Catalogue essay on leonardo da vinci

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CATALOGUE ESSAY

We can always tell a Leonardo work by his treatment of hair, angelic in its fineness and by the lack of rigidity of the contour. The angels face in the painting known as The Virgin of the Rocks, has an interior and artistic wisdom that is like no other artwork. This painting is by world-renowned artist Leonardo da Vinci. It was painted in-between 150 and 1506 in the period known as the High Renaissance. The Virgin of the Rocks, also known as The Madonna of the Rocks, is in the style of Leonardos earliest Florentine period, with its soft and glowing colours.

This work has represented the human form in that it has a womanly or motherly air about it. You can see that the gaze of the virgin in the middle is on the two babies.

Leonardo da Vincis major influence was his first teacher, Andrea Del Verrocchio. He worked as an apprentice at Verrocchios studio. One day, they were working on a panel-picture of St. John baptizing Christ. Leonardo painted an angel so well compared to that of Verrocchios that it is said that Verrocchio decided to give up painting then and there because a child could paint better than him.

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Painting for Leonardo could only succeed when clear principles were followed. The most important of these was the power of mathematics. He compared painting to philosophy; both were concerned with looking beyond appearances to the underlying structure and movement.

The first object of the painter is to make a flat plane appear as a body in relief and projecting from that plane

(Leonardo da Vinci)

He has used three different techniques in three of his famous works, the most famous being the Mona Lisa. Here he used the sfumato technique. He shaded the contours and backgrounds in opposition to areas of intense light. The emphatic play of light and shade creates a special atmosphere, half way between a dream and reality.

In the Last Supper, he used perspective. He found the vanishing point, which is the exact middle of the canvas. Two vertical lines were then drawn to create a large square in the center of the canvas and diagonals from the centre to the corners of the square were drawn to form the lines of perspective.

Another technique is called Chiaroscuro, which is Italian for light-dark. This is where the figures seem to blend in with their surroundings, while their faces or another body part gleams out from the darkness. An example of this is The Virgin of the Rocks.

A few other works by Leonardo include The Annunciation, The Virgin and Child with St. Anne and The Adoration of the Magi.

The period of time that Leonardo da Vinci belonged to is known as the High Renaissance, renaissance meaning rebirth. This period lasted between 140 and 150. During this time, artists were more interested in impressive art that had a universal idea rather than a naturalistic expression. Renaissance painting marked the transition from the medieval to the modern world and laid the foundations for modern Western values and society. It signifies a distinct style, where painters tried to create the illusion of reality through the use of linear perspective. They modelled with colour and light to suggest weight and volume.

Renaissance painters worked freely and inventively rather than strictly. They also strived for idealism and realism in their works.

This century like a golden age has restored to light

the arts, which almost disappeared; poetry, painting,

architecture, sculpture and music. And all this in Florence.

(letter by the Italian scholar Marsilio Ficino to Paul

Middelburg, 14)

A group of monks, one day, offered Leonardo a contract to paint a religious picture. They told him exactly what they wanted and how it was to be done. He produced what was called, The Virgin of the Rocks. It was far richer in design, colour and feeling than what the monks had expected it to be. They accused him of not doing what they wanted and took him to court.

This painting shows how Leonardo had progressed in his studies of light, shade and perspective. He explained that the shapes of objects were not made of lines, but instead of light and shade. He was the first Florentine artist to use mainly oil on his painting with which he was able to model forms through light and shade.

The story of The Virgin of the Rocks is based upon a legend that the Christ child met John the Baptist in the wilderness. This painting is a favourite among many people because of the delicacy of the figures. The face of the virgin is at the apex of a pyramid formed by the faces of an angel, the baby Jesus and the baby John the Baptist. They are sitting in a dimly lit grotto setting of rocks and water that gives the work its name.

The virgins face radiates light and also there is a sense of pain on her face as if she can foresee the pain difficult destiny that her son will have to endure. There is also an atmosphere in the barren landscape, which gives the scene a visionary quality.

There was the effect of aerial perspective, where the tones blended towards a pale horizon, giving the full impression of distance in the picture. The four figures also seem to blend in with the rocks and plants, which surround them, while their faces have a glow that reaches out to the viewer. No artist ha ever filled a painting with shadows before. The flowers in the bottom left hand corner are painted with accuracy and detail. They are lifted towards the viewer and the light only falls on the petals. The drapery of the angel is also light and the shape of the body can be seen.

In conclusion, The Virgin of the Rocks is a clear example of how Leonardo effectively makes the transition between the Tuscan manner of Quattrocento and the more graceful beauty that is associated with the Renaissance. One form glides gently into another producing a masterpiece that overpowers the spectator.

To the boldness and greatness of design, Leonardo

adds the counterfeiting of all the minute details of

nature, just as they are…he is most abundant in copying

from nature and most profound in artistic technique.

