphasis on the deeds of the individual, without regard to metaphysical constructs such as G d or the soul. Although the views of various humanists varied widely, from the belief that men were inherently good to the belief that men were inherently evil, they all believed that man and man alone was responsible for the good or evil in the world, whether through individual deeds or through the construction of, according to Rousseau, "inherently corrupt systems" like society.

Utilitarianism, expanded by both Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill, was the philosophical system that the only way to tell if an action was ethical or not was to observe the results empirically. Bentham said that an action was ethical if it caused the least pain and the most pleasure for the most people in the society. Mill, while agreeing that something that causes the most pleasure and the least amount of pain for the most people was a good thing, that not all questions of ethics could be solved that way; instead, society should adopt and uphold a common moral law instead of always judging by the absolutes of pain and pleasure. Mill believed this way because Bentham's method left no room for people that were very different from others in society; Mill believed that such people were important to society.

Deontology, first championed by Immanuel Kant, states that being ethical can only be achieved by adherence to a standard set of compulsory morals; he stated that to find a moral law we should imagine ourselves on the wrong end of a ruling and expand morality from there.

Marxism, as theorized by Karl Marx, did not lay down a set of ethical laws, but rather dealt with ethics as a tool of the ruling class to oppress the working class. Therefore, Marx believed that only when the working class was free of the ruler ship of the "bourgeoisie" could a real set of ethical laws be devised.

Existentialism, as laid down by Sartre, was the idea that all accepted conventions and rules, secular or religious, were false and the only person who could determine what was right was oneself. Sartre declared that all people have the freedom and responsibility to create themselves in whatever image they deem right, and whosoever does not take the freedom and responsibility was untrue to themselves. Sartre believed in no codes of ethics but those he could discern with his own intellect, and stated that the only way to find truth was to formulate and implement an idea and suffer whatever consequences may follow.

Post Modernism deals with the idea that there are no universal truths, only human ideas that are no truer than any other human ideas, that truth is a totally relative thing. Even things like murder being wrong are subject to debate as a human truth, not a universal one, according to Post Modernism. Even the ideas of free will and reason are not universal truths, but rather human truths because they are human constructs. Therefore, there is no wrong or right, but only what's wrong or right for each separate person.

Social Ethics deals with the minimum requirements to balance social needs and individual needs. According to John Rawls, ethics is only a tool to achieve this balance, and should include liberty, acceptance of difference, and establishment of a basic protection against poverty. Alasdair MacIntyre, however, felt that ethics should concentrate less on individuals and their moral decisions and more on the community and its moral health and welfare. He felt we should focus more on what people should be rather than what they should do.

So, from the wide variety of opinion engendered in the many different philosophical systems regarding the idea of ethics, one can see that, though many different systems claim to have the truth about ethics and morality, not all can be. Ethics is the code detailing how an individual relates to a society, and while all of the philosophies throughout time have dealt with ethics in that wise, the explanations all differ so much that the only thing that can be told is that each culture where a specific idea about the truth of ethics originated influenced the originators.

Bourke, S.J. Vernon A History of Ethics (Garden City, New Jersey Doubleday, 168)

MacIntyre, Alasdair A Short History of Ethics (New York Macmillan, 166)

Wilber, Ken A Brief History of Everything (Boston Shambhala Publications, Inc., 16)

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POLICE BRUTALITY

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Police Brutality

Police Brutality is an ongoing problem and existent concern in the United States and should be resolved immediately. Law enforcement must function as an element that consists of organized and civilized officers. The presence of police brutality is becoming more of an issue as society grows. The problem posed by the illegal exercise of police power is an ongoing reality for individuals of a disfavored race, class, or sexual orientation. Police brutality must be stopped so that police do not forget who they are serving--not themselves, but the public. This means that even the criminals, who are a part of the public, have certain rights, particularly, civil rights. Police brutality causes a major concern in todays society in America and a resolution is imminent.

Police brutality was brought to the forefront in 11 by the Rodney King episode.

Historically, minorities have been victims of police brutality in the United States. Since the middle of the 1th century a dominant white social class maintained racial injustice through a police force willing to use violence against minorities. This violence expressed itself in the years immediately after the civil war through brutality in various forms (Skolnick4). America has

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a lengthy an disgraceful tradition of police brutality to attain a sense of law and order in its society.

Police misconduct can be described as any inappropriate behavior on the part of any law

enforcement officer that is either illegal or immoral or both. Law enforcement agents are should behave to a standard that is greater than the average civilian. Police brutality comes from an abuse of power granted to the police (Carter). Police brutality is often drawn on by overreaction in certain situations drawn on by panic. Police using excessive force in the United States is a crucial dilemma and must be stopped.

