POLICE BRUTALITY

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Police Brutality

Police Brutality is an ongoing problem and existent concern in the United States and should be resolved immediately. Law enforcement must function as an element that consists of organized and civilized officers. The presence of police brutality is becoming more of an issue as society grows. The problem posed by the illegal exercise of police power is an ongoing reality for individuals of a disfavored race, class, or sexual orientation. Police brutality must be stopped so that police do not forget who they are serving--not themselves, but the public. This means that even the criminals, who are a part of the public, have certain rights, particularly, civil rights. Police brutality causes a major concern in todays society in America and a resolution is imminent.

Police brutality was brought to the forefront in 11 by the Rodney King episode.

Historically, minorities have been victims of police brutality in the United States. Since the middle of the 1th century a dominant white social class maintained racial injustice through a police force willing to use violence against minorities. This violence expressed itself in the years immediately after the civil war through brutality in various forms (Skolnick4). America has

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a lengthy an disgraceful tradition of police brutality to attain a sense of law and order in its society.

Police misconduct can be described as any inappropriate behavior on the part of any law

enforcement officer that is either illegal or immoral or both. Law enforcement agents are should behave to a standard that is greater than the average civilian. Police brutality comes from an abuse of power granted to the police (Carter). Police brutality is often drawn on by overreaction in certain situations drawn on by panic. Police using excessive force in the United States is a crucial dilemma and must be stopped.

Often police officers build up negative feelings towards certain races, sexes, or religions. Officers tend to get the idea that if one or a few people treat them with disrespect, then other people of that same sex or creed will behave the same. Race consistently plays a key role in police brutality in the United States. Law enforcement has exposed minorities to discriminatory treatment and has many times physically abused minorities. Mistreatment is not always physical but sometimes non-violent harassment and humiliating (source). Police have been known to detain drivers for driving in certain areas or for driving a specific type of vehicle (source).The problem with racial profiling against minorities is that it creates distrust between racial minority communities and the police. Jerome Skolnick discusses the reports that lead to distrust of the police in the following passage. He reports, "Witnesses often tell tales of police officers verbally harassing minorities; detaining African-American and Latino Men who fit certain generalized descriptions; employing the so-called "prone-out" tactic…in minority neighborhoods, even for routine traffic stops; and using excessive force, particularly in African-American and Latino communities. The intensity and frequency of these complaints reveal a serious problem (Skolnick7).

The following consist of steps proposed to help prevent police brutality and excessive force in America. The internal affairs departments should be improved and renewed in each police precinct. Internal affair departments are the most responsible for handling the problem of police misconduct. The first solution to improving internal affairs would be to revaluate leadership roles. Internal affairs must conduct precise and thorough investigations to ensure human integrity is upheld (Collins5). Internal affairs must use early warning systems to expose and handle "problem officers" that are fully operational in all police departments. (Walker1) Disciplinary actions against officers responsible for excessive force should be firm. Internal review activities should remain focused and documented each time a review is conducted (Collins5). The cost of this solution is minimal due to the fact that it only involves better management of a system that is already active.

Police departments should revise and reevaluate its training exercises in order to provide a solution to excessive force. New training methods must be provided on situations that usually lead to brutality (Collins4). Officers should be educated on how to correctly operate pepper spray, how to engage in post chase arrest, and how to handle in a non-violent way mentally ill citizens (4). The effects of the newest police weapon technology, such as pepper spray, should be thoroughly investigated before being available for use by police officers. Training should utilize ways to deal with the effects of weapons used by police, including proper medical assistance. Trainers should be chosen carefully to ensure a more effective training policy. Complaints and allegations of any kind of misconduct should be considered when choosing new trainers. Police departments must avoid choosing police officers with a history of violent behavior to serve as trainers.(4) This solution is achievable and will help discourage police abuse. Cost of the revision of training is small because it just requires new training methods.

A background check should be conducted to ensure that the police departments do not hire potentially violent police officers. Also, a tracking system should be implemented in conjunction with the background check. This tracking system will prevent terminated problem officers from being assigned to a new position at another precinct. Police departments should be required to submit relevant information to a tracking office when an officer is fired for human rights abuses or when a police officer quits before a decision is made regarding the officers misconduct. Recruiters must be required to check with the same tracking office before any applicant (Collins7). An officer found guilty of police misconduct in any way violent or non-violent should be decertified. Desertification can be described as the process of making any certificates or licenses the officer holds invalid. Officers who have been decertified cannot

be employed as police officers again until they are recertified(58). These solutions should be very effective because it filters out many potential problem officers.

There are countless reasons why police brutality should be stopped as quickly as possible.

The first reason is because patrons are getting hurt due to police brutality. For example, the Rodney King beating of 11 left the nation shocked as Americans got a taste of police brutality

first hand (skolnick). Another example of people getting hurt would be the torture of Abner Louiama. This Haitian immigrant was beaten and sexually assaulted by police officers because he was allegedly resisting arrest (Ramirez). These are just the major examples of police using force to use illegal tactics when apprehending suspects. The second reason Police misconduct should be stopped is because people are also getting killed. An example of this would be in 17 when New York resident Amadou Diallo was gunned down by the New York City Police Department. Diallo was killed by the police because the officers on duty thought his wallet was a weapon. Diallo was shot at 41 times because of his wallet potentially could have been a gun (W olff). This a prime example of police force using excessive force in order to apprehend a suspect. These are reasons why police brutality needs be diminished from our society.

Police argue that they use excessive force only to protect themselves against criminals.

The Police may argue that they already have an internal affairs division and that the current system is working. Investigation by internal affairs staff is frequently concealed, and often police informants are used to tamper with evidence in cases against officers(56). Law Enforcement highly opposes to background checks and tracking systems calling it, "Spying on the people hired to protect the public" (Collins7). However, the police are consistently spying on people in order to catch them doing criminal activities, so in theory this would only treat the police as they treat other citizens (Collins7). Usually, law enforcement officers apt to deny accountability for harm that is done to patrons of their jurisdiction (54). Consequently, officers try to counteract behavior patterns they display. Case in point, an officer may use extreme force on suspects who make efforts to resist or contest police authority. When police overreact to these situations they feel that they are justified due the resistance by the suspect. If law enforcement agents justify their actions in every situation police brutality is going to intensify (55).

The police have a dreadful reputation, especially among minorities, yet officers are doing little to improve public relations. The solution to problem of police brutality must begin with the officers themselves. Law enforcement must make an effort to show that they trying to protect the community and show that they are not looking to harass people (Collins6) Public relations may be the key to refute police brutality because resistance by citizens will be minimal. A good relationship between law enforcement and minorities will go a long way to help relations with the public.