(Giorgio Vasari)

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1.Rosa Maria Letts, Cambridge Introduction to the History of Art The Renaissance, published by the press syndicate of the University of Cambridge in 181.

.Rolf Toman, The Art of the Italian Renaissance, published by Konemann Verlagsgessllschaft in 18.

.Marianne Sachs, Leonardo and His World, published by Ward Lock limited in Great Britain in 17.

4.Januszczak Waldemar & Jenny McCleery, Understanding Art, published by Macdonaldand Co. in London in 18.

5.Giorgio Vasari, The Great Masters, published by Lauter Levin Associates in 186.

6.www.ibiblio.org/wm/paint/auth/vinci/

7.www.webgod.net/Leonardo/Human/Studies1.htm

8.www.kfki.hu/~arthp/htm/l/leonardo/painting/……

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Water shortage

If you order your research paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on water shortage. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality water shortage paper right on time.

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Water. If youve got it, you probably take it for granted. But a quick scan of the globe will indicate to us that water shortages are looming.

The World Bank reports that 80 countries now have water shortages that threaten health and economies while 40 percent of the world more than billion people have no access to clean water or sanitation.

About 5 million people die each year from poor drinking water, poor sanitation, or a dirty home environment -- often resulting from water shortage.

China, with 1.6 billion people, is the one area worrying most people most of the time, says Marq de Villiers, author of the recently published Water . In dry Northern China, the water table is dropping one meter per year due to overpumping, and the Chinese admit that 00 cities are running short. They are diverting water from agriculture and farmers are going out of business.

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In India, home to 1.00 billion people, key aquifers are being overpumped, and the soil is growing saltier through contamination with irrigation water. Irrigation was a key to increasing food production in India during the green revolution, and as the population surges toward a projected 1.6 billion in 05, its crops will continue to depend on clean water and clean soil.

Israel (population 6. million), invented many water-conserving technologies, but water withdrawals still exceed resupply. Over pumping of aquifers along the coast is allowing seawater to pollute drinking water.

Mexico City (home to 0 million people) is sinking because the city sucks out underground water faster than the aquifer can be refilled.

Texas is moving toward private, for-profit water sales. The water will be mined from aquifers that are disappearing fast. No word on what the private suppliers, including corporate raider T. Boone Pickens, will do once the aquifers run dry.

Cause of water shortage

A prime cause of the global water concern is the ever-increasing world population. As populations grow, industrial, agricultural and individual water demands escalate. According to the World Bank, worldwide demand for water is doubling every 1 years, more in some regions. Water supply cannot remotely keep pace with demand, as populations soar and cities explode.

Population growth alone does not account for increased water demand. Since 100, there has been a six-fold increase in water use for only a two-fold increase in population size. This reflects greater water usage associated with rising standards of living. It also reflects potentially unsustainable levels of irrigated agriculture.

Some experts claim climate change has the potential to worsen an already gloomy situation. With higher temperatures and more rapid melting of winter snowpacks, less water supplies will be available to farms and cities during summer months when demand is high.

Meanwhile many countries suffer accelerating desertification. Water quality is deteriorating in many areas of the developing world as population increases and salinity caused by industrial farming and over-extraction rises. About 5 percent of the worlds cities still dump raw sewage into their waters.

Water Fights

More frequently water is being likened to another resource that quickened global tensions when its supplies were threatened. A story in The Financial Times of London began Water, like energy in the late 170s, will probably become the most critical natural resource issue facing most parts of the world by the start of the next century. This analogy is also reflected in the oft-repeated observation that water will likely replace oil as a future cause of war between nations.

More than a dozen nations receive most of their water from rivers that cross borders of neighboring countries viewed as hostile. These include Botswana, Bulgaria, Cambodia, the Congo, Gambia, the Sudan, and Syria, all of whom receive 75 percent or more of their fresh water from the river flow of often hostile upstream neighbors.

In the Middle East, a region marked by hostility between nations, obtaining adequate water supplies is a high political priority. For example, water has been a contentious issue in recent negotiations between Israel and Syria. In recent years, Iraq, Syria and Turkey have exchanged verbal threats over their use of shared rivers.

solutions

A technological solution that some believe would provide ample supplies of additional water resources is desalination. Desalination -- the removal of salt from salt water -- would be the ultimate solution to water woes -- if it can be done cheaply enough. Thats a big if The best estimates are $ to $.50 per ton for desalination. Desalination also takes a lot of electricity

Free water is bound to be wasted..

So some of the water researchers argue that a market approach to water management would help resolve the situation by putting matters on a businesslike footing. They say such an approach would help mitigate the political and security tensions that exacerbate international affairs. For example, the Harvard Middle East Water Project wants to assign a value to water, rather than treat rivers and streams as some kind of free natural commodity, like air.

Most water in developing countries, especially in agriculture, is not metered, and you cant charge for volume unless you have a way to measure it. She suggests that rationing or better technology could encourage more efficient use where water cannot be metered.