Often police officers build up negative feelings towards certain races, sexes, or religions. Officers tend to get the idea that if one or a few people treat them with disrespect, then other people of that same sex or creed will behave the same. Race consistently plays a key role in police brutality in the United States. Law enforcement has exposed minorities to discriminatory treatment and has many times physically abused minorities. Mistreatment is not always physical but sometimes non-violent harassment and humiliating (source). Police have been known to detain drivers for driving in certain areas or for driving a specific type of vehicle (source).The problem with racial profiling against minorities is that it creates distrust between racial minority communities and the police. Jerome Skolnick discusses the reports that lead to distrust of the police in the following passage. He reports, "Witnesses often tell tales of police officers verbally harassing minorities; detaining African-American and Latino Men who fit certain generalized descriptions; employing the so-called "prone-out" tactic…in minority neighborhoods, even for routine traffic stops; and using excessive force, particularly in African-American and Latino communities. The intensity and frequency of these complaints reveal a serious problem (Skolnick7).

The following consist of steps proposed to help prevent police brutality and excessive force in America. The internal affairs departments should be improved and renewed in each police precinct. Internal affair departments are the most responsible for handling the problem of police misconduct. The first solution to improving internal affairs would be to revaluate leadership roles. Internal affairs must conduct precise and thorough investigations to ensure human integrity is upheld (Collins5). Internal affairs must use early warning systems to expose and handle "problem officers" that are fully operational in all police departments. (Walker1) Disciplinary actions against officers responsible for excessive force should be firm. Internal review activities should remain focused and documented each time a review is conducted (Collins5). The cost of this solution is minimal due to the fact that it only involves better management of a system that is already active.

Police departments should revise and reevaluate its training exercises in order to provide a solution to excessive force. New training methods must be provided on situations that usually lead to brutality (Collins4). Officers should be educated on how to correctly operate pepper spray, how to engage in post chase arrest, and how to handle in a non-violent way mentally ill citizens (4). The effects of the newest police weapon technology, such as pepper spray, should be thoroughly investigated before being available for use by police officers. Training should utilize ways to deal with the effects of weapons used by police, including proper medical assistance. Trainers should be chosen carefully to ensure a more effective training policy. Complaints and allegations of any kind of misconduct should be considered when choosing new trainers. Police departments must avoid choosing police officers with a history of violent behavior to serve as trainers.(4) This solution is achievable and will help discourage police abuse. Cost of the revision of training is small because it just requires new training methods.

A background check should be conducted to ensure that the police departments do not hire potentially violent police officers. Also, a tracking system should be implemented in conjunction with the background check. This tracking system will prevent terminated problem officers from being assigned to a new position at another precinct. Police departments should be required to submit relevant information to a tracking office when an officer is fired for human rights abuses or when a police officer quits before a decision is made regarding the officers misconduct. Recruiters must be required to check with the same tracking office before any applicant (Collins7). An officer found guilty of police misconduct in any way violent or non-violent should be decertified. Desertification can be described as the process of making any certificates or licenses the officer holds invalid. Officers who have been decertified cannot

be employed as police officers again until they are recertified(58). These solutions should be very effective because it filters out many potential problem officers.

There are countless reasons why police brutality should be stopped as quickly as possible.

The first reason is because patrons are getting hurt due to police brutality. For example, the Rodney King beating of 11 left the nation shocked as Americans got a taste of police brutality

first hand (skolnick). Another example of people getting hurt would be the torture of Abner Louiama. This Haitian immigrant was beaten and sexually assaulted by police officers because he was allegedly resisting arrest (Ramirez). These are just the major examples of police using force to use illegal tactics when apprehending suspects. The second reason Police misconduct should be stopped is because people are also getting killed. An example of this would be in 17 when New York resident Amadou Diallo was gunned down by the New York City Police Department. Diallo was killed by the police because the officers on duty thought his wallet was a weapon. Diallo was shot at 41 times because of his wallet potentially could have been a gun (W olff). This a prime example of police force using excessive force in order to apprehend a suspect. These are reasons why police brutality needs be diminished from our society.

Police argue that they use excessive force only to protect themselves against criminals.

The Police may argue that they already have an internal affairs division and that the current system is working. Investigation by internal affairs staff is frequently concealed, and often police informants are used to tamper with evidence in cases against officers(56). Law Enforcement highly opposes to background checks and tracking systems calling it, "Spying on the people hired to protect the public" (Collins7). However, the police are consistently spying on people in order to catch them doing criminal activities, so in theory this would only treat the police as they treat other citizens (Collins7). Usually, law enforcement officers apt to deny accountability for harm that is done to patrons of their jurisdiction (54). Consequently, officers try to counteract behavior patterns they display. Case in point, an officer may use extreme force on suspects who make efforts to resist or contest police authority. When police overreact to these situations they feel that they are justified due the resistance by the suspect. If law enforcement agents justify their actions in every situation police brutality is going to intensify (55).