The problem with Police misconduct is that it is a complex problem. However, with the right solutions intact this situation can be resolved. Police brutality stands as one of the most severe and troublesome civil rights infringements in America. The misconduct of police officers, such as, physical abuse, unlawful shootings, and verbal assault must end. Police precincts across America should function as a force that handles situations in a professional and civilized manner. The issue of police brutality is becoming more crucial as society grows.

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North Korea

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North Korea is facing its seventh year of food shortages arising from weather-related problems. A famine killed tens of thousand of people in 16-7. (Washington Times; December 8, 000; Thomas Wagner, Associated Press) Thousands crossed the border into China looking for food.

(Washington Post; July , 001;Pg. 16; John Pomfret, Washington Post Foreign Service) A large percentage of the population remains susceptible to malnutrition and their living conditions continue to worsen as energy shortages shut down factories and further reduce the ability of the country to feed itself. Although the Korean War ended in 15 with an armistice, tensions remain. As a consequence, the regime continues to spend huge sums and devote scare resources to feeding and maintaining a huge and menacing army.

Environmental Changes as Causes of Acute Conflict

Information on developments and trends within North Koreas borders is difficult to obtain. It is therefore difficult to determine with certainty to what degree North Koreas current problems are due to incompetent leadership, to the failures of a planned economy, or to environmental changes. That said, it is clear that recent changes in northeastern Asias weather have played a role in undermining the North Korean regime. The realization that North Korea was in deep trouble began with an act of nature. On the sticky midsummer day of July 6, 15, the skies over the country darkened. Rains began to pound the earth, rains that were heavy, steady, and unrelenting and that soon turned into a deluge of biblical proportions. The DPRK Bureau of Hydro-Meteorological Service recorded inches of rain in ten days; in some towns and villages, according to the United Nations, as much as 18 inches of rain fell in a single day, bringing floods that were considered the worst in a century. (The Two Koreas; Pg. 70; Don Oberdorfer). Notably also, commenting on this summers drought in North Korea, the Washington Times quoted North Koreas foreign news outlet, KCNA, as saying From the climatological point of view, this long spell of drought is something rare in the history of meteorological observation. It is believe to happen once in 1,000 years. (The Washington Times; June 6, 000; Pg. 15)

Custom Essays on North Korea

North Korea had been experiencing economic dislocations and food shortages since it lost its East European and Soviet trading partners in 11, but the incredible series of punishing blows nature dealt to North Korea in the form of droughts, floods, storms and tidal waves from 15 through 001created serious problems for the regime. North Koreans were consuming oak leaves, grasses, roots, and tree bark and other non-standard food--. (The Two Koreas; Don Oberdorfer; Pg 4) As evidenced by the disbanding of the Korean Peoples Army Sixth Corps in early fall 15 (The Two Koreas; Don Oberdorfer; Pg. 75), the food shortages appear to have had an impact even on the military, that institution on which the North Korean leadership depends to remain in power. That these natural disasters were the results of environmental changes in northeastern Asia rather than something the North Korean regime did appears clear from the appearance of similar phenomena throughout the area, from never-before-seen severe snowstorms in Mongolia to droughts in neighboring parts of China.

Except that Homer-Dixon discusses the impact of environmental change in terms of a developed North being threatened by an environmentally degraded South, and the situation between North Korea and South is reversed in these terms, Homer-Dixons hypothesized three types of conflict are applicable to North Korea in all aspects.

Simple Scarcity Conflicts

River water is one of the three types of resources which Homer-Dixon foresees as a likely cause for simple scarcity conflict, and the conditions for such a conflict exist between North and South Korea They both share a major tributary of the Han River which cuts through the center of Seoul. The river is vital to both countries, which funnel their water from dams to hydroelectric plants providing power and potable water to millions of people. Because North Korea is energy starved, the government has begun diverting large amounts of tributary waters to hydroelectric plants, a diversion of water resources that threatens South Koreas vital interests. Park Eung Kyuk, a public professor at Seouls Hanyang University, observed This is one of the most urgent problems between the North and South since the Korean War (Los Angeles Times; August 6, 001; pg. ; Christopher Torchia, Associated Press).

A more immediate scarcity, however, is food. Flooded coal mines led to reduced amounts of energy to run trains and factories, including those that produced fertilizers, reducing yields in areas not affected by flooding. Dormant factories were sometimes dismantled and its parts sold illegally across the Chinese border for food. Before defecting to the South on 1 February 17, Hwang Jang Yop, one of North Koreas most prominent officials and the architect of its Juche philosophy of self reliance, told a trusted South Korean contact War must be prevented at any cost and to do so South Korea should provide food the people of the North ---. (The Two Koreas; Don Oberdorfer; Pg. 40)

Acute Group Identify Conflicts

Acute group identity conflicts are likely to arise should the North Korean regime implode or further natural disasters lead to mass starvation and the movement of masses of people over the North Korean-Chinese border in search of substance. When Famine struck North Korea in 16-7, many fled to China in search of food. At first, China adopted a humanitarian position and allowed them to stay in the border region. In the summer of 001, however, China launched a campaign of forced reparation of North Korean refugees (Washington Post; July , 001; Pg.16; John Pomfret, Washington Post Foreign Service). This gives rise to the question, what will China do if mass starvation hits North Korea again and hundreds of thousands of North

Koreans try to cross into China in search of food? It appears reasonable to believe that China will take strong measures to close its borders in such circumstances, including firing on refugees. But will happen if some of the refugees include armed North Korean army deserters, possibly even army units? The potential for escalation of a refugee matter into a regional military crisis appears real - and dangerous.

Relative Deprivation Conflicts

There appears to be little likelihood of a relative deprivation conflict in North Korea because the military is solidly in control. There could be surprises and unforeseen turns of events, however. In shifting his power base from the Korean Workers Party to the military (The Two Koreas; Pg.

408; Don Oberdorfer), North Korean leader Kim Chong-IL probably won the support and loyalty of the military with scarce resources, but it appears reasonable to believe he must have alienated and frustrated many in the ministries and KWP. As they find themselves with less of a shrinking

"economic pie"(Homer-Dixon 505), they may be willing to join those lower status elements, farmers and workers, to take action if an opening should appear. As yet, Kim Chong-Il has named no successor. It appears possible a military officer or other power broker could move to seize power for himself in the case of Kim Chong-Ils sudden death, either through natural causes or assassination. A power struggle and civil war could easily breakout with the disenfranchised classes, the KWP and others, throwing their support to that person who they perceive as being most likely to return to them their perceived fair share of the economic pie.