Agriculture, which uses about 70 percent of total fresh water, offers much larger savings. Drip irrigation, pioneered by Israel, delivers water directly to the crops roots. Although its more expensive to start with, its far more frugal as well in terms of water. And delivering water steadily to the roots improves production as well. Postel writes, Studies in India, Israel, Jordan, Spain and the U.S. have shown time and again that drip irrigation reduces water use by 0 to 70 percent and increases crop yield by 0 to 0 percent compared with flooding methods.

Other strategies to confront the growing global water problem include slowing population growth, reducing pollution, better management of present supply and demand and, of course, not to be overlooked, water conservation. As Sandra Postel writes in her book, Last Oasis, Doing more with less is the first and easiest step along the path toward water security.

Overall, the problem is an unending demand, caused by soaring population and industrialization, splashing up against a finite supply. Rather than continually looking for another river to dam the world should be working more intelligently with the existing supply. We need a fundamental shift to meeting basic human needs and improving efficiency rather than continuing to find new sources. Thats a no-win proposition. Every additional unit we take out of the natural environment causes environmental degradation. We need to do more with less through a focus on policy and institutions.

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Iberian Pennisula

If you order your custom term paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on Iberian Pennisula. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality Iberian Pennisula paper right on time.

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The history of the Iberian Peninsula (today's Spain and Portugal) is busy with migrations, invasions, and the involvement of various people groups. For perspective, Site Timeline records the date of the appearance of Earth as 4.5 billion B.C., the extinction of dinosaurs along with the appearance of primates as 65 million B.C., the first motion picture starring Raquel Welch in 1 million B.C. (this timeline has a sense of humor), and the first anatomically modern humans appear in Africa and migrate across Asia in 10,000-100,000 B. C. In 0,000B.C., humans probably first appear in North and South America, and cave murals are first drawn in European caves.

The European History website notes that in ,000 B.C., "Neanderthal man is located at Zafarraya, southern Spain, and in ,000 B.C., "Neanderthals are still evident at Andalusia toward Gibraltar, Spain."

In 5,000 B.C., "archeological discovery of a txistu flute suggests the Basque culture existed at this time in the current territory of France/Spain/Portugal. The Basque are believed to represent the indigenous peoples of Europe and their language is not related to any other language of the world." Archaeo News shares that genetics is being used to help trace the migration of the Basque from East Africa to Asia and on to where they settled in France and Spain. The cave paintings in northern Spain are thought to be painted by the Basque. Cave art is also located in the south east coastal region of Spain. The paintings show dress, weapons, dancing, and hunting activities.

The Magdalenian culture (18,000 to 8,000 B.C.) is an example of cave and antler art, the most elaborate being in northern Spain.

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In 10,000 B.C., global warming reduced the game population, causing the people to migrate and turn to plant life and seafood to eat. The Azilian or Painted Pebble culture was located in Northern Spain at this time.

European History states that by 8,500, Spain is occupied by the Iberian Capsin culture. This culture is closely related to cultures in Africa who migrated north through Spain. Site Timeline dates 4000 B.C. for "Iberians migrate to today's Spain, from either northern Africa or central Europe."

The Metropolitan Museum website's Met Timeline shows the Iberian Peninsula having Late Epipaleolithic and Early Neolithic cultures from 6000-4500 B.C., Late Neolithic cultures from 4500-50 B.C., Chalcolithic cultures from 50-50 B.C., and Early Bronze Age from 50-1500 B.C. Also, in 4500 B.C., "the earliest farming takes place on the Iberian Peninsula as established by grains of cultivated barley found in a cave site near Alicante, Spain. Sedentary agriculture fosters cooperation among communities and the formation of villages consisting of animal pens and huts made from branches." Later, in 4500-50 B.C., "the rarity of open-air settlements suggests the continuation of a relatively mobile society. Collective burials in Iberia are found in natural caves and in a variety of artificial chambers. In Portugal, the construction of megalithic tombs is well under way."

From 50-50 B.C., Central Portugal and southeast Spain develop fortified settlements. Because of agriculture, these villages have long-term occupation. Hints of distinction between social status and rank are found within and between these communities. They used polished stone tools, made ceramics, and practiced a cult of the dead. Between 000-000 B.C., "evidence for the 'Almerian culture' is found throughout the southeastern part of the Iberian Peninsula. The preference is for open-air villages and simple chambered tombs."

The Early Bronze Age (50-1500 B.C.) and the Middle and Later Bronze Age (1500-700 B.C.) are characterized by the Met Timeline. "Across the Italian and Iberian peninsulas there are significant migrations, changes in settlement patterns, and an influx of eastern Mediterranean goods." Specifically, in 1700-1000 B.C., "the Argaric culture in southeast Spain is marked by a change in settlement patterns. Villages are moved to defensible hilltops, and houses change from round to rectangular. Instead of collective burials in chambered tombs or caves, the dead are buried individually under house floors with many burial goods indicating personal wealth."