The police have a dreadful reputation, especially among minorities, yet officers are doing little to improve public relations. The solution to problem of police brutality must begin with the officers themselves. Law enforcement must make an effort to show that they trying to protect the community and show that they are not looking to harass people (Collins6) Public relations may be the key to refute police brutality because resistance by citizens will be minimal. A good relationship between law enforcement and minorities will go a long way to help relations with the public.

The problem with Police misconduct is that it is a complex problem. However, with the right solutions intact this situation can be resolved. Police brutality stands as one of the most severe and troublesome civil rights infringements in America. The misconduct of police officers, such as, physical abuse, unlawful shootings, and verbal assault must end. Police precincts across America should function as a force that handles situations in a professional and civilized manner. The issue of police brutality is becoming more crucial as society grows.

Please note that this sample paper on POLICE BRUTALITY is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on POLICE BRUTALITY, we are here to assist you. Your cheap college papers on POLICE BRUTALITY will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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North Korea

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North Korea is facing its seventh year of food shortages arising from weather-related problems. A famine killed tens of thousand of people in 16-7. (Washington Times; December 8, 000; Thomas Wagner, Associated Press) Thousands crossed the border into China looking for food.

(Washington Post; July , 001;Pg. 16; John Pomfret, Washington Post Foreign Service) A large percentage of the population remains susceptible to malnutrition and their living conditions continue to worsen as energy shortages shut down factories and further reduce the ability of the country to feed itself. Although the Korean War ended in 15 with an armistice, tensions remain. As a consequence, the regime continues to spend huge sums and devote scare resources to feeding and maintaining a huge and menacing army.

Environmental Changes as Causes of Acute Conflict

Information on developments and trends within North Koreas borders is difficult to obtain. It is therefore difficult to determine with certainty to what degree North Koreas current problems are due to incompetent leadership, to the failures of a planned economy, or to environmental changes. That said, it is clear that recent changes in northeastern Asias weather have played a role in undermining the North Korean regime. The realization that North Korea was in deep trouble began with an act of nature. On the sticky midsummer day of July 6, 15, the skies over the country darkened. Rains began to pound the earth, rains that were heavy, steady, and unrelenting and that soon turned into a deluge of biblical proportions. The DPRK Bureau of Hydro-Meteorological Service recorded inches of rain in ten days; in some towns and villages, according to the United Nations, as much as 18 inches of rain fell in a single day, bringing floods that were considered the worst in a century. (The Two Koreas; Pg. 70; Don Oberdorfer). Notably also, commenting on this summers drought in North Korea, the Washington Times quoted North Koreas foreign news outlet, KCNA, as saying From the climatological point of view, this long spell of drought is something rare in the history of meteorological observation. It is believe to happen once in 1,000 years. (The Washington Times; June 6, 000; Pg. 15)

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North Korea had been experiencing economic dislocations and food shortages since it lost its East European and Soviet trading partners in 11, but the incredible series of punishing blows nature dealt to North Korea in the form of droughts, floods, storms and tidal waves from 15 through 001created serious problems for the regime. North Koreans were consuming oak leaves, grasses, roots, and tree bark and other non-standard food--. (The Two Koreas; Don Oberdorfer; Pg 4) As evidenced by the disbanding of the Korean Peoples Army Sixth Corps in early fall 15 (The Two Koreas; Don Oberdorfer; Pg. 75), the food shortages appear to have had an impact even on the military, that institution on which the North Korean leadership depends to remain in power. That these natural disasters were the results of environmental changes in northeastern Asia rather than something the North Korean regime did appears clear from the appearance of similar phenomena throughout the area, from never-before-seen severe snowstorms in Mongolia to droughts in neighboring parts of China.

Except that Homer-Dixon discusses the impact of environmental change in terms of a developed North being threatened by an environmentally degraded South, and the situation between North Korea and South is reversed in these terms, Homer-Dixons hypothesized three types of conflict are applicable to North Korea in all aspects.

Simple Scarcity Conflicts

River water is one of the three types of resources which Homer-Dixon foresees as a likely cause for simple scarcity conflict, and the conditions for such a conflict exist between North and South Korea They both share a major tributary of the Han River which cuts through the center of Seoul. The river is vital to both countries, which funnel their water from dams to hydroelectric plants providing power and potable water to millions of people. Because North Korea is energy starved, the government has begun diverting large amounts of tributary waters to hydroelectric plants, a diversion of water resources that threatens South Koreas vital interests. Park Eung Kyuk, a public professor at Seouls Hanyang University, observed This is one of the most urgent problems between the North and South since the Korean War (Los Angeles Times; August 6, 001; pg. ; Christopher Torchia, Associated Press).