Then, too, as noted by Homer-Dixon, highly centralized dictatorship threatened by revolutionary actions, purges, and strikes are especially prone to engage in external war and belligerence. (Homer-Dixon; Pg. 506) North Korea does not appear to be threatened by revolutionary actions, purges, and strikes, but it is threatened by economic collapse and mass starvation and has long behaved belligerently toward South Korea and the UN forces stationed there. Commenting on the situation in 17, American Commander General Tilelli said that what worried him and his staff was the possibility that the North Korean leadership could become so desperate that the combined power of the U.S. and South Korean forces might no longer deter a massive attack. (The Two Koreas; Pg.7; Don Oberdorfer) Given the lack of what Pyongyangs leadership considers other options, said a member of Tilellis staff, I dont think a decision to attack would be irrational-though it might turn out to be wrong. (The Two Koreas; Pg. 7 Don Oberdorfer) Shortly before his defection, Hwang Jang Yop also warned South Korea that the North is developing nuclear, rocket and chemical weapons and believes it will win in a war. (The Two Koreas; Pg. 404; Don Oberdorfer)

Robert Heilbroners observation that Such regimes could be tempted to use nuclear blackmail as a means of inducing the developed world to transfer its wealth on an unprecedented scale to the underdeveloped world (Homer-Dixon, Pg. 507) appears to describe North Koreas current foreign policy. The United States, South Korea, Japan and China are all delivering fuel and food to satisfy the demands and needs of the North Korean regime. The United States is obliged to provide 500,000 tons of heavy fuel oil annually, as well as to provide two light-water reactors by 00 (with a cost of ca. 1 billion dollars a piece) (The Two Koreas; Pg. 57; Don Oberdorfer). Richard Ullman may be right in arguing that third world nations are unlikely to confront the North violently in the face of the superior destructive capabilities of the rich, but that does not mean they will not and cannot threaten to confront wealthier nations violently. North Korea seems to be an example of an impoverished nation that has already successfully carried out such a threat.

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Human Cloning: The Battle Betwen What is Wrong and Right

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Through and through the annals of time, from one generation to another, there has always been overwhelming wonderment and mystery on the topic of cloning. Whether they thought it was ethically right or wrong, nearly every person that has lived a significant life has, one way or another, dreamed about what it would be like to have a double ¡V another human being that seemingly looks, acts, or possibly even thinks exactly the way they do. And as time passes by throughout each generation, evolution occurs. As a result of this, life as we know it advances to an entire new level. Everything from plants and animals, to our own physiques and minds, increases in its overall development. In our modern day, there is one thing in particular that has evolved at an alarming rate ¡V technology. With this on-going advancement of technology, the possibility of human cloning appears to be just around the corner. Major controversy has risen in spite of this, and rightfully so, as the possibilities, both good and bad, of human cloning are presumably endless. Everyone seems to have their own opinion on the subject of human cloning, including religious leaders, political figures, and modern society dwellers. Is human cloning right, or is it wrong? Although there is not a correct answer to that question, as it is solely based on opinion, I will, however, cover as much information as I possibly can in the following essay to attempt to enlighten your very own beliefs and opinions on the topic of human cloning.

Before I proceed any further, you must understand exactly what cloning is. According to Human Genome Project researchers, cloning is ¡§the copying of genes and other pieces of chromosome to generate enough identical material for further study.¡¨ (www.ornl.gov) What this basically means, in others words, is the copying of one's genes to produce an exact duplicate of those genes. There have been numerous methods of going about this, some of which have been successful (ex. Dolly the sheep) and others have been a complete failure. Nonetheless, if a human were ever cloned, which may or may not ever happen, it is believed by many that the procedure would be as follows

1. ¡§Doctors harvest up to 15 eggs, each from up to 40 donors who have been injected with fertility drugs. About 400 eggs are produced.

. Cells are taken from the cloning candidate.

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. The nucleus of each egg is sucked out with a fine needle. Then the DNA-free eggs and the donor cells are placed next to one another and zapped with electricity, which cause them to fuse. Some of the rebuilt eggs divide to form embryos.

4. Because embryos often fail to implant, each surrogate moth gets several at once. Even so, up to 50 surrogates could be needed to ensure nine of ten pregnancies. Of these, most will terminate early by miscarriage or by abortion when abnormalities are found. The single viable baby may be normal.¡¨ (Gibbs, 0/1/01)

Although it is unknown at this time that whether or not the above procedure to cloning could ever work, it is quite possibly that the route to human cloning would be very similar to the process that was just stated.

As there often is with most controversial issues, human cloning has two sides to the story ¡V a good side and a bad side. These sides are both known, respectively, as the pros and cons of human cloning. Since the possibilities of human cloning are seemingly endless, the amount of pros and cons that occur with cloning are quite lengthy. However, some of the main points that deal with the pros and cons of human cloning include the following

Pros

„h ¡§There is no better way of understanding the human genome

„h Ability to produce ¡§superhumans¡¨

„h Will all but cease the production of lab animals

„h Medicinal methods will be thrusted into a new era

„h Further understanding of our past (i.e. Evolution, creating, big band, etc.)

„h Organ transplant waiting lists will be no more

Cons

„h Humans are sentient beings, they are no made to be specimens. The are of free will

„h Ability to produce ¡§superhumans¡¨

„h Countries could clone armies

„h If humans can be cloned, it makes them property, which can be sold. Inhuman

„h If cloning is relied upon for reproduction and we lose the ability to clone, everyone will have the same genotype and to reproduce would be a sick twist of inbreed

„h If everyone has the same genotype, a disease that is fatal for the genotype wipes out the human race¡¨ (library.thinkquest.org)

As you can probably tell, by reading above, that cloning can really be beneficial as much as it can be harmful, or vice versa. While it can appear to destroy lives through the possibility of a deadly disease, it can also appear to save lives through the cloning of human donors. That is why the issue of human cloning has become such a dispute in society everywhere. However, no matter where you go, whenever the topic of cloning is brought up, it is always mentioned that we don't know enough about human cloning to actually go through with it. Which, more or less, is a correct statement. We need to know everything there is about the human cloning to ensure there will be no major negative results. But how will we ever know unless we try it? That debate seems to be how society, in general, feels about human cloning, which has a variety of opinions.