In 1100 B.C. Phoenicians from Tyre arrive in the southern part of the Iberian Peninsula and establish a settlement at Gadir (Cadiz), followed by four other settlements. Also, the Met Timeline states, "By bartering with local populations for their mineral wealth, the Phoenicians gained political and cultural control over the indigenous communities." The Phoenicians were really the first to make contact with the Iberians. They were also a great factor in the development of the Iberians from a group of tribes into a civilized nation. The Phoenicians introduced writing to the Iberians.

The Iberian Peninsula is the focus of the Met Timeline for the years, 1000 B.C. to 1 A.D., with the dates of the Iberian Culture being 600 B.C. to 00 A.D. "In the first half of the millennium, Celtic tribes across the Pyrenees mix with the Iberians to form the Celtiberians, a large ethnographic group in the north central part of the peninsula. In the south, Iberian culture is influenced by civilizations of the eastern Mediterranean through trade and colonies established first by the Phoenicians, and later the Greeks, Carthaginians, and Romans." Site Timeline has 500 B.C. as the date when Celts begin invading and "absorb" the Iberians.

The Celts were the first "clearly definable group of immigrants from central or northern Europe."

The Met Timeline lists the following as other key dates. In 600 B.C., "Phocaeans, Greeks from northern Ionia, found a trading station at Emporia in Tartessus, a region of south Spain. Tartessus' trade with the Phoenicians and Carthaginians made it wealthy." However Tartessus collapsed in 540 B.C. after the Battle of Aleria, when Tartessus was defeated by the forces of the Carthaginians and the Etruscans.

The Punic Wars occurred from 64-01 B.C. The first Punic War resulted in the defeat of Carthage by Rome. The Carthage commander, Hamilcar Barca, established his command at Gadir (Cadiz). Barca took over Spain with its rich silver mines and built a fort at Akra Leuke (Alicante). The second Punic War began when Carthage attacks Saguntum. The Met Timeline states that "Troops led by Hannibal (son of Hamilcar Barca) cross the Pyrenees, then north over the Alps, to assemble on the banks of the Po. When the Roman general Publius Scipio lands at Emporium and Roman conquest of Spain begins. The Carthaginians are defeated at Zama. Carthage surrenders and is forced to pay an enormous war indemnity and abandon all its possessions in the Iberian Peninsula."

Finally, in 7-1 B.C., Caesar Augustus begins the Cantabrian Wars which result in Roman control over Spain and Portugal.

Please note that this sample paper on Iberian Pennisula is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Iberian Pennisula, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on Iberian Pennisula will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Music and Language Skills development

If you order your cheap custom essays from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on Music and Language Skills development. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality Music and Language Skills development paper right on time.

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Jack Obeolain

Trends In Curriculum Development

Edu

Music and Language Skills Development

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The whole problem can be stated quite simply by asking, Is there a meaning to music? My answer would be, Yes. And Can you state in so many words what the meaning is? My answer to that would be, No.

Aaron Copland

I think I should have no other mortal wants, if I could always have plenty of music. It seems to infuse strength into my limbs and ideas into my brain. Life seems to go on without effort, when I am filled with music.

George Eliot

The debate over the importance of music in life and in education has been long lived. Perhaps it is the pleasurable quality of music which has made many dismiss it's importance to the overall education of a child. Perhaps the reasoning is if it is enjoyable it can not possibly be beneficial to learning. Or perhaps also many do not fully comprehend the depth and breadth of cognition involved in the musical process.

During the 180's and 10's tremendous leaps were made toward understanding how the brain functions. Through vast experimentation and study in the field of neurobiology, neuropsychology and cognitive psychology, many new theories regarding how the brain functions and how we learn were formed. Among the most interesting topics raised from amid this maelstrom of information regards music and it's affect on cognitive development. Musical education has long been supported as an integral part of a well rounded child, but until recently attempts to calculate and measure it's extra-musical affects on learning and brain development were not attempted.

Howard Gardener's groundbreaking theory of multiple intelligences has transformed educators approach to learning in the classrooms across this country and around the world. includes Musical Intelligence among the seven multiple intelligences first listed in his 18 publication Frames of Mind The Theory of Multiple Intelligences. Gardner defines musical intelligence as the capacity to perceive, discriminate, transform, and express musical forms. Gardner's theories have inspired many to explore and experiment with asynchronous learning theories and methods of teaching using multiple intelligences, including music. Gardner's theories support the idea that music can be used to teach subject matter from any pedagogy by appealing to the musical intelligence of the individual. Being a musician I can attest to the fact that although I will forget my coat in class on a cold night, or where I left my keys I can immediately recall the lyrics and music to well over a hundred songs. Information or stories in the form of song lyrics stay with us sometimes for a lifetime. Among Gardeners more recent assertions regarding his theory we find a crucial and intriguing idea