A more immediate scarcity, however, is food. Flooded coal mines led to reduced amounts of energy to run trains and factories, including those that produced fertilizers, reducing yields in areas not affected by flooding. Dormant factories were sometimes dismantled and its parts sold illegally across the Chinese border for food. Before defecting to the South on 1 February 17, Hwang Jang Yop, one of North Koreas most prominent officials and the architect of its Juche philosophy of self reliance, told a trusted South Korean contact War must be prevented at any cost and to do so South Korea should provide food the people of the North ---. (The Two Koreas; Don Oberdorfer; Pg. 40)

Acute Group Identify Conflicts

Acute group identity conflicts are likely to arise should the North Korean regime implode or further natural disasters lead to mass starvation and the movement of masses of people over the North Korean-Chinese border in search of substance. When Famine struck North Korea in 16-7, many fled to China in search of food. At first, China adopted a humanitarian position and allowed them to stay in the border region. In the summer of 001, however, China launched a campaign of forced reparation of North Korean refugees (Washington Post; July , 001; Pg.16; John Pomfret, Washington Post Foreign Service). This gives rise to the question, what will China do if mass starvation hits North Korea again and hundreds of thousands of North

Koreans try to cross into China in search of food? It appears reasonable to believe that China will take strong measures to close its borders in such circumstances, including firing on refugees. But will happen if some of the refugees include armed North Korean army deserters, possibly even army units? The potential for escalation of a refugee matter into a regional military crisis appears real - and dangerous.

Relative Deprivation Conflicts

There appears to be little likelihood of a relative deprivation conflict in North Korea because the military is solidly in control. There could be surprises and unforeseen turns of events, however. In shifting his power base from the Korean Workers Party to the military (The Two Koreas; Pg.

408; Don Oberdorfer), North Korean leader Kim Chong-IL probably won the support and loyalty of the military with scarce resources, but it appears reasonable to believe he must have alienated and frustrated many in the ministries and KWP. As they find themselves with less of a shrinking

"economic pie"(Homer-Dixon 505), they may be willing to join those lower status elements, farmers and workers, to take action if an opening should appear. As yet, Kim Chong-Il has named no successor. It appears possible a military officer or other power broker could move to seize power for himself in the case of Kim Chong-Ils sudden death, either through natural causes or assassination. A power struggle and civil war could easily breakout with the disenfranchised classes, the KWP and others, throwing their support to that person who they perceive as being most likely to return to them their perceived fair share of the economic pie.

Then, too, as noted by Homer-Dixon, highly centralized dictatorship threatened by revolutionary actions, purges, and strikes are especially prone to engage in external war and belligerence. (Homer-Dixon; Pg. 506) North Korea does not appear to be threatened by revolutionary actions, purges, and strikes, but it is threatened by economic collapse and mass starvation and has long behaved belligerently toward South Korea and the UN forces stationed there. Commenting on the situation in 17, American Commander General Tilelli said that what worried him and his staff was the possibility that the North Korean leadership could become so desperate that the combined power of the U.S. and South Korean forces might no longer deter a massive attack. (The Two Koreas; Pg.7; Don Oberdorfer) Given the lack of what Pyongyangs leadership considers other options, said a member of Tilellis staff, I dont think a decision to attack would be irrational-though it might turn out to be wrong. (The Two Koreas; Pg. 7 Don Oberdorfer) Shortly before his defection, Hwang Jang Yop also warned South Korea that the North is developing nuclear, rocket and chemical weapons and believes it will win in a war. (The Two Koreas; Pg. 404; Don Oberdorfer)

Robert Heilbroners observation that Such regimes could be tempted to use nuclear blackmail as a means of inducing the developed world to transfer its wealth on an unprecedented scale to the underdeveloped world (Homer-Dixon, Pg. 507) appears to describe North Koreas current foreign policy. The United States, South Korea, Japan and China are all delivering fuel and food to satisfy the demands and needs of the North Korean regime. The United States is obliged to provide 500,000 tons of heavy fuel oil annually, as well as to provide two light-water reactors by 00 (with a cost of ca. 1 billion dollars a piece) (The Two Koreas; Pg. 57; Don Oberdorfer). Richard Ullman may be right in arguing that third world nations are unlikely to confront the North violently in the face of the superior destructive capabilities of the rich, but that does not mean they will not and cannot threaten to confront wealthier nations violently. North Korea seems to be an example of an impoverished nation that has already successfully carried out such a threat.

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