As is the case with most topics of controversy, the opinions that society has on human cloning are of great variety. Be that as it may, the overall feeling of cloning in society appears to be bad. In a poll that appeared all across North America, Time/CNN asked, ¡§Is cloning a good idea or bad idea?¡¨ (Gibbs, 0/1/01) The results were a landslide ¡V 0% said cloning is a bad idea, while only 10% said it was good. Despite the leanness towards cloning being a bad idea, there have also been many cases in society that have been voiced in it's approval. For example, ¡§While human cloning might not offer great benefits to humanity, no one has yet made a persuasive case that it would do any real harm, either.¡¨ (Macklin, 0/10/7) And, as well as that, ¡§Cloning is the key to humanity's future.¡¨ (Boyce, 07/0/01) Nevertheless, the fact of this still remains, the majority of society feel that it is a bad idea. But why you ask? In another poll that appeared across North America, Time/CNN asked, ¡§What is the main reason you are against cloning humans?¡¨ (Gibbs, 0/1/01) The results were close, but are as follows 4% said they are against human cloning because of religious belief, % said that it interferes with human individuality, % also that it could be used for questionable purposes like breeding a superior race, and finally, 14% said the technology is dangerous. Although there was a large gap between each result, there appears to be one significant reason to why society feels human cloning is a bad idea ¡V religious and ethical belief.

It's no secret that religion is against human cloning, as they are the most passionate about what is right and wrong in this world. Obviously, to them, cloning is very wrong and is an act of God's work. Some religious views on cloning include ¡§Cloning is entirely Gods work; he makes about 4 000 a day through identical twins.¡¨ (Gibbs, 0/1/01) ¡§For a scientist to do mechanically what God does naturally is to interfere with his work, and no possible benefit can justify that presumption.¡¨ (Gibbs, 0/1/01) ¡§If God had meant for man to fly, he would have given us wings. And if God had meant for man to clone, he would have given us spores.¡¨ (Bailey, 05/01/7) While it is apparent that this opinion will not soon change, there are some religions, very few, that agree with human cloning. Of these, is the Raelians, who ¡§are a religious group committed to welcoming the first extra-terrestrials when they appear and are convinced to create the first cloned human.¡¨ (Gibbs, 0/1/01) With that being said, even religion has it's agreement with human cloning, which is just a fragment of the belief that that there are two sides to every story.

In conclusion, I would just like to say that the controversy that revolves around human cloning will never be resolved, at least not in the near future. While the fact is that ¡§8% of human embryos never implant or die off gestration or soon after birth,¡¨ (Gibbs, 0/1/01) it is also a fact that human cloning can save possibly save lives. (Ex, ¡§a grieving couple whose child is dying¡¨ Macklin, 0/10/7) Ethically and morally human cloning appears to be wrong, but will this stop scientists from doing it? As I stated above, there is no real answer to the question if cloning is right or wrong, and there is no telling what the results of a human clone may be. That being said, is cloning the greatest breakthrough in scientific history, or is it a timebomb waiting to detonate? The answer to that questions relies upon time and the future of civilization.

Gibbs, Nancy. (001, February 1). Society/Human Cloning Baby, It's You! And you, And You¡K

Time 46+ pages.

Boyce, Nell. (001, July ). The God Game No More. U.S. News & World Report, Page 0.

Macklin, Ruth. (17, March 10). Human Cloning? Don't Just Say No. U.S. News & World Report, vol. 1, Page 64.

Bailey, Ronald. (17, May 1). The Twin Paradox What Exactly Is Wrong With Cloning People? Reason, vol. , Pages 5-5.

Leon R., Kass. (17, June ). Why We Should Ban The Cloning Of Humans. The New Republic.

Please note that this sample paper on Human Cloning: The Battle Betwen What is Wrong and Right is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Human Cloning: The Battle Betwen What is Wrong and Right, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on Human Cloning: The Battle Betwen What is Wrong and Right will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Discuss The Ways In Which The Male And Female Characters Are Presented In The First Act And Their Attitudes To Love and Marriage

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Discuss The Ways In Which The Male And Female Characters Are Presented In The First Act And Their Attitudes To Love and Marriage

"The Rover" by Aphra Behn is a playwright that was published in 1677. Aphra Behn was one of the first female writers in a male world. She wrote her play in an entirely new perspective. All the characters rail against the selling of female flesh, whether in marriage or in prostitution. This play reinforces themes of the fool who cannot tell, the difference between whores and ladies.

The plot allowed women to have acknowledged intelligence and an opinion. It is set in Madrid in Late November around Carnival time, which would have appealed to restoration audiences because of the emphasis on sexual freedom that carnivals at the time had. The play is mostly themed on love. It highlights a complicated network of lovers and friends that physically fight for each other's affection. Don Pedro wants his sister Florinda to marry his friend Don Antonio, who is the viceroy's son, but there father wishes her to marry Don Vincentio who is an elderly rich man, who would provide Florinda with money and status. Florinda herself wishes to marry Belville, an English Colonel who is poor but showed his love and loyalty for Florinda by taking the side of Florinda against his own men. Hellena, Don Pedro's other sister, is about to become a nun on her brothers and fathers orders. She herself does not want this, especially when she meets Willmore, the Rover who fights for her attention.

Florinda is a worldly and strong character. She is slightly more reserved then Hellena and therefore more dignified. Her character is full of mischief, this is shown by her willingness to disobey her brother and go to the carnival with Hellena, e.g. "Thou see'st my brother's gone already, thou shalt attend and watch us". She has a higher status then Hellena; this is shown by the way that their brother Don Pedro talks to her differently than he talks to Hellena. For instance to Florinda her talks more as an equal, e.g. "I both believe and trust you". This quote shows that he respects Florinda. When he talks to Hellena, he shows little respect e.g. "Have you done yet?" and he also shows the power he has over Hellena by saying " You shall be a nun". He has the status and the right to make these demands and this emphasises how different men and women roles were to how they are this day.

Hellena is a particularly rebellious character; she disobeys her brother at the first opportunity and has little concern about doing so. She wants to experience life before becoming a nun and flirting with Willmore seems a great way to do this. Her exchange with Willmore might also have to do with the fact that she is curious about love and wants to explore the meaning of the word. Her lively and fun loving personality is perhaps a contrast to Florinda's more subtle and dignified manor. Behn wants to show the difference between these women and this is why she has her first scene focused upon these two women.

Florinda's farther makes it clear from the start that he wishes her to marry Don Vincentio. His reasons for this are linked to the fact that Don Vincentio has money and status, which would reflect onto Florinda and then back onto her family. Another reason could be the fact that Don Vincentio is much older than Florinda, so therefore when he dies somewhat earlier than her, she would inherit all of his estate. Although he never actually appears in the play himself, his son Don Pedro fights his battle against Florinda and Hellena who are both determined that marrying Don Vincentio would be a terrible mistake. Once Don Pedro has put his fathers view across he moves on to putting his own personnel view across. He wants Florinda to marry his friend Don Antonio who is the viceroy's son. Evidence to support this is when he says "I've only tried you all this while and urged my father's will but mine is that you would love Antonio; he is brave and young and all that can complete the happiness of a gallant maid." Hellena is dead against Florinda marrying Don Vincentio but doesn't seem to really express an opinion on her marrying Don Antonio.