In the January 17 article, The Musical Mind, Gardner was quoted as saying that music might be a special intelligence which should be viewed differently from other intelligences. He stated that musical intelligence probably carries more emotional, spiritual, and cultural weight than the other intelligences. But perhaps most important, Gardner says, is that music helps some people organize the way they think and work by helping them develop in other areas, such as math, language, and spatial reasoning. In a January 17 publication, Gardner states that school districts that lop off music in a childs education are simply arrogant and unmindful of how humans have evolved with music brains and intelligences. Students are entitled to all the artistic and cultural riches the human species has created.(Harvey)

Beyond using music as a teaching tool studies have suggested that the mere process involved with listening to music can increase memory and improve other cognitive process, facilitate higher level brain activity and remediate neurological dysfunction. Educational methods first developed through the research of Dr. Georgi Lazanov and more popularly in America by Dr. Alfred Tomatis claim that listening to certain types of music can increase brain function and in effect make you "smarter"(Harvey) Author Don Cambell's book The Mozart Effect has done much to popularize the work and theories of Dr. Tomatis. Expecting parents and solicitous parents of young children have spent millions on books, compact discs, videos and other programs based on the principal that listening to classical music can increase IQ.

Studies have made connections between students literacy test scores and separate musical instruction. At one medium sized university it was determined through cross referencing Nelson Denny reading tast scores and enrollment records that music education majors had the highest reading test scores of any other major at the university. (Nierman) Although not conclusive this and other studies conducted using students at different stages of development have asserted that musical education seems to have a positive effect on literacy rates.

What effect does this have on the development of curriculum? Music has often in the past been considered an "extra" in regards to the regular curriculum in schools. Often among the first programs cut, music education programs have been viewed as existing in an educational vacuum. It is not difficult at all to find hundreds and perhaps thousands of reports based on scientific and statistical data that refute this idea. Music has shown itself to be a powerful teaching tool. There is evidence that learning to read music and to play an instrument increases children's brain activity and optimizes memory. Listening to and playing music has shown positive results for learning across curriculums. Curriculum developers have undoubtedly taken note of these findings and hopefully stressed the importance of music in education for all subject areas and especially for language skills and literacy. Musical education is more than expendable enrichment and should not be treated as a luxury but rather as an exercise for the mind which can improve cognitive skills in general and therefore belongs as an integral part of every students education.

Works cited

Arthur Harvey. "An Intelligence View of Music Education"

Articles from MENC State Music Educators Association Journals

http//www.menc.org/networks/genmus/litarticles.html

Glenn E. Nierman. Musical Instruction and Language Skills Development Articles from MENC State Music Educators Association Journals

http//www.menc.org/networks/genmus/litarticles.html

P.H. Wood.(10). The comparative academic abilities of students in education and in other areas of a multi-focus university. Unpublished paper. ERIC Document Number ED7480

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Procrastination

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My alarm went off. The annoying rings from my alarm clock magnified in my ears as it got louder and louder, signaling me to wake up. I had concluded my alarm was indeed evil. I quickly grabbed the devilish contraption and threw it against my wall. I felt tired. REAL tired. Of course, who wouldn't be after working the night away, and having about only two hours of sleep. I felt as if I had been doing push-ups in my sleep while spinning around a million times. My body ached and my head hurt, due to the lack of sleep and only food consumption in the last 4 hours being mainly caffeine. I knew I had to get up. I stepped into reality and forced myself to get up off my soft and warm bed. I tried hard to walk and I felt the sensation of my feet actually moving step by step, reaching for the bathroom. Of course I ran into my door and dresser before I was actually aware I was moving, or even standing, but I was up. I was up and tired. I was stressed out and sick. We thank our sponsors Procrastination.

Webster's Dictionary states that one who procrastinates puts something off habitually and intentionally. According the an online poll taken by the procrastination research group, 8% of all teenagers procrastinate on a regular basis. Of course, I am definitely one of these habitual procrastinators, characterized by the unusual sleeping patterns, unhealthy diet, unhealthy exercise patterns, high levels of stress, mood swings, constant headaches and ill feelings.

Many teenagers are aware of all these consequences, but they continue to procrastinate. But why does anyone procrastinate? This question can be answered in the book published by various professors at the U of M entitled, "Why Teenagers Procrastinate." According to these professors, teenagers procrastinate for mainly four simple reasons. Reason one poor time management. Poor time managers often think they have all the time in the world so they don't work. Too bad they're completely clueless. Reason two difficulty concentrating. I for one find it really hard to pay attention to my own work and concentrate knowing somewhere out there is the hot Ben Affleck running around looking all wonderful and stuff. When you daydream about hot movie stars, you don't work do you? Reason teenagers find the task boring. Of course they find work boring! Homework and term papers are definitely not on the top of the "Things I Must Have List". Reason four negative beliefs and fear and anxiety. Many think, "I can't do this, I'm not smart enough." And you can't be too sure if they're right. But this also slows them down. Along with fear of bad grades, failure, opinions and perfectionism also messes things up.

I unbelievably suffer from all of this. See, about one month ago I received a ten page free subject essay from my English teacher. She dually noted that this was due in one month and worth half our grade. We'd need a good grade on this essay to pass this class. And you'd think English would be a really easy subject to pass, but its not. All the verb forms and tenses and out of nowhere grammar rules really confuse me. For the reason that I'm horrible in English and the fact that I accidentally hit my teacher's car in the parking lot, I knew it would be extremely difficult to pass this class. Like climbing Everest. And I need to pass this class to be number one to take over the world. So I decided this essay had to be wonderful. Spectacular. Amazing. She would just look at it and automatically know A plus. I needed this to be good. I had to plan it out. Well, as said by Joseph Ferrari from DePaul University, you can't just give a habitual procrastinator a day planner and expect them to not procrastinator, just like you can't tell a chronic depressive to just cheer up. Me not knowing this, I quickly made a schedule I intended to follow. Turns out I followed it in no way whatsoever. See, things popped out of nowhere. I got busy. I got lazy. And when I actually attempted to work I couldn't focus. I kept thinking of severely hurting J. Lo and having Ben Affleck whisk me off to some island paradise. Adding all that wasted time together, we see my one month become one day.

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So, like many others who suffer the wrath of English, I worked the night away with my trusty caffeine foods and beverages by my side. I kept rambling on about my trip to China where I discovered a fossil bone. Believable topic right? Well, I finished around three in the morning, tired and sick to the bone. But I was actually very proud of myself and relieved. I think that was one of the best essays ever. I knew I had an A coming for me. The next day, I mean later that day, I turned in my paper happily expecting appraisal right on the spot. Well, later when I received my paper back with a D plus and the words Not your Best Effort written on it in red pen I felt angry. Two things ran through my mind. First me sticking that red pen down my teachers throat and me jumping out of the second floor window. I wanted and needed an A! I blame my evil teacher entirely, which is other effects of procrastination anger problems and denial.

The next day my D plus and I decided we needed help. We needed to get over this horrible habit. Luckily, I came across an article by the professors at the university of buffalo and academic skills center. These professors listed many ways that could help you stop procrastinating. I decided to give it a try.

Advice on how to stop procrastinating 1. Identify the problem my problem is that I procrastinate a lot. . Identify your goals, values and priorities. Well, my priority is to take over the world, my goal is to pass English class first. . Know your strengths and weakness. My strength being not doing homework and weakness is anything but homework. 4. Discipline yourself to do things on time. Discipline meaning train, not beat yourself up when you do something wrong. 5. Minimize distractions, turn off television and radio and just focus. Have everything you need with you. 6. Take short breaks when working. Short breaks being 5minutes not 5hours. 7. Stop daydreaming. Say bye Ben Affleck. 8. Stop making excuses not to work. Your grandmother does not die every two hours. . Motivate yourself to work. Find some way. You're a smart kid. Or atleast believe you are.

By taking those pieces of advice I think its helped me. I don't procrastinate as much and it seems as if ill be able to overcome this bad habit. I actually have an adequate amount of sleep at night now. And I'm not as stressed out as I was before. I still often think of Ben Affleck but I save him for more appropriate times. My anger problems are at a minimal and I eat nicely now. Not so much caffeine. Procrastination is a hard thing to get over. But I'm getting there. Atleast now in the morning I don't wake up and hurt myself or break any electrical appliances. I just turn the ringing off and start my new day.

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THe Holocaust

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STEP

Questions on information about the Holocaust

1) During what time period did the Holocaust occur?

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The period from January 0th 1, when Hitler became the Chancellor of

Germany, to May 8th 145 when the war ended in Europe, is referred to as the

'Holocaust'.

) Add up the numbers in the column "Jews murdered". What is your answer?

In round numbers, how many Jews were murdered in Europe during the

Holocaust?

Austria 40,000

Belgium 40,000

Bulgaria 0

Czechoslovakia 15,000

Denmark 500

Estonia 1,500

Finland 8

France0,000

Germany 170,000

Greece60,000

Holland 105,000

Hungary00,000

Italy 8,000

Latvia 80,000

Lithuania 15,000

Luxembourg700

Norway 760

Poland,850,000

Romania45,000

USSR 1,5,000

Yugoslavia 60,000

Total58, 4, 68

In round numbers, six million Jews were murdered, in Europe, during

Holocaust.

) For Germans, what was the definition of "Jewish"?

According to the Germans the following persons were considered a Jew

Anyone with three Jewish grandparents; someone with two Jewish

grandparents who belonged to the Jewish community on September 15,

15 or jointed thereafter; or was married to a Jew or Jewess on September

15, 15 or married one thereafter; or was the offspring of a marriage or

extra-marital liaison with a Jew on or after September 15, 15.

4) When were the first anti-Jewish laws enacted? Briefly summarize them.

The first anti-Jewish laws were enacted during April 1.