In the second scene of the first act, the plot is focused upon on two English gentlemen; Frederick and Blunt, Belvile; who is an English Colonel in love with Florinda and Willmore who is the rover, a sea captain come to shore for the carnival. They are all presented in a very masculine and chauvinistic manor. Frederick, Willmore and Blunt all come across as self-opinionated and quite arrogant. Their attitudes to women vary considerable. Frederick seems to think women are great for the night but only cause trouble the next morning. Willmore also seems to have very little respect for women, he sees them as a challenge, and this is how he first encounters Hellena. They both are a compete contrast to Belvile, who's attitude is some what more caring. He feels sad and depressed about the situation with Florinda, who he loves very much. It comes across that he has more respect for women than Frederick does.

Blunt feels that women are only useful for sexual relationships and have no other use.

In this way he is similar to Frederick. This is emphasised by his immediate interest and then departure with Lucetta, who is a jilting wench. He seems to see prostitutes as part of his everyday life and doesn't se any shame in paying a lady for sex. When Lucetta first sees Blunt, she assesses him as a typical English gentlemen who she would have little trouble conquering. Evidence to support this is when Lucetta says, "I know by his gazing; if he be brisk he'll venture to follow me, and then if I understand my trade, he's mine." This shows how easily lead men were in these days and how prostitutes such as Lucetta have little trouble finding clients.

When Hellena meets Willmore for the first time, she is in costume and therefore disguised. He is immediately drawn to her and starts flirting straight away. She also seems very interested in him and enjoys teasing him and letting him know that she is interested in him but he is going to have to do and be something special to stop her becoming a nun, e.g. "What think you of a nunnery wall? For he that wins me must gain that first." This seems to only intrigue him more and make her more of a challenge. She sees him as a way out from the world that she doesn't want to enter i.e. becoming a nun. Hellena is also delighted to explore love and wants to express to Willmore that she has not yet loved but is curious about it. He in exchange tells her that he'd like nothing better than for him to be her first love and feels impatient for their love affair to begin. There exchange is definitely one that will be a major story line in the rest of the play.

Florinda's attitudes to love and marriage seem similar to those of Belvile's. She believes that marriage should be for love and not for money and status. This is perhaps why they both want to be together. This is a complete contrast to the lady courtesan that the English gentlemen were discussing earlier on in the play. She was a mistress to general up until he died. She was now back on the market to rent for a large amount of money. Her name is Angellica Bianca and she perhaps sees marriage as in appropriate and undesirable which is backed up by the way she chose to earn a living. Hellena and Willmore both see love as something that needs to be explored. This is backed up by Hellena's lively out going character and Willmores instant attraction to her.

Overall in the play so far, the men seem to have a very disrespectful attitude towards women and seem to regard marriage as something that can be done to gain the respect of other men. There are exceptions to this such as Belvile, however this could be because of his lack of wealth. Sex seems to be part of every day life. Prostitutes were perhaps more common and men had no shame in paying for sex. It was seen as a normal thing to do. The more upper class ladies such as Hellena and Florinda seem to have a more dignified opinion about sex and do not hand them selves out on a plate, instead they play hard to get.

Behn encourages people to sympathise with Hellena. She expresses how she is being forced by her father and brother to become a nun and shows how much Hellena doesn't want this but seems to have little choice. She also encourages the audience to sympathise with Belvile. She shows that although he is a good man, he is not considered marriage material by Florinda's farther, as he is not wealthy. His qualities don't seem to be appropriate.

From the play so far, I feel that men's attitude to ladies and sex is very arrogant and they seem to have little respect. I also do feel sorry for Florinda and Belvile as they obviously want to be together, but her farther will not allow it. Overall it seems a very sexist period in time.

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One Child Policy in China

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Chinese I Examination

How useful is the article, Childless Couples for understanding contemporary Chinese social attitudes?

In the hope of determining how useful the article Childless Couples is in helping to understand contemporary Chinese social attitudes it is necessary to investigate different sources relating to both modern and traditional Chinese social attitudes. After reading this article thoroughly and other relative materials, this paper will proceed to argue that although Childless Couples does raise the valid modern social concerns of the diminishing role of the family in Chinese society, it can only be considered of limited use in helping to understand the contemporary Chinese social attitudes. The article does not comment on social attitudes as a whole, but instead choses to focus on just one, the role of the family. This is of great social significance but in order for the article to be of true use it should consider a wider range of social issues and contain a more detailed account. Thus, in supporting the argument that this article is of limited use in helping to understand modern Chinese social attitudes it is most relevant to focus particularly on the issue at hand, the change in family structure in China. By briefly evaluating the information in the article Childless Couples a solid basis for argument can be formed. The article is given a personal edge by focusing on a member of the public, Wendy Chen and provides a seemingly balanced piece with segments on statistics, traditional family values and a reflective paragraph to close. However, it is necessary to reiterate the way in which this article excludes other social issues from this account of how attitudes have changed from traditional to contemporary China. This is what prevents this seemingly well-constructed argument from being truly useful in helping to understand modern Chinese social attitudes.

The article Childless Couples was written by a journalist for the Shanghai Star in March of 00. The article is based upon a recently married Chinese couple, and more particularly Wendy Chen, the bride. Opposing strong social Chinese traditions, Chen announced to her family after their wedding day that she and her new husband would not be having children. Wendy Chen felt that she was …still so young and have a lot of things to do. Every day we are busy with our business and we have no time to bring up a child. I would have to quit my job to give my baby a really quality life. (http//www.chinadaily.com) This decision created great friction with her parents and parents-in-law, but it is more so the reasons behind the choice that is of interest, in this case. A recent survey conducted by the Shanghai Academy of Social Sciences, felt that the joys of motherhood were out weighed by having a baby that would supposedly …consume energy, affect work quality, reduce economic power and upset the romantic world of a couple. (http//www.chinadaily.com) These attitudes that were gathered from the Chinese public were very different to the traditional social views on family structure and the importance of creating an extended family. (M.E. Sharpe, Case Studies in the Social Sciences pp. 4). The true extent of how different the views of Mrs Chen are to traditional Chinese social views is perhaps not made as clear in this article, but instead is realised when considering another source, such as Sharpes Social Issues account. Although the article does mention that for thousands of years, to have a baby was the most important task of any newly organised family (http//www.chinadaily.com) it is after reading Sharpes account of Traditional Family Organisation that Childless Couples appears lacking in detail and thus of limited use for helping to understand contemporary social attitudes in China.