April 1, 1 A boycott by Nazis of Jewish shops and businesses.

April 7, 1 Law for the Reestablishment of the Civil Service- All non-

Aryans (anyone with a Jewish parent or grandparent) were expelled from

the civil service. Exceptions were made, in the beginning, for those working

since August 114,German World War I veterans and those who had lost a

father or a son fighting for Germany or her allies in World War I.

April 7, 1 Law Concerning Admission to the Legal Profession- This

Law prohibited the admission of lawyers of non-Aryan descent, to the bar

and denied permission to practice law to non-Aryan already admitted to the

bar.

April , 1 Decree Regarding Physicians' Services with the National

health-Patients that were insured by the national medical insurance and

consulted non-Aryan doctors, would not have expenses reimbursed.

April 5, 1 Law Against the over crowding of German schools-Jewish

enrollment in German high school was restricted to 1.5% .

5) Did the Nazis plan to murder the Jews? Explain.

Although Hitler made distinct references to killing the Jews in both his early

writings and in various speeches during the thirties, it is almost certain that

the Nazis had no plan for the systematic extermination of the Jews until

early 141. The decision on the systematic assassination of the Jews was

made in conjunction with the decision to invade the Soviet Union in late

winter or early spring if 141.

6) Why were the Jews singled out for extermination?

The explanation of the Nazis' ruthless hatred of the Jews rests of their bias

world view which saw history as a struggle. They saw the Jews as a race

whose goal was world domination and were therefore an obstruction to

the Aryan dominance. The viewed it as their duty to eliminate the Jews

whom they considered as a threat.

7) What did the German people know about the persecution of the Jews?

It was common knowledge in Germany that the Jews had disappeared

after they had been sent to the far East. It wasn't clear to a large population of

the Germans as to what had happened to them exactly. On the other hand,

there were thousands of Germans who participated in the Final Solution as

members of the death camp or concentration camp guards, police in

occupied Europe etc;.

8) What did the people in the Free World know about the Nazi treatment of the

Jews? What did they do about it?

The various steps taken by the Nazis prior to the final Solution were all taken

publicly and were therefore reported in the press. In every country that the

Nazis' had occupied, they found many locals who were willing to cooperate

fully in the murder of the Jews. Foreign correspondents reported all major

anti-Jewish actions taken by the Nazis in Germany. After World War II

started it was difficult to obtain information but reports were published

regarding the fate of the Jews. The response of the Allies to the destruction

of European Jewry was inadequate. Only in January 144, was 'The War

Refugee Board' started for the purpose of saving the victims. Prior to this date

Very little action was taken. On December 17, 14, the Allies issued a

condemnation of Nazi atrocities against the Jews but this was the only such

declaration made prior to 144. Therefore it is obvious that the free world did

nothing to stop the extermination of the Jews in Germany.

) Who were the Righteous Among the Nations?

Righteous Among the Nations of Righteous Gentiles is a term used to refer to

those non-Jews who aided the Jews during the Holocaust. There were

Righteous Among the Nations in every country overrun or allied with the

Nazis and their deeds often led to the rescue of Jewish lives.

10) What was the response of the churches to the situation in Germany?

Pope Pius XI was the head of the Catholic Church at the time of the Nazis'

rise to power. Throughout his rein, he limited his concern to Catholic

non-Aryans. He neither mentioned nor criticized anti-Semitism. His successor

was Pius XII (cardinal Pacelli). He was a Germanophile and he too maintained

his neutrality throughout the course of World War II. Although the Vatican

received detailed information about the murder of the Jews as early as 14,

the Pope confined his public statements to expressions of sympathy for the

victims. Although the Pope lacked in response, several papal nuncios played

an important role in the rescuing of the Jews. In Germany the Catholic Church

did not oppose the Nazis campaign. In Western Europe, Catholic clergy spoke

out publicly against the persecution of the Jews and helped in the rescue work.

In countries like Belgium, France, Italy and Holland, priests organized the

rescue of Jews. In Eastern Europe, the Catholic clergy, were however reluctant

to help. The response of the Protestant ad Orthodox churches varied. In

Germany, Nazi supporters within the Protestant Church compiled with the

anti-Jewish legislation. In occupied Europe, the situations again varied. In

several countries like Holland, France, Norway and Denmark, local churches

clergy men issued public protests when the Nazis began deporting Jews. In

other countries like Yugoslavia and Bulgaria, the Orthodox church leaders

took steps which in certain cases led to the rescue of the Jews.

Please note that this sample paper on THe Holocaust is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on THe Holocaust, we are here to assist you. Your cheap college papers on THe Holocaust will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Goal Setting

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Everyone, no matter who they might be, has set a goal or two for themselves. As a coach for a high school swim team, I sometimes find it difficult to help my team implement goals for themselves. Although everyone just assumes that they are going to accomplish what they want by putting their skill forth, a goal will help them to obtain what they may what to achieve.