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We realise through Sharpes work that late imperial Chinese society placed a great amount of significance upon the role of the family. The family was considered the basic working unit of the Chinese economy, a de-emphasis of the hereditary status relationships so common in other peasant societies (M.E.Sharpe, Case Studies in the Social Sciences pp. -4) and the role of developing a more fluid social system with considerable leniency for upward and downward movement, in terms of families not individuals (et al). It was believed by Chinese public that well-balanced, happy families were essential in order to maintain a steady social and political balance. It is clear that through looking at Sharpes account of the importance of the traditional family role, the article Childless Couples could have perhaps used more information and from a number of different sources to strengthen and make clearer the point of the article.

It is interesting to note the conflicting views of the newly wed couple and their parents. The parents are seen to be anxious to have grandchildren but Chen doesnt feel confident that they can support a family just yet (http//www.chinadaily.com). Chens parents, a generation older think this is nonsense and compare the income they raised their family on to what this couple lives on now. Their total income has reached over 10 000 yuan per month her mother states. When she was a child, our income was only a few dozen yuan. (http//www.chinadaily.com). This is illustrative of the change in social attitudes towards standard of living and perhaps voices a difference in what modern parents aspire to provide for their children. This statement gains more meaning when Chinas fear of economic crisis is considered. This idea of being financially viable to support a child can be better understood through Aijmers piece, as it is explained that throughout history it was the richer families that had a far greater success rate of raising their children to maturity. It was the poorer families that had a huge infant mortality rate. Therefore, although Childless couples does bring this social issue to our attention, it is through other sources that we are able to better understand where this attitude.

It was traditional believed that a child is the key to a family (http//www.chinadaily.com) and it is from this brief statement that it can be noted that attitudes and priorities have changed from generation to generation. The article Childless couples does make clear that issues surrounding family structure and its importance do exist and that attitudes towards this matter have in fact changed. However, it must be pointed out that in order to gain a better understanding, a more thorough account with information of how and to what extent modern social attitudes have changed, should be provided. It is only from reading a wider range of sources that we can gather evidence to help us truly understand and appreciate contemporary Chinese social attitudes. It is in looking at Cohens work that we can put reason behind this idea that Childless couples raises but fails to explain completely, leaving this contemporary social attitude no better understood than before. The idea is of the reluctance of new Chinese couples to produce the traditionally large families, which can be linked to the new business and working classes that were introduced in the late nineteenth century. This reduced the appeal of large families to this new prospect of economic recovery and even prosperity. This new prospects of working in larger organisations reduced the significance of the extended family and instead encouraged brothers to separate and wives to accept subordination (Cohen, M.L 18, pp. ).

It is vital to now discuss issues that have not been mentioned in Childless couples that have had an undisputable impact on contemporary Chinese social views. During the Mao Zedong age, Chinese women were expected to have up to 10 children. Reproduction of such a huge scale was considered a defensive resource for the country if the enemy comes, he will be drowned by the saliva of us (http//www.chinadaily.com). This responded in a huge increase in pressure on the countrys resources and as a means of controlling and attempting to stabilise the countrys economy again, birth control policies were introduced such as the one child policy (Aijmer, G. 11 pp. 11). This policy, obviously allowed one child per family. It wasnt until 186 that rural families were allowed to have two children, if the first child was a daughter. This shows two extremes of the producing of Chinese families, from being encouraged to have multiple and then to just 1 and more recently, as suggested in Childless couples now none. The introduction of the DINK (Double Income No Kids) concept has taken strongly to young Chinese couples. It is when considering the past traditions and policies effecting family structure that this social attitude becomes better understood.

In conclusion, it can be said that Childless couples is of limited use in helping to understand contemporary Chinese social attitudes. This article only confronts one social issue, although it is a significant one. In order to be of great usefulness it would have to confront other important social issues as well. Childless couples does bring tackle various angles of the family structure debate and appears a well structured, giving information on statistics, personal views relating to this issue and a brief history. However, other peoples work, such as Sharpe, Cohen and Aijmir help put these modern day attitudes in context and perspective to the history of Chinas on going battle with family structure. It becomes evident that mentioning events leading up to these modern day attitudes would have allowed the reader an undoubtedly better understanding of these attitudes.

Please note that this sample paper on One Child Policy in China is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on One Child Policy in China, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom research papers on One Child Policy in China will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Appeasement

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She gasped and threw her back against the wall. He was inside, just down the hall from her. How did he get in? Now what was she supposed to do? She could go left and run into him, or she could go right and up the stairs. She chose the latter, finding it much less dangerous. Slowly, quietly, she inched away from the wall and moved to her right. BANG! A few steps later, she bumped into a table which decorated the long hall.

"Sandra…Sandie…" She stiffened. HE KNEW HER NAME? Now she was more than afraid, she was terrified beyond belief. "Oh come on, you know I'm not gonna hurt you. I love you." Her eyes widened in horror as she slowly crept towards the staircase. "Sandiiiiiie…..come on baby, where're you hidin'? I think it's time you met me."

He listened carefully for where the next step would be taken. He was very good at this, "almost too good" he thought. All those years of police training had finally paid off. He got what he needed; now he was set on getting what he wanted.

Sandie finally reached the stairs, and was too afraid to move. The only choice she had now was to get up to the topfast. "If you want me, you have to find me!" She cried as she leapt up the stairs two at a time. When she reached the top, she ran to the first door, opened it and slammed it loudly. Then she continued running.

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He followed up the stairs. "Foolish girl, of course I want you! Therefore of course I'll find you!" He chuckled to himself. He heard a door slam and looked up attentively. 'Does she honestly think I am that stupid?' He shook his head and stared down the hall ahead of him when he reached the top of the stairs.

Sandie ran to the last room on the left and silently shut the door. She ran to the corner of the bed, and picked up the phone from its cradle. She went over to the large walk in closet and shut the door. She dialed 11.

He was getting closer, he could feel it, he could taste it. He opened the door on his right, and turned on the lights. Nothing. Empty. He moved on.

"11 Emergency" said the operator.

"Yes! He-hello?" Sandie gasped for breath. "There's an intruder in my house. I had been receiving odd phone calls for a few weeks now, an-and now that I am alone-tonight-well, I guess it's him."

"Where are you?" the operator asked calmly.

"In my closet. He followed me upstairs."

"I meant your address, miss."

"Oh. Of course, 51 Markay Avenue." She gulped.

"Alright. Help is on the way. Please stay on the line with me, and if anything happens, please, let me know." The operator said.

"Y-yes, thank you." Was the only reply Sandie could manage, because she was hearing footsteps outside her bedroom door.

He paused outside her door. 'This is it. This is where princess sleeps…spends most of her time…' He turned the doorknob, and opened the door. He flipped the light switch, and looked around the room. The room was quite large, painted a bright shade of pink. In the middle of the room stood a large white canopy bed, covered with teddy bears, pillows, and other stuffed animals. To one side of the room was a desk, and an entertainment centre. 'She's a spoiled one, she is.' On the opposite side of the room were two doors; one which was open, leading into a large bathroom. The other door, closed, lead to what he guessed was the closet. He walked over to the bed, and picked up a ratty old looking cotton candy pink bear. He looked into its eyes and brought it near, inhaling the scent of Sandies room.

Sandie sat in the corner of her closet, breathing heavily.

"Miss? Miss…if you are there, push a button." The operator instructed.

With a shaky finger, she pushed the number .

"Alright…thank you. Help is on the way Miss, the police should be there any moment." Sandies pulse quickened.

He put the stuffed animal back in its place. With one last glance around the room, he backed up towards the door, turned off the light, and shut the door. He crossed the hall, with cocky thoughts. "I found you baby, you're mine now."

Sandie heard him leaving the room. "He was in the room, but didn't find me. He's gone now."

"Alright, what kind of telephone are you using?" the operator inquired.

"It's cordless, so I can take it anywhere." Slowly, she stood up and walked to the door of the closet. "He's in another room now, so I'm going to go downstairs."

"But only if you are sure. Go downstairs and out onto your driveway, the police will meet you there at any moment." Advised the operator.

Sandie slowly opened the closet door and looked around her darkened bedroom. When she was sure it was clear, she crept across the room, and slowly, oh-so-quietly opened her door. She was good at creeping around; she had much practice at sneaking out of her house to parties and raves, which her parents had no idea about.

She lived with her birth mother, Janice Morrison, and her stepfather, Ned Wakeman. Sandie didn't know her real father; he died just after she was born. She had no siblings, it was only her, Janice, and Ned that lived in this huge house.

When the coast was clear, she tip-toed out of her room and shut the door behind her. She stiffened. She hadn't noticed that the door to the room across the hall was open, and that the light was on. She stood for a moment like a deer caught in headlights, nearly dropping the telephone.

"Hello? Miss?" Asked the operator. That shook Sandie out of her daze. She scurried down the hall, a little too loudly, for once she reached the top of the grand staircase, He came out of the room, calling after her.

"Sandie! I knew I would find you!" He chased after her.

Sandie looked behind her and screamed. She flew down the stairs. She ran down the long hallway, and ended up in the living room. She scrambled to get her thoughts together, she had no idea where to go, where to hide.

He appeared in the doorway. "Sandie, there is no need for you to run." He came closer. Sandie threw the phone at him and ran into the next room.

Once she was in the kitchen, she threw open every drawer she could reach. She looked for a knife, or anything else that could help her defend herself. Who was this crazy man, what did her want, how did he know her? The thoughts raced in her mind, but she knew that if she paused to ask him, he might hurt or even kill her. And what was taking the police so long? Did they not care?

He came into the kitchen after her. She ducked behind the island in the middle of the floor. She clutched the knife in her hands.

"Oh come on darlin', there's no need for you to be like this!" He was growing frustrated now. It didn't have to be so hard, the little brat was only making it this way. He made his way around the island. Sandie could see his shadow, and when he came near enough, she stuck out her foot and tripped him. He landed on the ground with a thump. She dropped the knife, too afraid to stab at him, and ran towards the front door. She reached the door, and remembered that Ned kept a gun in the desk next to the coat rack. She grabbed the handle of the drawer, found the gun, and ran outside of the house.

He got up and groaned. The little brat had gotten away again. He stormed towards the front door, angry like hell. He reached the front door, and took one step outside, when Sandie pulled the trigger. He ducked; the bullet hit the side of the house, just inches away him. For someone so young, she had good aim.

After the bullet hit the house, Sandie stood there, shaking. Sure, she had fired a gun many times, Ned had taken her to practice since she was 1. But this was the first time she had every shot at anyone, at a living, moving target. She shook so hard, and was so shocked, that she dropped the gun when she finally heard the police sirens. She ran towards the comforting sound.

He lunged towards her. But she got away; he bent over and grabbed the gun, not daring to fire a shot at her. He could never hurt her like that. He stood in front of the house, in defeat. The police were pulling into the driveway, he was caught. It was over. He had failed. He held the gun tightly, he couldn't be taken by them. He wasn't going to go to jail for doing something that he deserved to do. He had a right to tell Sandie what really happened to her father. Too bad the girl was so juvenile.

"DROP THE WEAPON! PUT YOUR HANDS BEHIND YOUR HEAD!" The cops were yelling. Still, he held on to the gun, glanced over to where Sandie was standing, huddled by a tree in fear. He raised the gun to his temple. "I LOVE YOU SANDIE!" He yelled to her and took his last breath before pulling the trigger.

It wasn't until much later, at the police station, that Sandies intruder had been identified. His name was Joe Lawering. He was an accountant for a large export industry in Europe. He had experience in the police force, including immense training. He was Sandies biological father.

Janice and Joe had met when they were teenagers, still in high school. They dated for many years, and eventually got married. After Sandies birth, Joe was offered a position in a private police force in Switzerland. Janice refused to move, and told him that what happened was up to him. If he decided to go, she would leave him. So it turns out, Janice later told her daughter, that he chose the job. They soon after got divorced, and Janice then met Ned. She saw no need to keep in touch with Joe, so when she told Sandie that Ned was not her real father, and that her real father was dead, she was only half-guessing, for she had no idea as to Joe's whereabouts until this

horrible night.

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Marketing Needs

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CostSaver which is operated by Trafalgar, offers a range of motorcoach tour packages all around Europe and Britain. All CostSaver tours posses the same expert planning as other Trafalgar's products such as the First Class tours. When purchasing a CostSaver package, customers are purchasing the all elements of the tour package, which includes hotel accommodation, sightseeing excursions, and motorcoach transportation meals. The CostSaver packages are developed in order to cater for travellers who want Quality, Value, Reliability and Peace of Mind whilst on vacation.