When dealing with high school students, one knows that they have busy lives. They want to hang out with friends, do well in school to provide a good future, and they want to progress on the varsity teams that they participate on. However, all of this cannot be accomplished without setting goals.

Goals can be defined as plans for the future, something that gives you direction. Goals also keep us focused on a purpose. My team, for instance, lacks motivation from time to time. By setting a group goal, all team members work together to achieve that goal while all staying motivated.

Goals can do many things for a team or a group. The first thing that they do is providing a course of action and give direction. Goals motivate members and clarify and communicate what the group is striving for. Goals define the group and help them to provide a basis to measure success and accomplishments. Goals save time and help to allot plans for the future. Goals make each member feel important and allow each person to express their own personal intentions.

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Since my team has a hard time finding motivation within them selves, I decided to give them all a lesson on goal setting. After researching the topic, I found a few steps that will help my team create and obtain their goals.

Before going over the step-by-step process, I wanted my team to learn their abc's. Now, not the abcs that we all have to come to learn since we were little. I'm taking about the abc's of goal setting. Goals should be

§Achievable

§Believable

§Controllable

§Desirable

§Evaluated

§Flexible

§Growth-facilitating

§Helpful

§Inspiring

§Justifiable

§Knowledgeable

§Listed

§Measurable

§Noticeable

§Optimistic

§Prioritized

§Quantifiable

§Realistic

§Success-oriented

§Time-bound

§Understandable

§Valuable

§Worthwhile

§Xciting

§Yielding

§all of Z above!

§(http//www.unm.edu/~sac/goals.html)

After my term learned their abc's, they had many questions on how to create and obtain these goals. Now I knew that my team was ready to learn the step-by-step process.

The first step in setting any goals is to consider what you want to achieve. Maybe you would want to win the state championship. Obviously this is a large goal. With creating a large goal comes several small goals. If wining the state championship is what my team wants to obtain, then what can they do in the next day, week, and month to achieve that?

For example, the team's first goal may be to win as many meets as they can. They may want to put in more hours of practice. I would come up with a workout that consisted of more yardage. The weight room may also come in handy.

Individually, they want to get their times down. Paying close, personal attention to each individual on the team can help the team, as a whole, to obtain his or her goals. If I know what each individual needs and wants to achieve, I can develop personal workouts. By each member of the team setting a personal goal, together they can work to obtain the larger, team goal. All of this can be done in the first few weeks.

Closer to the end of the season, tapering would come in to play. I would also have the team wear more layers, that way, when it came time for the championship meet, they would glide through the water faster with only one suit on. Also, I would have the girls consider shaving their arms.

The next thing to think about is staying on track. Even though the goals are all set, they won't develop them selves. Everyday, the team should think about how far they have come and how much further they need to go. Keep a picture in your mind of what you would want to achieve. By constantly thinking about it and visualizing the success, the more one would want to work on obtaining it.

Another thing to keep in mind is desire. If you really want something, than you need to work hard for it. If you want it, then you've really got to want it.

Finally, there are some common guidelines that one should follow when creating goals. First, set goals as a positive statement. Don't set goals because you are down on yourself. Set goals to because you want to achieve them.

Be precise with the goal. I want my team to set dates, times, and amounts so they can measure their achievement. Set priorities among all of the goals. This would help the team to not feel overwhelmed. Go after one goal at a time. This way, direct attention can be given to each goal. With this, the ultimate goal can be achieved.

I also would like my team to write their goals down. This would crystallize them and give them more force. Most importantly, I would help my team to set realistic goals. I feel that this is the most important. I also wouldn't want them to set their goals to low. By already knowing their abilities, I know what they can and cannot do. As a coach, it is important not to push them towards an unobtainable goal.

After informing my team members about goal setting, now it's time to create the goal and figure out the small goals that would help them to get closer to and achieve the larger goal. As I mentioned earlier, my team lacks motivation. By setting team goals, they will now be able to work together and keep them selves focused.

My team's goal To be the district champions.

Steps to take Talk with them about small goals. Everyone would have to work hard to get their individual times down. More time in the pool and more yardage. The weight room can also be an option. Closer to the end of the season, insert taper workouts. Increase intake of carbs and have the girls shave their arms. Wear extra bathing suits at practice in order to go faster at a meet.

If my team does indeed achieve this goal, it is important for them to take the time to celebrate and to realize how far they have come and what they have accomplished. In order to keep this going in the future, I feel that it is important to have a team meeting early on in the season to go over the potential goals. This way, we can get a head start on the season.

Michael Jordan once said, "I had always set short-term goals. As I look back, each one of those steps or successes led to the next one." As a coach, I think that the most important step in creating goals is to set many small goals in order to achieve the larger one. No matter who you are or what you are affiliated with, goals are important. If goals aren't set, desires won't be met.

Please note that this sample paper on Goal Setting is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Goal Setting, we are here to assist you. Your cheap research papers on Goal Setting will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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