Trafalgar has developed forty-four different CostSaver tour packages to Europe and Britain in order to cater for the growing demands and preferences of the market. Part of their ranges of tours includes tours which have been designed for 'first time' travellers who wish to visit as many tourist precincts in Europe and Britain as possible whilst on the tour. These tours have been designed specifically for the 'first time' traveller, as they are more leisurely paced with shorter travelling distances than the more expanded in-depth tours designed for the more experienced traveller. CostSaver emphasises on its unique style of escorted motorcoach tours with unbeatable standards of Quality, Reliability and value, a result of Trafalgar's massive buying power. Trafalgar's brand name allows the company to purchase all the essential elements of the tour package at low prices, which are passed on to the consumers of the CostSaver tour packages. Consumers are guaranteed that when purchasing any of the forty-four CostSaver tours it will be of great quality as is evident that emphasies on all tangibles distributed by Trafalgar. By offering such a large extensive range of CostSaver products, allows Trafalgar to effectively target and capture all needs which may exist in the market. All tour packages though touring the same destinations differ in length of time, attractions visited and desired experience in order to give their customer the flexibility to choose a tour package that will suit their lifestyle. Travellers wishing to seek a regional experience of Britain or/and Europe can choose from a range of tour packages including 'Taste of Britain', 'The Elizabethan', 'The Regency' etc All travellers wishing to explore Europe or Britain in-depth also have a range of packages to choose from such as the' Glimpse of Europe', 'European Accent',' The Cosmopolitan' etc. tours can undertake are offered a range of choices including tour which start at Britain going right through to Ireland. For the more professional and experienced traveller who wish to go on a in-depth tour, ranging from tours to Britain and Ireland

As previously mentioned, Trafalgar's CostSaver motorcoach tour packages have been developed with the main intention of catering for the budget traveller. This group of travellers are seeking for a tour package that offers a combination of quality, is attractive in cost, is reliable and offers peace of mind. By selecting Trafalgar, it can be also assumed that the traveller is seeking assurance and guarantee that the trip will be of superior quality as only a world reknown tour operator can deliver. Though Trafalgar tries to aim their products at all age groups, their range of products have been more welcomely accepted amongst the middle-upper age of the market i.e. 5's-50's. One reason, which may explain this, is by the examination of the main elements of these packages. This example was taken from the brochure describing the range of activities available in Europe- 'There are a lot on offer in this fabulous city to fill your evening, ranging from theatre to dinner in one of the many restaurants'.

These low adventure type activities, as described by Plog (10) are those, which may attract the 'psychocentric' tourist. Plog's theory on tourist behaviour suggests the existence of a continuum of tourists ranging from allocentrics to psychocentric exists. Allocentrics as defined by Plog as those travellers who seek new destinations whereas psychocentric at the other extreme, who are those travellers seeking organised mass tourism. Other expectations, which CostSaver tours attempt to satisfy, are those associated with its brand name and image. These include expectations on Quality, Value, reliability and Peace of Mind. The 'quality' factor of the tour can be expected to be satisfied by all elements of the tour package as evident by the terms used in the brochure such as 'luxury air-conditioned motorcoaches', 'experienced professional Tour Directors', CostSaver hotels are at least 'Superior Tourist Class and many First Class'. As indicated in the name, CostSaver tour packages have been designed for the traveller who wishes to take advantage of best value for their money but whilst also still benefiting from Trafalgar's quality service. Another reason for choosing the CostSaver tour package is for the assurance and 'Peace of Mind' that the trip will all be planned and organised for; thus eliminating any worries such as an accommodation booking once at the destination. CostSaver tour packages are also particularly convenient for people who maintain an active lifestyle and wish to make travel as effortless and unproblematic as possible. Other reasons for undertaking a CostSaver tour include the excitement of travelling with other travellers of similar age groups or simply the desire of having a professional tour guide feeding through information.

Cheap University Papers on Marketing Needs

The complexity of travel motivations have been highlighted by both Maslow and Compton; who have both identified a number of interpretations on why people travel. One of the most cited studies on tourist needs is Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs. A need can be defined, as 'an internal state of an individual which requires something or some state of affairs to improve the wellbeing of the individual.' Maslow suggests that people have certain physiological needs which are essential for their survival such as food, water etc. Beyond these needs however, he states that there are also other needs important to the well being of a human-being including need for love and be loved, the need for friendship etc.

In Maslow's Hierarchy of needs he has grouped these needs into hierarchy (see Appendix 1). When describing tourist needs in terms of Maslow's pyramid, travellers undertaking a Trafalgar CostSaver tour would probably be trying to satisfy 'esteem/ego needs' and for the more knowledgeable traveller 'self-actualisation needs'. However it should be noted that under the Maslow theory, fundamental needs such as 'basic needs' and 'safety needs' must first be satisfied before seeking to satisfy higher-level needs. The simple act of undertaking a CostSaver tour package can be viewed to be enough to satisfy 'esteem and ego needs'. One of the methods used by Trafalgar in attempting to fulfil the travellers' 'self-esteem' needs is through constant emphasis on the facts that he/she will be touring two of the most famous countries in the world with one of 'the World's Best Selling Motorcoach Tour Operator'. The 'esteem need' also includes the need for status and recognition. Photos and postcards sent whilst on the tour to friends and family from two of the most prestigious countries will no doubt augment one's status. The more experienced travellers who have by this stage satisfied their 'esteem needs' would probably be seeking to satisfy the next higher-level needs on Maslow's Hierarchy which is the 'self-actualisation needs'. In order to cater for this particular group, CostSaver have also designed ' in-depth' tour packages, which offer travellers more 'educational' tours of Europe and Britain.

Crompton's seven 'socio-psychological' factors and two 'cultural' factors can broadly correspond to Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs. These socio-psychological factors expressed by Crompton include escape from a perceived mundane environment, exploration and evaluation of self, relaxation, prestige, regression, enhancement of kinship relations, facilitation of social interaction, novelty and education. The need to 'escape form a perceived mundane environment as explained by Cromptons the desire for a temporary change of environment. This could be evident in the case of the CostSaver travellers who might have been motivated to escape their normal daily work/study lives to Europe and Britain where the culture, people and environments differ. Some travellers might also be motivated to leave their lives behind in order to take this opportunity to re-assess their lives to either refine or change themselves- thus satisfying ' exploration and evaluation of self' motives. Similarly to Maslow's 'esteem needs', Crompton's prestige needs can be satisfied by many ways, one of many examples evident in the brochure is by travelling 'on the latest model motorcoaches from Volvo, Mercedes and Fiat' each with adjustable reclining seats and air-conditioned for additional comfort whilst touring.

Understanding tourist motivations is an integral part of the tourist experience and an essential factor to a company's achievement when operating in the tourism industry as evident in Trafalgar's case. A main contributor to Trafalgar's success is due to their understanding that in order to design their tour 'packages' that would successfully appeal to their target market, it is necessary to understand the key needs, motivations and expectations behind which why people travel.

APPENDIX 1- Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

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